Anania Shirakatsi

Template:Short description Template:Good article Anania Shirakatsi (Template:Langx, , anglicized: Ananias of Shirak) was a 7th-century Armenian polymath and natural philosopher, author of extant works covering mathematics, astronomy, geography, chronology, and other fields. Little is known for certain of his life outside of his own writings, but he is considered the father of the exact and natural sciences in Armenia—the first Armenian mathematician, astronomer,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and cosmographer.Template:Sfn

A part of the Armenian Hellenizing School and one of the few secular scholars in medieval Armenia, Anania was educated primarily by Tychicus, in Trebizond. He composed science textbooks and the first known geographic work in classical Armenian (Ashkharhatsuyts),Template:Sfn which provides detailed information about Greater Armenia, Persia and the Caucasus (Georgia and Caucasian Albania).

In mathematics, his accomplishments include the earliest known table of results of the four basic operations,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn the earliest known collection of recreational math puzzles and problems,Template:Sfn and the earliest book of math problems in Armenian.Template:Sfn He also devised a system of mathematical notation based on the Armenian alphabet, although he was the only writer known to have used it.

Name

His name is usually anglicized as Ananias of Shirak (). Anania is the Armenian variant of the biblical name Ananias, itself the Greek version of the Hebrew Hananiah.Template:Sfn The second part of his name denotes his place of origin, the region of Shirak,Template:Sfn though it may have become a sort of surname.Template:Sfn In some manuscripts, he is called Shirakuni () and Shirakavants’i ().

Life

File:Անանիա Շիրակացի, քանդակագործ` Ա. Պապոյան.jpg

A statue of Anania at the Alphabet Park near Artashavan by Artush Papoyan (2005).

Background

AnaniaTemplate:Efn Shirakatsi lived in the 7th century. The dates of his birth and death have not been definitively established. Robert H. Hewsen noted in 1968 that Anania is widely believed to have been born between 595 and 600;Template:Sfn a quarter-century later he settled on c. 610 as a birthdate and 685 as the year he died.Template:Sfn Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. place his birth in early 600s but agree on 685.Template:Sfn Sen Arevshatyan, James R. Russell, Edward G. Mathews, and Theo van Lint also concur with 610–685,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn while Greenwood suggests c. 600–670.Template:Sfn Vardanyan places his death in the early 690s.Template:Sfn

Anania is the only classical Armenian scholar to have written an autobiography.Template:Sfn It is a brief text, characterized as "somewhat self-congratulatory"Template:Sfn and "more a statement of academic pedigree" than autobiography.Template:Sfn It was probably written as the preface to one of his scholarly works, possibly the K’nnikon.Template:Sfn He was the son of Yovhannes and was born in the village of Anania/Aneank’ () or in the town of Shirakavan (Yerazgavors), in the canton of Shirak, in the central Armenian province of Ayrarat. Aneank' may be connected to the later city of Ani, the Bagratid Armenian capital.

Anania probably came from a noble family.Template:Sfn Since his name is sometimes spelled as Shirakuni (), Hewsen argued that he may have belonged to the house of the Kamsarakan or Arsharuni princes of Shirak and Arsharunik’, respectively.Template:Sfn Greenwood suggests that it is more likely that Anania came from the lesser nobility in Shirak, who served the house of Kamsarakan.Template:Sfn Broutian describes his father as a "minor Armenian nobleman."Template:Sfn Vardanyan believes he either came from the Kamsarakan family or that they were his patrons.Template:Sfn

Anania is traditionally thought to have been buried in the village of Anavank’; however, the tradition probably originated from the name of the village.Template:Sfn

Education

Anania received his early education at the local Armenian schools, possibly at Dprevank’ monastery,Template:Sfn where he studied sacred texts and earlier Armenian authors.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Due to the lack of teachers and books in Armenia, he decided to travel to the Byzantine Empire to study mathematics.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After first traveling to Theodosiopolis, then to the Byzantine-controlled province of Fourth Armenia (probably Martyropolis),Template:Sfn where he studied under the mathematician Christosatur for six months.Template:Sfn He then left to find a better teacher and learned about Tychicus,Template:Efn who was based at the monastery (or martyrium) of Saint Eugenios in Trebizond.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Redgate placed this in the 620s.Template:Sfn

File:YSU Shirakatsi statue.jpg

A statue of Anania at Yerevan State University

Anania devoted a significant part of his autobiography to Tychicus (born c. 560), with whom he spent eight years in the 620s or 630s. Tychicus had studied the Armenian language and its literature while serving in the Byzantine army in Armenia.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Wounded by the Persians, he retired from the military and later studied in Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Tychicus later returned to his native Trebizond, where he established a school c. 615.Template:Sfn Tychicus taught many students from Constantinople (including from the imperial court) and was renowned among Byzantine kings.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He provided Anania special attention and taught him what Anania called a "perfect knowledge of mathematics".Template:Sfn In Tychicus's vast library, Anania found "everything, exoteric and esoteric",Template:Sfn including sacred and secular Greek authors, including works on the sciences, medicine, chronology, and history. Russell believed his library may have included Pythagorean and alchemical books.Template:Sfn Anania considered Tychicus to have been "predestined by God for the introduction of science into Armenia."Template:Sfn

Educator and scientist

File:Anania Shirakatsi, 7th century, Phases of the Moon, Bolorakner.png

List of Moon Phases by Anania Shirakatsi

Anania himself established a school in Armenia upon his return.Template:Sfn That school, the first in Armenia to teach quadrivium, is presumed to have been located in his native Shirak.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was disappointed with the laziness of his students and their departure after learning the basics.Template:Sfn Anania complained about Armenians' lack of interest in mathematics,Template:Sfn writing that they "love neither learning, nor knowledge."Template:Sfn Nicholas Adontz considered it an exaggeration, "if not an absolute slander, to deny the Armenian innate love of investigation."Template:Sfn The 12th-century chronicler Samuel of Ani listed five of Shirakatsi's students,Template:Sfn who are otherwise unknown.Template:Sfn Anania financed his research in several fields with the money he earned teaching.Template:Sfn

Relationship with the church

Thomson wrote that as a lay scholar, Anania was a "rarity in early Armenia."Template:Sfn Hewsen termed him the only lay classical Armenian author besides Grigor Magistros,Template:Sfn adding that he had a close relationship with the Armenian Church.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Hacikyan et al. describe Anania as a "devout Christian and well versed in the Bible" who "made some attempts to reconcile science and Scripture."Template:Sfn In his later years, Anania may have been a monk in the Armenian Church.Template:Sfn This is based on his religious discourses and attempts to date the feasts of the church.Template:Sfn John A. C. Greppin doubts that Anania was ever in any religious order.Template:Sfn Several scholars consider him a church ideologist akin to Cosmas Indicopleustes, whom he actually criticized.Template:Sfn

Hewsen noted that some of Anania's "more revolutionary ideas" were suppressed by the Armenian Church after his death.Template:Sfn Greppin suggested that Anania, a largely secular author, had fallen into a "bad clerical odor."Template:Sfn S. Peter Cowe disagreed with Ashot G. Abrahamian's hypothesis that his name was "censored in the Middle Ages because of ecclesiastical disapproval" and argued that it is "more applicable to Soviet practice than that of the relatively tolerant Armenian and other eastern churches."Template:Sfn Soviet historians represented him as a founder of irreligious and anti-clerical thought in Armenia, who pioneered double-truth theory.Template:Sfn Vazgen Chaloyan called him a "progressive representative of the feudal period of Armenian science."Template:Sfn Gevorg Khrlopian went as far as to argue that Anania was an enemy of the Armenian Church and fought against its obscurantism.Template:Sfn Hewsen opposed this view, suggesting that, instead, he was an "independent thinker of sorts."Template:Sfn

Philosophy

File:Buste d'Anania Shirakatsi (Anania de Shirak) au Matenadaran.JPG

A bust at the Matenadaran

Anania is considered by modern scholars to be a representative of the Hellenizing School since many of his works were based on classical Greek sources.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was the first Armenian scholar to have "imported a set of scientific notions, and examples of their applications, from the Greek-speaking schools" into Armenia.Template:Sfn He was well versed in Greek literature,Template:Sfn and the influence of Greek syntax is evident in his works.Template:Sfn Anania was also knowledgeable about native Armenian and Iranian cultural traditions;Template:Sfn several of his works provide important information on late Sassanian Iran.Template:Sfn

James R. Russell describes him as an alchemist and a Pythagorean who "does not usually rely on mythology to explain natural phenomena."Template:Sfn Anania accepted the importance of experience, observation, rational practice and theory, and was influenced by the ideas of the 5th-century Neoplatonist philosopher Davit Anhaght (the Invincible), and Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus, Hippocrates, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Zeno of Citium, Epicurus, Ptolemy, Pappus of Alexandria, and Cosmas Indicopleustes.Template:Sfn Aristotle's On the Heavens had a significant influence on Anania's thought.Template:Sfn According to Gevorg Khrlopian, Anania was heavily influenced by Yeghishe's An Interpretation of Creation, the anonymous Interpretation of the Categories of Aristotle, and the works of Davit Anhaght,Template:Sfn who had established Neoplatonism in Armenian thought.Template:Sfn Anania was also the first Armenian scholar to quote Philo of Alexandria by name.Template:Sfn

Anania was the last known lay scholar in Christian Armenia until Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni in the 11th century.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He advocated rationalism in studying nature and attacked superstitious beliefs and astrology as the "babblings of the foolish."Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He adopted the classical theory of four elements, which considered all matter to be composed of four elements: fire, air, water, and earth. He believed that while God directly created these elements, He did not interfere with the "natural course of the development of things." He asserted that the creation, existence, and decay of natural bodies and phenomena occurred through the union of these elements—without the interference of God.Template:Sfn Both living and non-living matter came into existence from a synthesis of the four elements.Template:Sfn

Anania accepted that the Earth is round, describing it as "like an egg with a spherical yolk (the globe) surrounded by a layer of white (the atmosphere) and covered with a hard shell (the sky)."Template:Sfn He accurately explained solar and lunar eclipses, the phases of the Moon, and the structure of the Milky Way,Template:Sfn describing the latter as a "mass of dense but faintly luminous stars."Template:Sfn Anania also correctly attributed tides to the influence of the Moon.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He described the topmost sphere as the aether (), the source of light and heat (through the Sun).Template:Sfn

Works

Anania was a polymath and natural philosopher. About 40 works in various disciplines have been attributed to Anania, but only half are extant. They include studies and translations in mathematics, astronomy, cosmology, geography, chronology, and meteorology.Template:Sfn Many of his works are believed to have been part of the K’nnikon (, from "canon", Greek: Kanonikon), completed circa 666,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and used as the standard science textbook in medieval Armenia.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Artashes Matevosyan termed it the first secular Armenian science textbook, while Valentina Calzolari described it as a "monumental encyclopedic work." Greenwood argued that the K’nnikon was a "fluid compilation, whose contents fluctuated over time, reflecting the interests and resources of different teachers and practitioners."Template:Sfn

Modern scholars have praised Anania's writing as concise, simple, and to the point, retaining the reader's attention and citing examples to illustrate his point.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Mathematical

File:Shirakatsi manuscript.JPG

An arithmetic book by Shirakatsi

Anania was primarily devoted to mathematics,Template:Sfn which he considered the "mother of all knowledge."Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His mathematical books were used as textbooks in Armenia.Template:Sfn

Of Anania's several mathematical works, the most important is the book of arithmetic (Hamaroghut’iun, ; or T’vabanut’iun, ),Template:Sfn a comprehensive collection of tables on the four basic operations.Template:Sfn It is the earliest extant known work of its kind.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The operations reach up to a total of 80 million, which is the highest number.Template:Sfn A possible theoretical part is believed lost.Template:Sfn

Problems and Solutions (alternatively translated as On Questions and Answers), a collection of 24 arithmetical problems and their solutions, is based on the application of fractions;Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn it is the earliest such work in Armenian. Many of its problems allude to real-world situations: six connect to the princely house of Shirak, the Kamsarakans,Template:Sfn and at least three to Iran.Template:Sfn Greenwood calls the problems "a rich source for seventh-century history whose value has not been sufficiently recognized."Template:Sfn

The third work, probably an appendix of the book of arithmetic, is titled (), literally "things for festive occasions". It has been translated into English as Mathematical Pastimes,Template:Sfn Fun with Arithmetic or Problems for Amusement. It also contains 24 problems "intended for mathematical entertainment in social gatherings."Template:Sfn According to Mathews this may be the oldest extant text of its kind.Template:Sfn

Numerical notation

For his mathematical works, Anania developed a unique numerical notation based on 12 letters of the Armenian alphabet. For the units, he used the first nine letters of the Armenian script (, , , , , , , , ), similar to the standard traditional Armenian numerical system. The letters used for 10, 100, and 1000 were also identical to the traditional Armenian system (, , ), but all other numbers up to 10,000 were written using these 12 letters. For instance, 50 would be written (5×10) and not as in the standard system. Thus, the notation is multiplicative-additive as opposed to the ciphered-additive standard system and requires knowing 12 letters, instead of 36, to write numbers less than 10,000. Numbers greater than that could be written using multiplicative combinations of just 2 or 3 signs, but using all 36 letters.Template:Sfn

Stephen Chrisomalis believes this system was created by Anania since it only occurs in his works and is not found in Greek, Syriac, Hebrew, or any other alphabetic numeral system.Template:Sfn Allen Shaw has argued it was just a variant of the Armenian numerals designed specifically for the representation of large numbers.Template:Sfn No other writer used it.Template:Sfn

Astronomical

File:Shirakatsi, 1283.jpg

A manuscript of Anania's Cosmology.

One of Anania's most significant works is the Cosmology (, Tiezeragitut’iun).Template:Sfn Abrahamian's version is composed of ten chapters, with an introduction titled "In the Fulfillment of a Promise", implying a patron.Template:Sfn It covers the sun, the moon, celestial spheres, constellations, the Milky Way, and meteorological changes.

Works used for the parts of the Cosmology include the Bible (mostly the Pentateuch and Psalms) and works by the Church Fathers. Anania cites the work of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory the Illuminator, and Amphilochius (perhaps, of Iconium).Template:Sfn Some chapters of the work, such as "On Clouds" (also called "On the Sky" or "Concerning the Skies"), are largely based on Basil's Hexameron. Anania also repeats the classical Greek notions in the fields of astronomy, physics or meteorology.Template:Sfn Pambakian wrote about the significance of the Cosmology:

In conclusion, when viewed as a Byzantine text, the CosmologyTemplate:'s originality may be sought in the way in which pagan and Christian traditions are combined (and often intrinsically intertwined), and much may be learned about the ‘making of science’ in the context of the seventh-century. Within the specific context of Armenian literature, this text deals with many aspects of natural philosophy in unprecedented depth.Template:Sfn

Another of Anania's astronomical works, Tables of the Motions of the Moon (, ),Template:Sfn is based on the works of Meton of Athens and his own observations.Template:Sfn

Perpetual calendar

In 667 Anania was invited by Catholicos Anastas I of Akori (r. 661/2–667) to the Armenian Church's central seat at Dvin to establish a fixed calendar of the movable and immovable feasts of the Armenian Church.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The result was a perpetual calendar based on a 532-year cycle (),Template:Sfn combining the solar cycle and the lunar cycle since they coincide every 532 years. It was first proposed by Victorius of Aquitaine in 457 and adopted by the Church of Alexandria.Template:Sfn Anania's calendar was never implemented by the Armenian Church;Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi believes that Anastas's death prevented a church council from ratifying it.Template:Sfn Krikor H. Maksoudian described the endeavor a "serious attempt", which was not adopted due to circumstances.

Geographical

File:Armenia According to the Ashkharhatsuyts.jpg

Armenia according to Anania's Geography (Ashkharhatsuyts) as reconstructed by Suren Eremian

The AshkharhatsuytsTemplate:Sfn (Classical Armenian: , , lit. "showing the world") is an anonymously published world map, believed to have been written sometime between 610 and 636,Template:Sfn "probably shortly before AD 636", i.e. the Muslim Arab invasions and conquests.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It lacks a drawn map, but contains "earliest surviving detailed description of Armenian lands." Its authorship has been disputed in the modern period; formerly believed to have been the work of Movses Khorenatsi, most scholars now attribute it to Anania. Hewsen calls it "one of the most valuable works to come down to us from Armenian antiquity."Template:Sfn

The Armenian Geography—as it is alternatively known—has been especially important for research into the history and geography of Greater Armenia, the Caucasus (Georgia and Caucasian Albania) and the Sasanian Empire,Template:Sfn which are all described in detail.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The information on Armenia is not found elsewhere in historical sources,Template:Sfn as it is the only known Armenian geographical work prior to the 13th century.Template:Sfn Cowe described it as "the only one of its kind in Armenia until the introduction of modern cartography in the seventeenth century."Template:Sfn Christina Maranci described it as the "earliest surviving description of the entire known world in the Armenian language."

The Ashkharhatsuyts has survived in long and short recensions.Template:Sfn According to the scholarly consensus, the long recension was the original.Template:Sfn For the description of Europe, North Africa and Asia (all the known world from Spain to China),Template:Sfn it largely uses Greek sources, namely the now lost geography of Pappus of Alexandria (4th century), which in turn, is based on the Geography of Ptolemy (2nd century).Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to Hewsen, it is the "last work based on ancient geographical knowledge written before the Renaissance."Template:Sfn Edmond Schütz called it an "outstanding work of medieval sciences, a rich post-Ptolemaid heredity."

It was one of the earliest secular Armenian works to be published (in 1668 by Voskan Yerevantsi).Template:Sfn It has been translated into four languages: English, Latin (both 1736), French (1819), and Russian (1877).Template:Sfn In 1877, Kerovbe Patkanian first attributed it to Anania as the most probable author.Template:Sfn

Another geographical work of Anania, The Itinerary (, Mghonach’ap’k’), may have been a part of the Ashkharhatsuyts. It presents six routes from Dvin, Armenia's capital at that time, to the major settlements in different directions, with distances in miles (մղոն, mghon), referring to the Arabic mile of , according to Hakob Manandian.Template:Sfn

Chronology

Anania's major chronological work, the Chronicle, listed important events in order of their occurrence.Template:Sfn Written between 686 and 690, it is composed of two parts: a universal chronicle, utilizing the lost works of Annianus of Alexandria and the lost Roman imperial sequence from Eusebius's Chronographia, and an ecclesiastical history from a miaphysite perspective, which records the six ecumenical councils.Template:Sfn

Another chronological work, known as the Calendar (Tomar), included texts and tables about the calendars of 15 peoples: Armenians, Hebrews, Arabs, Macedonians, Romans, Syrians, Greeks, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Athenians, Bythanians, Cappadocians, Georgians, Caucasian Albanians, and Persians.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The calendars of the Armenians, Romans, Hebrews, Syrians, Greeks, and Egyptians contain texts, while those of other peoples only have the names of months and their length.Template:Sfn

Other

Anania wrote several books on weights and measures. He extensively used the work of Epiphanius of Salamis to present the system of weights used by the Greeks, Jews, and Syrians, and his own knowledge as well as other sources for those of the Armenians and Persians.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn

Anania wrote several works on precious stones,Template:Sfn music, and the known languages of the world.Template:Sfn

Anania's discourses on Christmas/Epiphany and Easter are discussions on the dates of the two feasts. In the first, he uses a lost work he ascribes to Polycarp of Smyrna and insists that the Armenian custom of celebrating Christmas and the Epiphany on the same date is truer to the holidays' intent than celebrating them separately as is common elsewhere in the Christian world.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Traditions and legends

Anania also wrote on herbal medicine, though none of his medical writings have survived. He is traditionally credited with the discovery of the miraculous flower called or hamasp’iur ().Template:Sfn One 16th century manuscript mentions that he dealt with its therapeutic properties. It has been identified by modern scholars as Silene latifolia (white campion). He is credited with discovering the plant in Dzoghakert (near modern Taşburun, Iğdır, Turkey) and using it medically.

The authorship of the "Book of the Six Thousand" (Vec‘ hazareak), the "most important Armenian magical text of the Middle Ages", has traditionally been attributed to Anania.Template:Sfn According to a later legend, Anania taught alchemy to the king of Venice.Template:Sfn

Influence in the Middle Ages

File:«Անանիա Շիրակացի» հուշարձան, բազալտ, 2009, Գյումրու Անանիա Շիրակացի փողոց.jpg

2009 statue of Anania in Gyumri

Anania laid the foundations of the exact sciences in Armenia and greatly influenced many Armenian scholars who came after him.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Robert H. Hewsen argued that Anania failed to create a true intellectual school with disciples who continued his legacy and his isolated genius exposes the dire state of medieval Armenian science. Hovhannes Imastaser (Sarkavag) and other medieval scholars extensively cited and incorporated Anania's works.Template:Sfn In a 1037 letter, Grigor Magistros, a scholar from the Pahlavuni noble family, asked Catholicos Petros Getadardz for Anania's manuscripts of his K’nnikon, which were locked up at the catholicosate for centuries.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Grigor used these as a textbook at his school at Sanahin Monastery.Template:Sfn Anania may have also influenced Byzantine scholars of Armenian origin, namely Leo the Mathematician in the 9th centuryTemplate:Sfn and Nicholas Artabasdos Rhabdas in the 14th century.Template:Sfn

Reemergence in the modern period

In the printed age, passing references to Anania were made as early as 1742 by Paghtasar Dpir, but it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that Anania and his work became a subject of scholarly study.Template:Sfn In 1877 Kerovbe Patkanian published a collection of Anania's works in the original classical Armenian at St Petersburg University.Template:Sfn Titled Sundry Studies (, Mnats’ordk’ banits’),Template:Sfn it is the first-ever print publication of his works.Template:Sfn Galust Ter-Mkrtchian published a number of Anania's works in 1896.Template:Sfn The Russian Academy of Sciences published Joseph Orbeli's Russian translation of Anania's Problems and Solutions in 1918.Template:Sfn

Systematic study and publication of his works began in the Soviet period.Template:Sfn Ashot G. Abrahamian, who began his research at the Matenadaran in the 1930s, first published one of Anania's arithmetical texts in 1939,Template:Sfn followed by a complete compilation of Anania's work in 1944.Template:Sfn One critic objected to his compilation for attributing disputed works to Anania.Template:Sfn Abrahamian and Garegin Petrosian published an updated edition in 1979.Template:Sfn Some criticism persisted: Varag Arakelian noted a number of errors in translations from classical Armenian and concluded that a new translation of his works was needed.Template:Sfn Another Soviet scholar, Suren T. Eremian, studied the Geography. He insisted on Anania's authorship and published his research in 1963.Template:Sfn

The first translation of Anania's work into a European language was done by the British Orientalist Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, who translated into English Anania's On Christmas, in 1896, and On Easter and Anania's autobiography, in 1897.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Lemerle noted that Conybeare translated Anania's autobiography from a Russian translation, and it contains numerous serious errors.Template:Sfn Renewed interest in Anania's work emerged in the West since the 1950s, with a series of English articles in the Armenian Review. A French translation of his autobiography appeared in 1964 by Haïg Berbérian.Template:Sfn Robert H. Hewsen authored an introductory article on Anania's life and scholarship in 1968.Template:Sfn Hewsen dedicated his monumental atlas of Armenia (2001) to Anania, whom he called "Armenia's First Scientist."Template:Sfn

File:Anania Shirakatsi stamp.jpg

2005 Armenian postage stamp depicting Shirakatsi

Modern assessment

Hailed as a polymath,Template:Sfn Anania is considered by modern scholars as the "father of the exact sciences in Armenia." Modern historians consider him as the greatest scientist of medieval Armenia and, possibly, all Armenian history, up to the 20th century astrophysicist Viktor Ambartsumian.Template:Sfn He is widely regarded as the founder of the natural sciences in the country.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was the first classical Armenian scholar to study mathematics and several scientific subjects, such as cosmography and chronology.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Nicholas Adontz argued that Anania "occupied the same position in Armenian education as Leo [the Mathematician] did in Byzantine education. He was the first to sow the seeds of science among the Armenians."Template:Sfn Robert H. Hewsen called him "one of the most original" and "one of the most curious figures in Armenian cultural history." Hacikyan et al. wrote in The Heritage of Armenian Literature: "Shirakatsi was an educator and an organizer of ideas and materials rather than an original thinker. He was often in the forefront of scientific thinking, but at other times he repeated the accepted theories of his time."Template:Sfn

Suren Yeremian named Anania, along with historian Movses Khorenatsi and philosopher David the Invincible, one of the prominent thinkers of the "great cultural flourishing" in Armenia of the fifth to seventh centuries, when Hellenistic traditions were still strong and continued to bear the influence of the secular thinking of the pre-Christian times. Sen Arevshatyan argued that the "Christian spirit" is more prominent in Anania than in earlier figures of the Hellenizing School as he aims to bridge Hellenistic science and church doctrine. "Nevertheless, despite his inconsistencies, he emerges as the greatest representative of natural knowledge and natural philosophy in early feudal Armenia."Template:Sfn

In Soviet reference books, Anania was often mentioned as the earliest astronomer among its peoples.Template:Efn Greenwood argues that studying Anania and his works "resonated with twentieth-century political beliefs and offered a suitable subject for academic research in ways that works on medieval theology or Biblical exegesis did not. Anania came to be projected as a national hero from the distant Armenian past, linking and affirming past and present identities."Template:Sfn

Tributes

• Statuettes of Anania were created by Nikolai Nikoghosyan (c. Template:Trim) and Yervand Kochar (gypsum, 1952). Ara Sargsyan crafted a plaquette of him in 1957.
• Anania was one of six medieval scholars whose statue was erected in front of the Matenadaran, the museum-institute of Armenian manuscripts in Yerevan, in the 1960s.Template:Sfn Sculpted by Grigor Badalyan in basalt, it was erected in 1963. A bust of Anania by Badalyan stands inside the Matenadaran.
• A statue, sculpted by Aram Gharibyan, was erected in the front yard of Yerevan State University in 1999. Another basalt statue of Anania by Samvel Petrosyan was erected in Gyumri in 2009.
• A crater on the Moon was named Shirakatsi in 1979.
• The Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum, an International Baccalaureate school in Yerevan, was established in 1990.
• In 1993 the Medal of Anania Shirakatsi, a state award, was established. It is awarded for "significant activities, inventions, and discoveries in the spheres of economy, engineering, architecture, science, and technology."
• In 2005 the Central Bank of Armenia issued a commemorative coin, while HayPost issued a stamp dedicated to him.
• A short 2016 documentary by Armenian Public TV.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Books on Anania

• online
• PDF (archived)

General books

Book chapters on Anania

Encyclopedia articles

Journal articles

• ; originally published in Revue des Études Arméniennes 21, 1988–89, pp. 159–170

External links

• Template:Sister-inline
• Template:Sister-inline