95th United States Congress

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox United States Congress The 95th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1977, to January 3, 1979, during the final weeks of Gerald Ford's presidency and the first two years of Jimmy Carter's presidency.

The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1970 United States census. Both chambers maintained a Democratic supermajority, and with Jimmy Carter being sworn in as president on January 20, 1977, this gave the Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 90th Congress ending in 1969.

since 2022Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., this was the most recent Congress to approve an amendment (the unratified District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment) to the Constitution. This is the last time the Democratic Party or any political party held a 2/3 supermajority in the House.

This is the last congress to at any point have no female senators (from its beginning, January 3, 1977, until the swearing-in of Muriel Humphrey (D-MN) on January 25, 1978; and again from the departure of both Humphrey and Maryon Allen (D-AL) on November 7, 1978, to the early swearing-in of Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS) on December 23, 1978).[1] Template:TOClimit

Major events

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Hearings

Major legislation

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Constitutional amendments

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Treaties ratified

  • March 16, 1978: First of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties (Panama Canal) treaty: "The Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal", commonly known as the "Neutrality Treaty"
  • April 19, 1978: Second of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties treaty, commonly known as "The Panama Canal Treaty"

Party summary

Senate

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Party standings on the opening day of the 95th Congress <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  61 Democratic senators
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  1 Independent senator, caucusing with Democrats
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  38 Republican senators

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House of Representatives

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Leadership

Senate

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Majority (Democratic) leadership

Minority (Republican) leadership

House of Representatives

Majority (Democratic) leadership

Minority (Republican) leadership

Caucuses

Members

Senate

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House of Representatives

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Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress. Template:TOC top

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Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

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  • Replacements: 11
  • Deaths: 4
  • Resignations: 5
  • Vacancy: 0
  • Total seats with changes: 9

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|- | nowrap | Arkansas
(2) | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | John L. McClellan
(D) | Died November 28, 1977.
Successor appointed to finish the term. | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Kaneaster Hodges Jr.
(D) | December 10, 1977

|- | nowrap | Montana
(2) | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Lee Metcalf
(D) | Died January 12, 1978.
Successor appointed to finish the term. | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Paul G. Hatfield
(D) | January 22, 1978

|- | nowrap | Minnesota
(1) | Template:Party shading/DFL nowrap | Hubert Humphrey
(DFL) | Died January 13, 1978.
Successor appointed to continue the term. | Template:Party shading/DFL nowrap | Muriel Humphrey
(DFL) | January 25, 1978

|- | nowrap | Alabama
(3) | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | James Allen
(D) | Died June 1, 1978.
Successor appointed to continue the term. | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Maryon Pittman Allen
(D) | June 8, 1978

|- | nowrap | Alabama
(3) | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Maryon Pittman Allen
(D) | Appointee lost special election.
Successor elected November 7, 1978. | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Donald Stewart
(D) | November 8, 1978

|- | nowrap | Minnesota
(1) | Template:Party shading/DFL nowrap | Muriel Humphrey
(DFL) | Appointee retired when successor qualified.
Successor elected November 7, 1978. | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | David Durenberger
(I-R) | November 8, 1978

|- | nowrap | Montana
(2) | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Paul G. Hatfield
(D) | Lost nomination to the next term.
Resigned early December 12, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term. | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Max Baucus
(D) | December 15, 1978

|- | nowrap | Kansas
(2) | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | James B. Pearson
(R) | Resigned December 23, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term. | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Nancy Kassebaum
(R) | December 23, 1978

|- | nowrap | Mississippi
(2) | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | James Eastland
(D) | Resigned December 27, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term. | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Thad Cochran
(R) | December 27, 1978

|- | nowrap | Minnesota
(2) | Template:Party shading/DFL nowrap | Wendell R. Anderson
(DFL) | Resigned December 29, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term. | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Rudy Boschwitz
(I-R) | December 30, 1978

|- | nowrap | Wyoming
(2) | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Clifford Hansen
(R) | Resigned December 31, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term. | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Alan Simpson
(R) | January 1, 1979

|- | nowrap | Virginia
(2) | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | William L. Scott
(R) | Resigned January 1, 1979.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term. | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | John Warner
(R) | January 2, 1979

|}

House of Representatives

  • Replacements: 6
  • Deaths: 6
  • Resignations: 21
  • Contested election: 0
  • Total seats with changes: 25

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Ordinal US Congress change |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Robert Bergland (DFL) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 22, 1977, after being appointed United States Secretary of Agriculture | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Arlan Stangeland (R) | February 22, 1977 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Brock Adams (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 22, 1977, after being appointed United States Secretary of Transportation | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | John E. Cunningham (R) | May 17, 1977 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Andrew Young (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 29, 1977, after being appointed United States Ambassador to the United Nations | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Wyche Fowler (D) | April 6, 1977 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Richard Alvin Tonry (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Forced to resign May 4, 1977 | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Bob Livingston (R) | August 27, 1977 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Ed Koch (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1977, after being elected Mayor of New York City | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Bill Green (R) | February 14, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Herman Badillo (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1977, after becoming Deputy Mayor of New York City. Elected on the Republican and Liberal tickets on February 14, but officially took office as a Democrat after being accepted by the caucus on February 21. | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Robert Garcia (D) | February 21, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Clifford Allen (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died June 18, 1978 | rowspan=19 |Vacant | rowspan=19 |Not filled this term |- | Template:Ushr | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | William M. Ketchum (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died June 24, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Ralph Metcalfe (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died October 10, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Goodloe Byron (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died October 11, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Leo Ryan (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Murdered by members of the Peoples Temple at the Guyana Airport November 18, 1978, shortly before the Jonestown Massacre |- | Template:Ushr | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | William A. Steiger (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died December 4, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Max Baucus (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 14, 1978, after being appointed to the U.S. Senate having already been elected. |- | Template:Ushr | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Thad Cochran (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 26, 1978, after being appointed to the U.S. Senate having already been elected. |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Teno Roncalio (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 30, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | John E. Moss (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | John J. McFall (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Del M. Clawson (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Joe Skubitz (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Elford Albin Cederberg (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Joseph A. LeFante (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | James J. Delaney (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Olin E. Teague (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | William R. Poage (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |- | Template:Ushr | style="color:black;background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/shading" nowrap | Omar Burleson (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 1978 |}

Committees

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Joint committees

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

Senate

House of Representatives

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

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