Lithospermum
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Lithospermum is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. The genus is distributed nearly worldwide, but most are native to the Americas and the center of diversity is in the southwestern United States and Mexico.[1] Species are known generally as gromwells or stoneseeds.
Taxonomy
Plants of the World Online currently accepts 84 species.[2] Other sources accept about 50 [3] to 60 species in the genus.[4] A 2009 molecular study showed that the genus Onosmodium is included within Lithospermum.[1]
Species
84 species are accepted.[2][3][5][6]
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum affine DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum afromontanum Weim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum album (G.L.Nesom) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum altamiranense Pat.-Sicil., Cohen & Pérez-CalixScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum astienzae Pat.-Sicil., Cohen & Pérez-CalixScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum azuayense Weigend & NürkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Lithospermum barbigerum (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum berlandieri I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum bolivariense Weigend & NürkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Lithospermum calcicola B.L.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum californicum A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – California stoneseed
- Lithospermum calycosum (J.F.Macbr.) I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Chinati stoneseed or roundleaf stoneseed
- Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – hoary puccoon, Indian-paint
- Lithospermum caroliniense (J.F.Gmel.) MacMill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Carolina gromwell, hairy puccoon
- Lithospermum caroliniense var. caroliniense (synonym Lithospermum bejariense DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – western marbleseed
- Lithospermum caroliniense var. croceum (Fernald) CronquistScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum chiapense J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum chihuahuanum J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum cinerascens (A.DC.) I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum cinereum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum cobrense GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – smooththroat stoneseed
- Lithospermum confine I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Arizona stoneseed
- Lithospermum confundum (B.L.Turner) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum cuneifolium Pers.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum cuzcoense Weigend & NürkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Lithospermum decipiens (J.R.Allison) WeakleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum discolor M.Martens & GaleottiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum distichum OrtegaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum diversifolium DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum dodrantale (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum elenae Pat.-Sicil., J.I.Cohen & ZamudioScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 zicao (Pinyin: zǐcǎo), 紫草 murasaki･sō (Japanese)
- Lithospermum exsertum (D.Don) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum flavum Sessé & Moc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum flexuosum Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum gayanum (Wedd.) I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum guatemalense Donn.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum hancockianum Oliv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum helleri (Small) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum hirsutum E.Mey. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum incisum Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – narrowleaf stoneseed, fringed gromwell
- Lithospermum indecorum I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum ireneae Pat.-Sicil., J.I.Cohen & ZamudioScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum jimulcense I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum johnstonii J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum kelloggianum J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum latifolium Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – American stoneseed
- Lithospermum leonotis (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum leymebambense Weigend & NürkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Lithospermum macbridei I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum matamorense DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – rough stoneseed
- Lithospermum mediale I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum mirabile SmallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – San Antonio stoneseed or Parks' stoneseed
- Lithospermum molle Michx.) Muhl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – softhair marbleseed
- Lithospermum muelleri I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – manyflowered stoneseed
- Lithospermum nelsonii Greenm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum notatum (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum oaxacanum (B.L.Turner) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum oblongifolium Greenm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum obovatum J.F.Macbr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum occidentale (Mack.) WeakleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum officinale L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – common gromwell, European stoneseed
- Lithospermum papillosum Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum parviflorum Weakley, Witsell & D.EstesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – eastern prairie marbleseed
- Lithospermum peruvianum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum pinetorum (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum pringlei I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum revolutum B.L.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum rodriguezii Weigend & NürkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
- Lithospermum rosei (I.M.Johnst.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum ruderale Douglas ex Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – western stoneseed, Columbia puccoon, wayside gromwell, whiteweed
- Lithospermum rzedowskii J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum scabrum Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum strictum Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum subsetosum (Mack. & Bush) WeakleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum sylvestre J.I.Cohen & J.C.ManningScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum tenerum J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum thurberi (A.Gray) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum tuberosum Rugel ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southern stoneseed, tuberous gromwell
- Lithospermum tubuliflorum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum turneri J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum unicum (J.F.Macbr.) J.I.CohenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum virginianum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lithospermum viride GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – green stoneseed
Formerly placed here
- Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum (L.) HolubScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – purple gromwell
- Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Lithospermum arvense L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – field gromwell, corn gromwell
Ecology
Lithospermum leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the moth Ethmia pusiella which has been recorded on L. officinale.
Uses
The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).[8][9] Lithospermum erythrorhizon is native to Japan, where it has been traditionally used to make a purple dye. In southwestern North America, a species of this genus was used as a contraceptive by the Shoshone Native American tribe.[10]
Fossil record
7 petrified nutlets and nutlet fragments of a Lithospermum species have been described from the Late Miocene Ash Hollow Formation, Ogallala Group, five km south of Martin in Bennett County, South Dakota. †Lithospermum dakotense sp. nov. shows similarities in size, shape, attachment and epidermal cell patterns to extant Lithospermum species. The fossil nutlets were preserved in various stages of maturity. The fossils closely resemble the nutlets of Lithospermum caroliniense and Lithospermum incisum.[11]
References
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Lithospermum L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Cohen, J. I., (2012). Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American Journal of Botany 99(5), 797–805.
- ↑ GRIN Species Records of Lithospermum. Template:Webarchive Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
- ↑ Lithospermum. USDA Plants: North American species.
- ↑ a b c d e Weigend, M., et al. (2010). Five new species of Lithospermum L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. Taxon 59(4), 1161–1179.
- ↑ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810–2816.
- ↑ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197–202.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Amer. J. Bot. 74(11): 1690-1693. 1987. A Fossil Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) from the Tertiary of South Dakota by Mark L. Gabel
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