Arhuaco language
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Arhuaco, commonly known as Ikʉ (Template:Langx), is an Indigenous American language of the Chibchan language family, spoken in South America by the Arhuaco people.[1]
There are 8000 speakers, all in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region of Colombia, 90% of whom are monolingual.[1] Literacy is 1 to 5% in their native language. Some speak Spanish, and 15 to 25% are literate in that auxiliary language.[1] The users have a very strong traditional culture and have vibrant use of their tongue.[1]
It is also known as: Aruaco, Bintuk, Bíntukua, Bintucua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, and Ike.[1]
The language uses a subject–object–verb (SOV) sentence structure.[1]
Phonology
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This language registers 17 consonant phonemes:
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occlusive | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme |
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | ||
| Nasal | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | ||||
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | |||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | |||
| Flap | Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme | |||||
Syllable structure
With some exceptions, Arhuaco syllables may begin with up to two consonants (the second of which must be a glide /w j/) and may be closed by one of the following consonants: /ʔ n r w j/.
Prosody
Arhuaco stress normally falls on penultimate syllables, with secondary stresses occurring on every other preceding syllable, in the case of longer words (e.g. /ˌunkəˈsia/ 'protective bracelet').[2] There are some affixes and enclitics that are extrametrical and do not count as syllables for stress assignment.
Morphology
Personal pronouns
| person | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | nən | niβi |
| 2nd | ma | miβi |
| 3rd | a | ikənaʔ |
Frank (1985, 34) lists six personal pronouns for Arhuaco, with singular and plural numbers for first, second, and third persons and notes that they "do not occur very frequently in text; they occur occasionally in subject position, very rarely in object position, and most frequently as the object of a preposition".[3]
Unusually, person marking in Arhuaco verbs has evolved to have effectively become a way to mark epistemic modality or evidentiality.[4][5]
References
Frank, Paul. 1985. A grammar of Ika. PhD thesis. University of Pennsylvania.
Frank, Paul. 2000. Ika syntax. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Landaburu, Jon. 2000. La lengua Ika. in Lenguas indigenas de Colombia: Una visión descriptiva. Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
Notes
External links
- Arhuaco (Ika) dictionary
- Ika language version of the Faculty of Humanities of the National University of Colombia
Template:Languages of Colombia Template:Chibchan languages
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