Apocynum cannabinum
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Speciesbox Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, hemp dogsbane, rheumatism root, dogsbane, or wild cotton)[1] is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States. It is poisonous to humans, dogs, cats, and horses. All parts of the plant contain toxic cardiac glycosides that can cause potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias if ingested. Some Lepidoptera can withstand the toxins and feed on this plant.
Description
Apocynum cannabinum grows up to Template:Cvt tall. The stems are reddish and contain a milky latex. The leaves are opposite, simple, broad, and lanceolate, Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt broad, entire, and smooth on top with white hairs on the underside. It flowers from July to August, has large sepals, and a five-lobed white corolla. The flowers are hermaphrodite, with both male and female organs.[2] The seeds have white, silky hairs to aid in wind dispersal, but the light-weight seed is also able to disperse via water due to its light weight.[3] The root system consists of short rhizomes and horizontal roots.[3]
Taxonomy
Apocynum cannabinum was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It is classified in the genus Apocynum, a part of the family Apocynaceae. It has no accepted subspecies, but it has Template:Table row counter synonyms.[4]
| Name | Year | Rank | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apocynum album GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1897 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum angustifolium WootonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het., nom. illeg. |
| Apocynum arenarium GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum bebbianum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum bolanderi GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum breweri GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum canadense ShecutScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1806 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. album (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. angustifolium N.H.HolmgrenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1984 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum f. arenarium (Greene) B.BoivinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1966 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. bolanderi (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum subsp. cordigerum (Greene) Á.Löve & D.LöveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1982 | subspecies | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. estellinum (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. floribundum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. glaberrimum A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1844 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. greeneanum (Bég. & Belosersky) WoodsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1930 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Aiton) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1848 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. incanum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. isophyllum (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. lanceolatum Durand & Hilg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1854 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. nemorale (G.S.Mill.) FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1908 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. oliganthum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. palustre Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum f. pennsilvanicum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. puberulum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum f. pubescens (Mitch. ex R.Br.) VossScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1894 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitch. ex R.Br.) A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1844 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. suksdorfii (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum cannabinum var. typicum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | ≡ hom., not validly publ. |
| Apocynum carolinii Nieuwl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum cervinum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum cinereum Nieuwl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het., nom. illeg. |
| Apocynum cordigerum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum cuspidatum Greene ex Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum densiflorum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum dictyotum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum dimidiatum Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1840 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum estellinum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum farwellii GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum farwellii f. anomalum Farw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1916 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum farwellii var. glaucum Farw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1916 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum farwellii f. ternarium Farw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1916 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum farwellii f. verticillare Farw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1916 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum greeneanum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium AitonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1789 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. angustifolium Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium f. arenarium (Greene) F.C.GatesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1911 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. cordigerum (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. farwellii (Greene) WoodsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1930 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. intermedium Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. myrianthum (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. nevadense (Goodd.) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. oblongum (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. salignum (Greene) Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum hypericifolium var. typicum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | variety | = het., not validly publ. |
| Apocynum isophyllum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum ithacense GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum laurinum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1902 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum littorale GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum longifolium GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum macounii Greene ex Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum missouriense GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum myrianthum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1904 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum nemorale G.S.Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1900 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum neogeum Bég. & BeloserskyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum nevadense Goodd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1904 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum oblongum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1902 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum oliganthum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1904 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum palustre GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1904 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum piscatorium Douglas ex A.DCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1844 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum platyphyllum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum procerum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum pubescens Mitch. ex R.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1811 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum purpureum TauschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1836 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum salignum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1902 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1777 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum sibiricum f. arenarium (Greene) FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1935 | form | = het. |
| Apocynum sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1935 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum sibiricum var. farwellii (Greene) WoodsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1938 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum sibiricum var. salignum (Greene) FernaldScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1935 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum subuligerum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum suksdorfii GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1902 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum suksdorfii var. angustifolium (Bég. & Belosersky) WoodsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1930 | variety | = het. |
| Apocynum suksdorfii var. typicum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1902 | variety | = het., not validly publ. |
| Apocynum thermale GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1912 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum tomentulosum Nieuwl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1913 | species | = het. |
| Apocynum venetum A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1844 | species | = het., nom. illeg. |
| Cynopaema cannabinum (L.) LunellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1916 | species | ≡ hom. |
| Cynopaema hypericifolium (Aiton) LunellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1916 | species | = het. |
| Forsteronia pavonii A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | 1844 | species | = het. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym | |||
Etymology
Apocynum means "poisonous to dogs".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The specific epithet cannabinum, and the common names hemp dogbane and Indian hemp refer to its similarity to Cannabis as a source of fiber.[5] It likely got its name from its resemblance to a European species of the same name.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".[6] It is called qéemu Script error: No such module "IPA". in Nez Perce[7] and Script error: No such module "IPA". in Sahaptin.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Maidu Concow people call the plant pö (Konkow language).[8]
Distribution and habitat
Apocynum cannabinum grows in open wooded areas, ditches, and hillsides. It is found in gravelly or sandy soil, mainly near streams in shady or moist places.[2] It is also found in human-disturbed habitats.[9] It is native to much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States.[10]
Ecology
The plant serves as a larval host for the snowberry clearwing (Hemaris diffinis),[11] which is a pollinator that resembles a small hummingbird.[12] It is also a host plant for the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera) and the zebra caterpillar (Melanchra picta). The larvae of Marmara apocynella[11] feed on the stems, making a "long whitish serpentine mine".[13] Indian hemp is primarily pollinated by insects that are attracted to the fragrance and nectar of the flower.[3]
Toxicity
It is poisonous to humans,[2] dogs, cats, and horses.[14] All parts of the plant are toxic and contain cardiac glycosides.[2] The plant is toxic both green and dried.[15] The stems contain a white sap capable of causing skin blisters.[16]
Uses
Fiber
Much like flax and hemp, Apocynum cannabinum contains long fibers in the stems, known as bast fibers, which can be extracted and used to create textiles. The fibers are very fine and strong, with a silky texture, and easier to process than hemp.[5] The stalks of this plant have been used as a source of fiber by Native Americans[17] to make bows, fire-bows, nets, tie-down straps, hunting nets, fishing lines, bags,[18] and clothing.[6] According to Craig Bates of the Yosemite Museum, five stalks of the plant are needed to make one foot of cordage. A large bag used for storing roots would take one to three months to complete.[19] The stems should be harvested in the fall, after the leaves have fallen and the stalks have turned a deep reddish-brown color. Since cutting the stalks promotes regrowth in the spring, as much as possible should be harvested. Unused stems are traditionally cleared away by burning, which causes the plant to grow back taller and straighter in spring.
Food
The seeds have an edible use as a meal (raw or cooked) when ground into a powder.[2]
Chewing gum
The plant's latex sap can be squeezed from the plant and allowed to stand overnight to harden into a white gum which can be used (sometimes mixed with clean clay) as chewing gum.[2]
Phytoremediation
Apocynum cannabinum can be used to sequester lead in its biomass by taking it up from the soil through its roots. This process, called phytoremediation, could help clean sites contaminated with lead.[20]
Medicinal
It is used in herbal medicine to treat fever and to slow the pulse.[21] Apocynum cannabinum has been employed by various Native American tribes to treat a wide variety of complaints including rheumatism, coughs, pox, whooping cough, asthma, internal parasites, diarrhea, and to increase lactation.[2] The root has been used as a tonic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, an emetic (to induce vomiting), and an expectorant.[21][2] It is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. The fresh root is medicinally the most active part. A weak tea made from the dried root has been used for cardiac diseases and as a vermifuge (an agent that expels parasitic worms). The milky sap is a folk remedy for genital warts.[2] However, both illness and deaths have resulted from use as a medicine.[22]
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Template:PFAF
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite POWO
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
<ref> tag with name "natserv" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Further reading
Script error: No such module "Portal".
<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Davis, A.; Renner, K.; Sprague, C.; Dyer, L.; Mutch, D. (2005) "Integrated Weed Management: One Year's Seeding." Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2931. East Lansing, Michigan. Accession Number LTER62246.
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Native American Ethnobotany DB: Apocynum cannabinum