Asian Canadians

Asian Canadians are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Asia. Canadians with Asian ancestry comprise both the largest and fastest-growing group in Canada, after European Canadians, forming approximately 20.2 percent of the Canadian population as of 2021, making up the majority of Canada’s visible minority population.Template:Efn Most Asian Canadians are concentrated in the urban areas of Southern Ontario, Southwestern British Columbia, Central Alberta, and other large Canadian cities.

Asian Canadians are considered visible minorities and may be classified as East Asian Canadians, South Asian Canadians, Southeast Asian Canadians, and West Asian Canadians.

According to the 2021 Canadian census, the pan-ethnic breakdown of major Asian-origin Canadian groups includes South Asian Canadians (2,571,400 persons or 35.1 percent), East Asian Canadians (2,289,805 persons or 31.2 percent),Template:Efn Southeast Asian Canadians (1,434,330 persons or 19.6 percent),Template:Efn and West Asian Canadians (1,086,230 people or 14.8 percent). In further detail, the largest self-reported Asian origin groups in Canada are Chinese Canadians, Indo-Canadians, Filipino Canadians, Pakistani Canadians, Vietnamese Canadians, and Lebanese Canadians.

Terminology

In the Canadian census, people with origins or ancestry in East Asia (e.g. Chinese Canadians, Korean Canadians, Japanese Canadians, Tibetan Canadians), South Asia (e.g. Bangladeshi Canadians, Indian Canadians, Pakistani Canadians, Sri Lankan Canadians), Southeast Asia (e.g. Laotian Canadians, Cambodian Canadians, Filipino Canadians, Vietnamese Canadians), West Asia (e.g. Iranian Canadians, Kurdish Canadians, Israeli Canadians, Lebanese Canadians, Turkish Canadians), or Central Asia (e.g. Afghan Canadians, Uzbek Canadians, Kazakh Canadians) are all classified as part of the Asian race.

History

File:Chinese at work on CPR.jpg

Chinese labourers working on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1884

File:Sikh men standing in front of a house at a lumber camp in British Columbia, circa 1914 (INDOCC 1526).jpg

South Asians at a lumber camp in British Columbia, circa 1914

File:Damage done by the Asiatic Exclusion League.jpg

Damage after the September 1907 anti-Asian riot in Vancouver

File:Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg

Indians in Vancouver, 1908

File:Komogata Maru LAC a034014 1914.jpg

South Asians aboard Komagata Maru in Vancouver, 1914

File:Founding members of the Canadian Japanese Association at the Japanese Canadian War Memorial.jpeg

Founding members of the Canadian Japanese Association at the Japanese Canadian War Memorial in Vancouver, 1920.

18th century

The first record of Asians in what is known as Canada today can be dated back to the late 18th century. In 1788, renegade British Captain John Meares hired a group of Chinese carpenters from Macau and employed them to build a ship at Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.Template:Rp After the outpost was seized by Spanish forces, the eventual whereabouts of the carpenters was largely unknown.

By late 1700s, Filipinos, then-known as "Manila men" were recruited in naval operations, aboard the ship San Carlos el Filipino sent to support the short-lived Spanish settlement of Santa Cruz de Nuca and Fort San Miguel, Nootka Island, off the coast of Vancouver.

19th century

During the mid 19th century, many Chinese people arrived to take part in the British Columbia gold rushes. Beginning in 1858, early settlers formed Victoria's Chinatown and other Chinese communities in New Westminster, Yale, and Lillooet. Estimates indicate that about 1/3 of the non-native population of the Fraser goldfields was Chinese. Later, the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway prompted another wave of immigration from the East Asian country. Mainly hailing from Guangdong Province, the Chinese helped build the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Fraser Canyon.

Many Japanese people also arrived in Canada during the mid to late 19th century and became fishermen and merchants in British Columbia. Early immigrants from the East Asian island nation most notably worked in canneries such as Steveston along the pacific coast.

Similarly in the late 19th century, many Indians hailing from Punjab Province settled in British Columbia and worked in the forestry industry. Most early immigrants hailing from South Asia first settled around sawmill towns along the Fraser River in southwestern British Columbia such as Kitsilano, Fraser Mills, and Queensborough. Later, many Indian immigrants also settled on Vancouver Island, working on local sawmills in Victoria, Coombs, Duncan, Ocean Falls, and Paldi.

Early West Asian Canadian history featured Lebanese and Syrians first immigrating in Canada during the late 19th century; as both countries were under Ottoman dominion at the time they were originally known as Turks or Syrian−Lebanese on census reports. Settling in the Montreal area of southern Quebec, they became the first West Asian group to immigrate to Canada. The first Lebanese immigrant to Canada was Abraham Bounadere (Ibrahim Abu Nadir) from Zahlé in Lebanon who settled in Montreal in 1882. Because of situations within Lebanon and restrictive Canadian laws these immigrants were 90% Christian. These immigrants were mostly economic migrants seeking greater prosperity in the New World.

Similar to late 19th century through early 20th century Lebanese immigration and settler patterns, while the vast majority of Syrians migrated to South America, a small percentage made their way to the United States, and an even smaller percentage settled in Canada. Once again, in a similar demographic to early Lebanese settlers to Canada, the overwhelming majority of Syrians who settled in Canada from the 1880s–1960s were of the Christian faith. The so-called shepherd of the lost flock, Saint Raphael Hawaweeny of Brooklyn, New York, came to Montreal in 1896 to help establish a Christian association called the Syrian Benevolent Society and then later on an Orthodox church in Montreal for the newly arrived Syrian faithful.

West Asian settlement into Canada was also bolstered by early Armenian immigration during the late 19th century. The first Armenians migrated to Canada in the 1880s. The first recorded Armenian to settle in Canada was a man named Garabed Nergarian, who came to Port Hope, Ontario in 1887.Template:Sfn Some 37 Armenians settled in Canada in 1892 and 100 in 1895. Most early Armenian migrants to Canada were men who were seeking employment. After the Hamidian massacres of mid-1890s Armenian families from the Ottoman Empire began settling in Canada.

Additionally, Canada's earliest documented Filipinos coincided with North America's first wave of Asian immigration in the 1800s. At least nine male Filipino sailors, aged twenty-four to forty-two, appeared on the 1881 Census of British Columbia. Living on a vessel in New Westminster, they were recorded ethno-racially as "Malay" [a loose term to describe Austronesian people] and listed as "Mahomitan" [an archaic term for Muslim]. In the ensuing decades, several Filipino settlers resided along the B.C. coast, particularly on Bowen Island, in the 1880s.

Early Filipino settlers along the B.C. coast engaged in both fishing and farming. It included Fernando Toreenya, a fisherman who came to Canada from the Philippines in 1886 at the age of 20 years old with his First Nations partner Mary/Marie Adams. They lived in Snug Cove and had three other Filipino boarders living with them, William Matilda, Antoni Bentorre and Ricardo Castro. Others included Ben Flores, who were "beachcombers and fishermen" and were settled on a barge in Snug Cove; Basinto Pasento, who called his home Pasento Ranch and died in February 1904, John Delmond, and Jose Garcia. Several others worked as loggers, millhand, mine laborers, and longshoremen intermarrying with Indigenous peoples and other Pacific Islanders.

By 1884, Nanaimo, New Westminster, Yale, and Victoria had the largest Chinese populations in the province. Other settlements such as Quesnelle Forks were majority Chinese and many early immigrants from the East Asian country settled on Vancouver Island, most notably in Cumberland. In addition to work on the railway, most Chinese in the late 19th century British Columbia lived among other Chinese and worked in market gardens, coal mines, sawmills, and salmon canneries.

In 1885, soon after the construction on the railway was completed, the federal government passed the Chinese Immigration Act, whereby the government began to charge a substantial head tax for each Chinese person trying to immigrate to Canada. A decade later, the fear of the "Yellow Peril" prompted the government of Mackenzie Bowell to pass an act forbidding any East Asian Canadian from voting or holding office.

Many Chinese workers settled in Canada after the railway was constructed, however most could not bring the rest of their families, including immediate relatives, due to government restrictions and enormous processing fees. They established Chinatowns and societies in undesirable sections of the cities, such as East Pender Street in Vancouver, which had been the focus of the early city's red-light district until Chinese merchants took over the area from the 1890s onwards.

20th century

Immigration restrictions stemming from anti-Asian sentiment in Canada continued during the early 20th century. Parliament voted to increase the Chinese head tax to $500 in 1902; this temporarily caused Chinese immigration to Canada to stop. However, in following years, Chinese immigration to Canada recommenced as many saved up money to pay the head tax. Due to the decrease in Chinese immigration, Steamship lines began recruiting Indians to make up for the loss of business; the Fraser River Canners' Association and the Kootchang Fruit Growers' Association asked the Canadian government to abolish immigration restrictions. Letters from persons settling in Canada gave persons still in India encouragement to move to Canada, and there was an advertising campaign to promote British Columbia as an immigration destination. Around that time, in 1902, a notable moment of Asian Canadian history occurred when Punjabi Sikh settlers first arrived in Golden, British Columbia to work at the Columbia River Lumber Company.

In 1901, Canada had between 300 and 400 Muslim residents, equally divided between Turks and Syrian Arabs. Furthermore, the turn of the 20th century featured a small wave of Syrian−Lebanese settlement into the southern prairies including Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Contemporarily in Lebanon, many families were from what was western Syria at the time in particular settled in southern Saskatchewan. A majority of the Syrian−Lebanese families settling in the prairies were of the Christian faith, with a minority adhering to Islam, mirroring earlier settler demographics in Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario. Prominent settlement occurred in communities such as Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and Lac La Biche, Alberta. Few reached the Northwest Territories, the best known being Peter Baker, author of the book An Arctic Arab, and later elected as a member of the legislative assembly of the Northwest Territories.

The early Punjabi Sikh settlers in Golden built the first Gurdwara (Sikh Temple) in Canada and North America in 1905, which would later be destroyed by fire in 1926. The second Gurdwara to be built in Canada was in 1908 in Kitsilano (Vancouver), aimed at serving a growing number of Punjabi Sikh settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along False Creek at the time. The Gurdwara would later close and be demolished in 1970, with the temple society relocating to the newly built Gurdwara on Ross Street, in South Vancouver. As a result, the oldest existing Gurdwara in Canada today is the Gur Sikh Temple, located in Abbotsford, British Columbia. Built in 1911, the temple was designated as a national historic site of Canada in 2002 and is the third-oldest Gurdwara in the country. Soon later, the fourth Gurdwara to be built Canada was established at the Fraser Mills (Coquitlam) settlement in 1913 followed by the fifth at the Queensborough (New Westminster) settlement in 1919, and the sixth at the Paldi (Vancouver Island) settlement, also in 1919.

Heightened anti-Asian sentiment resulted in the infamous anti-Asian pogrom in Vancouver in 1907. Spurred by similar riots in Bellingham targeting Punjabi Sikh South Asian settlers, The Asiatic Exclusion League organized attacks against homes and businesses owned by East Asian immigrants under the slogan "White Canada Forever!"; though no one was killed, much property damage was done and numerous East Asian Canadians were beaten up.

In 1908, the British Columbia government passed a law preventing South Asian Canadians from voting. Because eligibility for federal elections originated from provincial voting lists, Indians were also unable to vote in federal elections. Later, the Canadian government enacted a $200 head tax and passed the continuous journey regulation which indirectly halted Indian immigration to Canada, thus restricting all immigration from South Asia.

A direct result of the continuous journey regulation was the Komagata Maru incident in Vancouver. In May 1914, hundreds of South Asians hailing from Punjab were denied entry into the country, eventually forced to depart for India. By 1916, despite a declining population due to immigration restrictions, many Indian settlers established the Paldi mill colony on Vancouver Island.

During the pre-World War I period, Turks were to be found in mining and logging camps across Canada. However, due to bad relations between the Ottoman Empire and Allied Powers of WWI, further migration was made difficult for the Turks and the Canadian government discouraged "Asian" immigration. With the Canadian Immigration Act of 1910, Turkish immigration to Canada was banned. With the onset of the first world war, Turkish Canadians were placed in "enemy alien" internment camps. Five days after the first world war began, on November 10, 1914, 98 Turks were deported and settled in Kingston and then in Kapuskasing. Their number increased over time. They were not the only "enemy aliens" subjected to internment. More than 8,500 people were placed in 24 camps during the war. Of them 205 were Turks.

Before the Armenian genocide of 1915 some 1,800 Armenians already lived in Canada. They were overwhelmingly from the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire and usually lived in industrial urban areas. The influx of Armenians to Canada was limited in the post-World War I era because Armenians were classified as Asians. Nevertheless, some 1,500 genocide survivors—mostly women and children—came to Canada as refugees. In 1923–24 some 100 Armenians orphans aged 8–12, later known as The Georgetown Boys, were brought to Canada from Corfu, Greece by the Armenian Canadian Relief Fund to Georgetown, Ontario.Template:Sfn Dubbed "The Noble Experiment", it was Canada's first humanitarian act on an international scale. The Georgetown Farmhouse (now the Cedarvale Community Centre) was designated historic and protected municipal site in 2010. Overall, between 1900 and 1930 some 3,100 Armenians entered Canada, with 75% settling in Ontario and 20% in Quebec.Template:Sfn Some later moved to the United States; 1,577 Armenians entered the U.S. from Canada between 1899 and 1917.

In 1923, the federal government passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which banned all Chinese immigration, and led to immigration restrictions for all East Asians. In 1947, the act was repealed.

The second world war prompted the federal government used the War Measures Act to brand Japanese Canadians enemy aliens and categorized them as security threats in 1942. Tens of thousands of Japanese Canadians were placed in internment camps in British Columbia; prison of war camps in Ontario; and families were also sent as forced labourers to farms throughout the prairies. By 1943, all properties owned by Japanese Canadians in British Columbia were seized and sold without consent.

In 1950, 10 Filipinos were recorded in Manitoba. The first-generation Filipino-Canadians were mainly women who worked as nurses and teachers and in the health sector. These first Filipinos came from the United States to renew their visas after they had expired in the hope of returning to the US. Most of them returned, but some stayed in Canada. From 1946 to 1964, the total number of Filipinos in Canada was 770. In the 1960s, Canada recruited more professionals, mostly from the United States, with some coming directly from the Philippines. Most of the nurses, technicians, office workers and doctors arrived in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In the late 1960s, more Filipinos came to Winnipeg to work in the garment industry.

Pakistanis began migrating to Canada in small numbers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Immigration regulations gave preference to those with advanced education and professional skills, and the Pakistanis who came during this period, and throughout the 1960s, generally had excellent credentials. Many of them considered themselves to be sojourners, who had come to earn but not to settle or were students who intended to return home when their degree programs were completed. While some went back, others remained to become the founding members of the Pakistani-Canadian community. Pakistani nationals were registered in undergraduate and graduate programs at McGill University in Montreal as early as 1949, and at the University of Toronto from 1958 on. By the mid-1950s, there were five or six Pakistani families living in Montreal in addition to the students. This was probably the then largest concentration of Pakistanis in the country. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s most who arrived were young men pursuing graduate or professional studies.

Unlike Korean Americans who have relatively much longer history settling in the United States, very few settled in Canada; as late as 1965, the total permanent Korean population of Canada was estimated at only 70. However, with the 1966 reform of Canadian immigration laws, South Korean immigration to Canada began to grow. By 1969, there were an estimated 2000 Koreans in Canada.

The Iranian revolution of 1979 resulted in a spike of immigration to Canada from the West Asian country. In the aftermath, many Iranian-Canadians began to categorize themselves as "Persian" rather than "Iranian", mainly to dissociate themselves from the Islamic regime of Iran and the negativity associated with it, and also to distinguish themselves as being of Persian ethnicity.

During and after the Vietnam War, a large wave of Vietnamese refugees began arriving in Canada. Large-scale Vietnamese immigration to Canada began during the mid-1970s and early 1980s as refugees or boat people following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, though a couple thousand were already living in Quebec before then, most of whom were students. After the fall of Saigon, there were two waves of Vietnamese immigrants to Canada. The first wave consisted mostly of middle-class immigrants. Many of these immigrants were able to speak French and or English and were welcomed into Canada for their professional skills. The second wave consisted of Southern Vietnamese refugees who were escaping the harsh regime that had taken over the former South Vietnam. Many of them (10%) were of Chinese descent and were escaping ethnic persecution resulting from the Sino-Vietnamese War. These south Vietnamese refugees were known globally as the "boat people". In the years 1979–80, Canada accepted 60,000 Vietnamese refugees.

Many new Vietnamese arrivees were sponsored by groups of individuals, temples, and churches and settled in areas around Southern Ontario, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Montreal, Quebec. Between 1975 and 1985, 110,000 resettled in Canada (23,000 in Ontario; 13,000 in Quebec; 8,000 in Alberta; 7,000 British Columbia; 5,000 in Manitoba; 3,000 in Saskatchewan; and 2,000 in the Maritime provinces). This was followed by another large wave of Vietnamese immigration to Canada during the late 1980s and 1990s as both refugees and immigrant classes of post-war Vietnam entered Canada. These groups settled in urban areas, in particular Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal, and Calgary. In Metro Vancouver, they have settled mainly in East Vancouver, Richmond, and Surrey. In the Montreal area, they settle in Montreal's downtown, South Shore, and the suburb of Laval. In Toronto, they have settled in the city's Chinatown area near Spadina Avenue and Dundas Street West and in the inner suburbs of North York, York, Scarborough, and Etobicoke.

The Canadian Parliament created the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada in 1985 to better address issues surrounding Asia–Canada relations, including trade, citizenship and immigration.

In the late 1990s, South Korea became the fifth-largest source of immigrants to Canada. Toronto has the country's largest absolute number of Koreans, but Vancouver is experiencing the highest rate of growth in its Korean population, with a 69% increase since 1996. Montreal was the third most popular destination for Korean migrants during this period. The 1990s growth in South Korean migration to Canada occurred at a time when Canadian unemployment was high and income growth was low relative to the United States. One pair of researchers demonstrated that numbers of migrants were correlated with the exchange rate; the weakness of the Canadian dollar relative to the United States dollar meant that South Korean migrants bringing savings to Canada for investment would be relatively richer than those going to the United States. Other factors suggested as drivers behind the growth of South Korean immigration to Canada included domestic anti-Americanism and the large presence of Canadian English teachers in local hagwon.

When Hong Kong reverted to Chinese rule, people emigrated and found new homes in Canada.

21st century

In 2016, the Canadian government issued a full apology in Parliament for the Komagata Maru Incident.

According to Statistics Canada, in 2016, 48.1% of the immigrant population in Canada was born in Asia. Furthermore, Asian countries accounted for seven of the top ten countries of birth for recent immigrants, including the Philippines, India, China, Iran, Pakistan, Syria and South Korea.

In recent decades, a large number of people have come to Canada from India and other South Asian countries. As of 2016, South Asians make up nearly 17 percent of the Greater Toronto Area's population, and are projected to make up 24 percent of the region's population by 2031.

In the contemporary era, Asians form a significant minority within the national population, with over 7 million Canadians being of Asian geographical descent as of 2021.

Asian Canadian students, in particular those of East Asian or South Asian background, make up the vast majority of students at several Canadian universities.

Demography

Template:Graph:Chart

Canadians of Asian descent total population (1871–2021)

Template:Graph:Chart

Canadians of Asian descent percentage of the total population (1871–2021)

Population

Asian Canadian Population History
1871–2021

Year	Population	% of total population
1871 Template:Rp	4
1881 Template:Rp	4,383
1901 Template:Rp	23,731
1911 Template:Rp	43,213
1921 Template:RpTemplate:Rp	65,914
1931 Template:RpTemplate:RpTemplate:RpTemplate:Rp	84,548
1941 Template:Rp	74,064
1951 Template:Rp	72,827
1961 Template:Rp	121,753
1971 Template:Rp	285,540
1981 Template:RpTemplate:Rp	818,670
1986 Template:RpTemplate:Rp	1,169,205
1991 Template:RpTemplate:Rp	1,865,435
1996	2,555,590
2001	3,234,290
2006	4,181,755
2011	5,011,220
2016	6,095,235
2021 Template:Efn	7,331,610

National and ethnic origins

Asian Canadians by pan-ethnicity (2001–2021)

Panethnic group	Percentage
	2021	2016	2011	2006	2001
South Asian		32.21%	32.25%	31.49%	29.78%
East Asian	Template:Efn	35.24%	36.27%	38.94%	40.63%
Southeast Asian	Template:Efn	19.93%	19.89%	16.87%	16.79%
West Asian & Central Asian		16.59%	15.53%	15.61%	14.95%

While the Asian Canadian population is diverse, many have ancestry from a few select countries in the continent. As of the 2016 Canadian census, nearly four million or 66% of Asian Canadians can trace their roots to just three countries; China, India and the Philippines.

Population of Asian Canadian Groups 2006–2016

Origins	2016			2011			2006
	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.
ChineseTemplate:Efn	1,769,195			1,487,580			1,346,510
Indian	1,374,715			1,165,145			962,670
Filipino	851,410			662,600			436,195
Vietnamese	240,615			220,425			180,130
Lebanese	219,555			190,275			165,150
Pakistani	215,560			155,310			124,730
Iranian	210,405			163,290			121,505
Korean	198,210			168,890			146,545
Sri Lankan	152,595			139,415			103,625
Japanese	121,485			109,740			98,905
Punjabi	118,395			76,150			53,515
Arab (n.o.s)Template:Efn	111,405			94,640			86,135
Afghan	83,995			62,815			48,090
Syrian	77,045			40,840			31,370
South Asian (n.i.e)Template:Efn	76,400			53,390			60,895
Iraqi	70,920			49,680			29,950
Turkish	63,995			55,430			43,700
Armenian	63,810			55,740			50,500
Tamil	48,670			48,965			34,590
Bangladeshi	45,940			34,205			24,595
Palestinian	44,820			31,245			23,975
Cambodian	38,495			34,340			25,245
Taiwanese	36,515 (94,000– 173,000)	(– )	(– )	30,330			17,705
Israeli	28,735			15,010			10,755
West Central Asian and Middle Eastern (n.i.e)Template:Efn	25,280			16,540			12,075
Laotian	24,575			22,090			20,110
Bengali	22,900			17,960			12,130
Other Asian(n.i.e)Template:Efn	22,745			20,115			555
Indonesian	21,395			18,125			14,325
Thai	19,010			15,080			10,020
Nepali	17,140			9,780			3,780
Malaysian	16,920			14,165			12,165
Kurdish	16,315			11,685			9,205
Jordanian	14,250			9,425			6,905
Assyrian	13,830			10,810			8,650
Burmese	9,330			7,845			4,590
Gujarati	8,350			5,890			2,975
Tibetan	8,040			5,820			4,275
Mongolian	7,475			5,355			3,960
Sinhalese	7,285			7,220			5,825
Saudi Arabian	6,810			7,955			2,730
Yemeni	6,645			3,945			2,300
East and Southeast Asian(n.i.e)Template:Efn	6,505			9,045			8,990
Azerbaijani	6,425			4,580			3,465
Goan	6,070			5,125			4,815
Tatar	4,825			2,850			2,300
Pashtun	4,810			3,315			1,690
Georgian	4,775			3,155			2,200
Karen	4,515			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Uzbek	3,920			2,725			N/A	N/A	N/A
Bhutanese	3,600			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kazakh	3,330			2,270			N/A	N/A	N/A
Kashmiri	3,115			2,125			1,685
Tajik	2,905			2,400			N/A	N/A	N/A
Singaporean	2,845			2,050			1,390
Kuwaiti	2,240			2,240			1,575
Uighur	1,555			1,155			N/A	N/A	N/A
Hazara	1,520			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kyrgyz	1,055			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Turkmen	1,040			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hmong	805			830			815
File:Flag of Canada.svg Total Canada	6,095,235			5,011,220			4,181,755

Population of Asian Canadian Groups 1981–1996

Origins	1996			1991Template:RpTemplate:Rp			1986Template:RpTemplate:Rp			1981Template:RpTemplate:Rp
	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.
Chinese	921,585			652,645			414,045			299,915
Indian	548,080			379,280			261,435			165,410
Filipino	242,880			174,975			107,060			75,485
Vietnamese	136,810			94,255			62,995			31,685
Lebanese	131,385			101,690			45,035			32,005
Japanese	77,130			65,680			54,505			46,060
Korean	66,655			45,890			29,705			22,570
Iranian	64,405			43,210			15,745			5,500
Pakistani	38,655			43,150			31,650			13,400
Arab (n.i.e)Template:Efn	48,930			38,910			37,500			28,365
Armenian	37,500			33,285			27,385			21,155
Sri Lankan	46,585			31,435			7,285			2,400
Punjabi	49,840			27,300			15,545			11,005
Cambodian	21,435			18,615			11,790			4,310
South Asian (n.i.e)Template:Efn	31,335			17,145			270			26,845
Tamil	30,065			15,695			2,200			630
Laotian	17,320			14,840			11,090			7,145
Syrian	19,390			13,035			7,180			3,455
Turkish	18,130			12,050			7,555			4,155
Afghan	13,240			6,330			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
East Asian (n.i.e)Template:Efn	3,975			5,930			3,075			9,170
Palestinian	11,445			5,730			1,605			1,005
Indonesian	8,705			5,510			3,530			1,555
Bangladeshi	6,955			5,170			1,670			425
Iraqi	10,795			4,790			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Malay	8,165			3,720			2,375			1,860
Taiwanese	7,770			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Thai	5,015			2,770			2,930			505
Israeli	4,105			1,850			1,125			305
Bengali	3,790			1,520			590			795
Jordanian	2,935			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Gujarati	2,155			N/A	N/A	N/A	1,240			1,530
Sinhalese	3,085			1,455			1,085			795
Goan	4,415			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kurdish	4,225			1,430			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
West Asian (n.i.e)Template:Efn	2,540			765			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Burmese	2,100			1,220			1,405			400
Mongolian	1,200			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tibetan	780			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
File:Flag of Canada.svg Total Canada	2,555,590			1,865,435			1,169,205			818,670

Population of Asian Canadian Groups 1941–1971

Origins	1971Template:Rp			1961Template:Rp			1951Template:Rp			1941Template:Rp
	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.
Chinese	118,815			58,197			32,528			34,627
Indian− Pakistani	52,100			6,774			2,148			1,465
Japanese	37,260			29,157			21,663			23,149
Syrian− Lebanese	26,665			19,374			12,301			11,857
South Asian (n.i.e)Template:Efn	15,830			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Turkish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	388
Armenian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,062
Other Asian	34,870			8,251			4,187			526
File:Flag of Canada.svg Total Canada	285,540			121,753			72,827			74,064

Population of Asian Canadian Groups 1901–1931Template:Rp

Origins	1931Template:RpTemplate:Rp			1921Template:RpTemplate:Rp			1911Template:Rp			1901Template:Rp
	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.	Pop.	% Asian Pop.	% total Pop.
Chinese	46,519			39,587			27,831			17,312
Japanese	23,342			15,868			9,067			4,738
Syrian− Lebanese	10,753			8,282			N/A	N/A	N/A	1,437
Indian	1,400			1,016			2,342			N/A	N/A	N/A
Turkish	N/A	N/A	N/A	313			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Armenian	N/A	N/A	N/A	665			N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Other Asian	2,534			183			3,973			244
File:Flag of Canada.svg Total Canada	84,548			65,914			43,213			23,731

Language

Knowledge of language

Many Asian Canadians speak Canadian English or Canadian French as a first language, as many multi-generational individuals do not speak Asian languages as a mother tongue, but instead may speak one or multipleTemplate:Efn as a second or third language.

As of 2016, 6,044,885 or 17.5 percent of Canadians speak an Asian language. Of this, the top five Asian tongues spoken include Mandarin (13.5%), Cantonese (11.6%), Punjabi (11.1%), Arabic (10.4%) and Tagalog (10.1%).

• Languages with 5,000 or more speakers listed.

Knowledge of Asian languages in CanadaTemplate:Efn

#	Language	Population (2016)	% Asian languages (2016)	% total population (2016)
1	Mandarin	814,450
2	Cantonese	699,125
3	Punjabi	668,240
4	Arabic	629,055
5	Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	612,735
6	Hindi	433,365
7	Urdu	322,220
8	Persian (Farsi)	252,320
9	Vietnamese	198,895
10	Tamil	189,860
11	Korean	172,755
12	Gujarati	149,045
13	Bengali	91,220
14	Japanese	83,090
15	Hebrew	75,020
16	Turkish	50,775
17	Min NanTemplate:Efn	42,840
18	Chinese, n.o.s.Template:Efn	41,690
19	Armenian	41,295
20	Malayalam	37,810
21	Ilocano	34,530
22	Sinhala	27,825
23	Cebuano	27,045
24	Khmer (Cambodian)	27,035
25	Pashto	23,180
26	Telugu	23,160
27	Malay	22,470
28	Nepali	21,380
29	Sindhi	20,260
30	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	19,745
31	Lao	17,235
32	Wu (Shanghainese)	16,530
33	Marathi	15,570
34	Thai	15,390
35	Kurdish	15,290
36	Hakka	12,445
37	Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.Template:Efn	8,875
38	Kannada	8,245
39	Hiligaynon	7,925
40	Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	7,115
41	Tibetan	7,050
42	Konkani	6,790
43	Austronesian languages, n.i.e.Template:Efn	5,585
44	Azerbaijani	5,450
45	PampanganTemplate:Efn	5,425
46	Other	37,530
	Total	6,044,885

Mother tongue

As of 2016, 4,217,365 or 12.2 percent of Canadians speak an Asian language as a mother tongue. Of this, the top five Asian tongues spoken include Mandarin (14.0%), Cantonese (13.4%), Punjabi (11.9%), Tagalog (10.2%) and Arabic (10.0%).

• Languages with 10,000 or more speakers listed.

Asian languages in Canada by number of first language speakers

#	Mother tongue	Population (2016)	% Asian languages (2016)
1	Mandarin	592,035
2	Cantonese	565,275
3	Punjabi	501,680
4	Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	431,385
5	Arabic	419,895
6	Persian (Farsi)	214,200
7	Urdu	210,820
8	Vietnamese	156,430
9	Korean	153,425
10	Tamil	140,720
11	Hindi	110,645
12	Gujarati	108,775
13	Bengali	73,125
14	Japanese	43,640
15	Chinese, n.o.s.Template:Efn	38,575
16	Armenian	33,455
17	Turkish	32,815
18	Min NanTemplate:Efn	31,795
19	Malayalam	28,570
20	Ilocano	26,345
21	Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130
22	Cebuano	19,890
23	Hebrew	19,530
24	Nepali	18,275
25	Pashto	16,910
26	Sinhala	16,335
27	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	16,070
28	Telugu	15,655
29	Wu (Shanghainese)	12,920
30	Malay	12,275
31	Sindhi	11,860
32	Kurdish	11,705
33	Hakka	10,910
34	Other	101,295
Total		4,217,365

Geographic distribution

Provinces and territories

The Canadian population who reported full or partial Asian ethnic origin, according to the 1951 Canadian census, 1961 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2006 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and 2016 Canadian census.

Asian Canadians by province and territory (1951–2016)

Province	2021		2016		2011		2006		2001		1961Template:Rp		1951Template:Rp
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
File:Flag of Ontario.svg Ontario	3,571,265	25.10%	3,100,455		2,604,590		2,214,795		1,682,890		39,277		22,138
File:Flag of British Columbia.svg British Columbia	1,496,935	30.45%	1,312,445		1,122,445		975,550		802,275		40,299		25,644
File:Flag of Alberta.svg Alberta	857,030	19.61%	756,335		551,710		398,025		292,195		12,303		7,441
File:Flag of Quebec.svg Quebec	615,870	7.24%	563,150		488,905		426,815		325,270		14,801		7,714
File:Flag of Manitoba.svg Manitoba	219,725	16.37%	178,650		126,600		90,415		72,040		4,177		2,867
File:Flag of Saskatchewan.svg Saskatchewan	125,215	10.72%	99,125		55,095		28,700		23,750		4,925		2,976
File:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg Nova Scotia	63,965	6.59%	42,495		31,875		24,595		20,505		2,979		2,266
File:Flag of New Brunswick.svg New Brunswick	30,340	3.91%	19,410		14,535		11,785		7,885		1,343		903
File:Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg Newfoundland and Labrador	12,680	2.48%	10,090		6,310		5,660		3,655		933		512
File:Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg Prince Edward Island	11,815	7.65%	6,485		4,360		1,775		1,250		295		279
File:Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg Northwest Territories	3,680	8.96%	3,125		2,165		2,025		1,465		69Template:Efn	Template:Efn	23Template:Efn	Template:Efn
File:Flag of Yukon.svg Yukon	4,525	11.24%	2,855		2,205		1,270		950		152		64
File:Flag of Nunavut.svg Nunavut	800	2.17%	615		425		280		160		N/ATemplate:Efn	N/ATemplate:Efn	N/ATemplate:Efn	N/ATemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Canada.svg Canada	7,013,845	18.96%	6,095,235		5,011,220		4,181,755		3,234,290		121,753		72,827

Asian Canadians by province and territory (1871–1941)

Province	1941 Template:Rp		1931 Template:Rp		1921 Template:Rp		1911 Template:Rp		1901 Template:Rp		1881 Template:Rp		1871 Template:Rp
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
File:Flag of British Columbia.svg British Columbia	42,472		50,951		39,739		30,864		19,624		4,350		N/A	N/A
File:Flag of Ontario.svg Ontario	12,020		12,297		9,171		4,573		1,288		22		1
File:Flag of Quebec.svg Quebec	7,119		7,034		5,218		2,343		1,600		7		0
File:Flag of Alberta.svg Alberta	4,204		4,929		4,300		2,103		249		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
File:Flag of Saskatchewan.svg Saskatchewan	3,420		4,419		3,333		1,238		52		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
File:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg Nova Scotia	1,927		1,559		1,500		675		363		0		3
File:Flag of Manitoba.svg Manitoba	1,788		2,255		1,715		970		258		4		N/A	N/A
File:Flag of New Brunswick.svg New Brunswick	836		873		807		336		252		0		0
File:Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg Prince Edward Island	228		166		98		29		49		0		N/A	N/A
File:Flag of Yukon.svg Yukon	41		54		33		82		96		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
File:Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg Northwest Territories	9Template:Efn	Template:Efn	11Template:Efn	Template:Efn	0Template:Efn	Template:Efn	0Template:Efn	Template:Efn	0Template:Efn	Template:Efn	0Template:Efn	Template:Efn	N/A	N/A
File:Flag of Canada.svg Canada	74,064		84,548		65,914		43,213		23,731		4,383		4

Subdivisions with significant Asian Canadian populations

File:Vancouver Chinatown 16.JPG

Chinatown, Vancouver

File:Vaisakhi parade 2017 (33217388724).jpg

Vaisakhi Parade 2017, Punjabi Market (Little India), Vancouver

File:Turkish Canadians 2005.jpg

Turkish Canadians at the Victoria Day Parade 2005 in Downtown Victoria

File:Toronto koreatown 2009x.JPG

Korean businesses and restaurants along Bloor Street in Toronto's Koreatown.

File:Persian Plaza - Yonge Street - Toronto 2014.jpg

North York storefronts offering Iranian cuisine. North York has the largest West Asian population in Toronto.

File:Gerrard Street, Toronto.JPG

Gerrard India Bazaar (Little India) in Toronto.

Source: Canada 2016 Census

National average: 17.7%

Alberta

• Chestermere (31.8%)
• Calgary (30.0%)
• Edmonton (29.3%)
• Banff (22.4%)
• Wood Buffalo (19.4%)

British Columbia

• Richmond (74.8%)
• Greater Vancouver Electoral District A (65.7%)
• Burnaby (60.1%)
• Surrey (54.3%)
• Vancouver (49.6%)
• Coquitlam (48.2%)
• West Vancouver (38.0%)
• New Westminster (35.0%)
• Delta (34.4%)
• Abbotsford (31.8%)
• North Vancouver (31.0%)
• Port Coquitlam (29.9%)
• Port Moody (28.7%)
• North Vancouver (district) (25.8%)
• Saanich (21.0%)

Manitoba

• Winnipeg (23.2%)

Ontario

• Markham (73.9%)
• Richmond Hill (59.3%)
• Brampton (54.7%)
• Mississauga (47.0%)
• Toronto (40.1%)
• Ajax (36.9%)
• Milton (34.6%)
• Whitchurch-Stouffville (33.7%)
• Vaughan (33.5%)
• Pickering (29.5%)
• Oakville (26.5%)
• Aurora (24.5%)
• Waterloo (23.6%)
• Windsor (22.6%)
• Newmarket (22.5%)
• Ottawa (19.6%)

Québec

• Dollard-des-Ormeaux (35.4%)
• Brossard (32.3%)
• Mont Royal (30.5%)
• Kirkland (24.1%)
• Cote-Saint-Luc (21.8%)
• Westmount (20.1%)
• Pointe-Claire (19.8%)
• Montreal (18.1%)

Saskatchewan

• Lloydminster (20.4%)

Culture

The concept of an Asian Canadian culture and identity is more nascent compared to Asian American culture.

Literature

Asian Canadian literary studies became significant from the 1990s onward, exploring topics related to identity politics.

See also

• List of Asian-Canadian first ministers
• Demographics of Canada
• Immigration to Canada
• Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
• East Asian Canadians
• South Asian Canadians
• West Asian Canadians
• Asian people

References

Bibliography

• .
• .

External links

• Asian Canadian Website
• Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
• 2001 demographics from Statistics Canada
• Information for South Asians and Indians in Canada
• Asian Canadian Wiki