Anchusa
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The genus Anchusa belongs to the borage family (Boraginaceae). It includes about 35 species[1] found growing in Europe, North Africa, South Africa and Western Asia. They are introduced in the United States.
They consist of annual plants, biennial plants and perennial plants with the general characteristics of the borage family. They are commonly herbaceous. The leaves are simple or undulate, covered with stiff hairs.
The small radially symmetrical flowers are sapphire blue and retain their colour a long time. The plants show numerous flowers with five sepals, united at their bases, and five petals forming a narrow tube facing upwards. The flowers grow in several axillary cymes, simple or branched, or are clustered at the end. The flowers are much frequented by bees.
The genus Anchusa is commonly used in trough or rock gardens.[1]
The roots of Anchusa (just like those of Alkanna and Lithospermum) contain anchusin (or alkanet-red), a red-brown resinoid colouring matter. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether.
Anchusa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora pennella.
Taxonomy
There are four subgenera: Buglossum, Buglossoides, Buglossellum and Anchusa.
The first two form one subclade, the other two each a separate subclade. The subclade of the subgenus Anchusa (containing Anchusa capensis) is largely unresolved.
If we consider Anchusa s.l., then it includes the subgenus Limbata, which diverges markedly in its floral morphology.
The subgenera Buglossum, Buglossellum and Buglossoides clearly need new independent entities, while the subgenus Anchusa needs a narrower concept. This way taxonomy and phylogeny with respect to Anchusa can become completely analogous.
Species
35 species are accepted.[2]
- Anchusa aegyptiaca (L.) A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa affinis R.Br. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – small bugloss, bugloss, annual bugloss
- Anchusa atlantica BallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa azurea Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Italian bugloss, large blue alkanet
- Anchusa azurea var. azurea
- Anchusa azurea var. kurdica (Guşul.) D.F.Chamb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa azurea var. macrocarpa (Boiss. & Hohen.) D.F.Chamb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa × baumgartenii (Nyman) Guşul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa calcarea Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa capensis Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Cape bugloss, Cape forget-me-not
- Anchusa cespitosa Lam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa cretica Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa crispa Viv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (status vulnerable to endangered in France and Italy)
- Anchusa × digenea Guşul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa dinsmorei Rech.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa formosa Selvi, Bigazzi & Bacch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Sardinia
- Anchusa gmelinii Ledeb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa hybrida Ten.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa iranica Rech.f. & Esfand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa konyaensis Yıld.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa leptophylla Roem. & Schult.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa leucantha Selvi & BigazziScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Greece
- Anchusa milleri Lam. ex Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa montelinasana Angius, Pontec. & SelviScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa ochroleuca M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellow alkanet
- Anchusa officinalis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – true alkanet, bugloss, common bugloss, corn bugloss, field bugloss (type species)
- Anchusa officinalis subsp. intacta (Griseb.) Selvi & BigazzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa officinalis subsp. officinalis
- Anchusa ovata Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa procera Besser ex LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa pseudoochroleuca Des.-Shost.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa puechii ValdésScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa pusilla Gușul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa riparia A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa samothracica Bigazzi & SelviScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa strigosa Banks & Sol.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa stylosa M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa stylosa subsp. spruneri (Boiss.) NymanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa stylosa subsp. stylosa
- Anchusa thessala Boiss. & SprunerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa × thirkeana Guşul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa tiberiadis PostScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa undulata L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa undulata subsp. granatensis (Boiss.) ValdésScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa undulata subsp. lamprocarpa Braun-Blanq. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa undulata subsp. sartorii (Heldr. ex Guşul.) Selvi & BigazziScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Anchusa undulata subsp. undulata
- Anchusa variegata (L.) Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Formerly placed here
- Cynoglottis barrelieri (All.) Vural & Kit TanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Anchusa barrelieri (All.) VitmanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – Barrelier's bugloss
- Gastrocotyle macedonica (Degen & Dörfl.) Bigazzi, Hilger & SelviScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Anchusa macedonica Degen & DörflerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) Tausch ex L.H.BaileyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Anchusa sempervirens L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – evergreen alkanet
- Phyllocara aucheri (A.DC.) Guşul.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Anchusa aucheri A.DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
References
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