3 ft 6 in gauge railways

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Sidebar track gauge

File:JA1271 Opapa 16Feb2003 JChristianson.jpg
JA1271 with excursion consist climbing the Opapa incline in New Zealand
File:GOT Tram 4 Descending 05-07-17 04.jpeg
Tram descending the Great Orme Tramway
File:Indian Pacific Perth, Western Australia.jpg
Dual gauge track in Perth Australia with both 3ft 6in and standard gauge
File:Japanese-national-railways-D51-498-20140518.jpg
A preserved Japanese JNR Class D51 in main line service in 2014
File:SL hitoyoshi 09sum.jpg
Preserved Japanese nostalgia train SL Hitoyoshi
File:TRA TED1002 20120722.jpg
The Taroko Express in Taiwan
File:HK Sheung Wan Tram Station KMBus 914 Des Voeux Road Central.jpg
Sheung Wan station on Hong Kong Tramway with bus interchange
File:San Francisco Cable Car 22 (4256697380).jpg
San Francisco cable car traversing a hill

Railways with a track gauge of Template:RailGauge were first constructed as horse-drawn wagonways. The first intercity passenger railway to use 3 ft 6 in was constructed in Norway by Carl Abraham Pihl. From the mid-nineteenth century, the Template:RailGauge gauge became widespread in the British Empire. In Africa it became known as the Cape gauge as it was adopted as the standard gauge for the Cape Government Railways in 1873, even though it had already been established in Australia and New Zealand before that. It was adopted as a standard in New Zealand, South Africa, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Queensland (which has the second largest narrow gauge network in the world) in Australia.

There are approximately Script error: No such module "convert". of Template:RailGauge gauge track in the world, which are classified as narrow-gauge railways.

History

1795
One of the first railways to use Template:RailGauge gauge was the Little Eaton Gangway in England, constructed as a horse-drawn wagonway in 1795. Other Template:RailGauge gauge wagonways in England and Wales were also built in the early nineteenth century.
1809
The Silkstone Waggonway was opened, connecting the Barnsley Canal to collieries including the Huskar Pit.
1860
The Severn and Wye Railway introduces a steam locomotive on its Template:RailGauge gauge plateway.[1]
1862
The Norwegian engineer Carl Abraham Pihl constructed the first Template:RailGauge gauge railway in Norway, the Røros Line.
1865
The Queensland Railways were constructed. Its Template:RailGauge gauge was promoted by the Irish engineer Abraham Fitzgibbon and consulting engineer Charles Fox.
1867
The construction of the railroad from the Castillo de Buitrón mine to the pier of San Juan del Puerto, Huelva, Spain, began. The width was Template:RailGauge.
1868
In 1868 Charles Fox asked civil engineer Edmund Wragge to survey a [[Rail transport in Costa Rica#History|Template:RailGauge railway in Costa Rica]].
1870
The Template:RailGauge was adopted by New Zealand to expedite the development of transport under Julius Vogel's Great Public Works Policy; see The Vogel Era.
1871
Nicolaas Henket and J.C Schölmann recommended that the Dutch East Indies government use Template:RailGauge gauge for railways in Java. The line between Batavia NIS and Koningsplein Station opened on 15 September 1871.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
1871
The Canadian Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway and the Toronto and Nipissing Railway were opened, promoted by Pihl and Fitzgibbon and surveyed by Wragge as an engineer of Fox. The Canadian province of Prince Edward Island began building its Template:RailGauge network.
1872
In January Robert Fairlie advocated the use of Template:RailGauge gauge in his book Railways Or No Railways: Narrow Gauge, Economy with Efficiency v. Broad Gauge, Costliness with Extravagance.[2]
The first Template:RailGauge gauge railway opened in Japan. It had been proposed by the British civil engineer Edmund Morel based on his experience building railways in New Zealand.[3]
1873
On 1 January, the [[Rail transport in New Zealand#Provincial period|first Template:RailGauge gauge railway]] was opened in New Zealand, constructed by the British firm John Brogden and Sons. Earlier built Template:RailGauge and broad gauge railways were soon converted to the narrower gauge.
The Cape Colony adopted the Template:RailGauge gauge.[4][5] After conducting several studies in southern Europe, the Molteno Government selected the gauge as being the most economically suited for traversing steep mountain ranges.[6] Beginning in 1873, under supervision of Railway engineer of the Colony William Brounger,[7] the Cape Government Railways rapidly expanded and the gauge became the standard for southern Africa.[8][9]
1876
Natal also converted its short Script error: No such module "convert". long Durban network from Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". standard gauge prior to commencing with construction of a network across the entire colony in 1876.[10] Other new railways in Southern Africa, notably Mozambique, Bechuanaland, the Rhodesias, Nyasaland and Angola, were also constructed in Template:RailGauge gauge during that time.
After 1876
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century numerous Template:RailGauge gauge tram systems were built in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Newfoundland began its Cape gauge network in 1881.[11]

Nomenclature

This gauge is sometimes called Cape gauge, named after the Cape Colony in what is now South Africa, which adopted it in 1873.[4] "Cape gauge" was used in several English-speaking countries.[12] The equivalent of Cape gauge is used in other languages, such as the Dutch kaapspoor, German Kapspur, Norwegian kappspor and French voie cape. After metrication in the 1960s, the gauge was referred to in official South African Railways publications as Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". instead of 1067 mm.[13]

In Sweden, the gauge was nicknamed Blekinge gauge, as most of the railways in the province of Blekinge had this gauge.[14]

Colonial Gauge was used in New Zealand.[15][16]

In Australia, this gauge is typically referred to as narrow gauge in comparison to Template:RailGauge standard gauge or Template:RailGauge broad gauge. In some instances, simply 3 foot 6 inch — or in rarer cases medium gauge — is used to distinguish it from other narrow gauges.[17] Template:See

In Japan the Template:RailGauge gauge, along with other narrow gauges, is referred to as Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., which directly translates as narrow gauge, to differentiate it from the Shinkansen lines. It is defined in metric units. It is commonly referred to as Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., which derives from the 3 ft 6 in.

Similar gauges

Similar, but incompatible without wheelset adjustment, rail gauges in respect of aspects such as cost of construction, practical minimum radius curves and the maximum physical dimensions of rolling stock are:

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  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,
  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".,
  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and
  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..

Dual gauge between Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge and another similar gauge can make these bonus gauges.

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  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., (4 ft 6 in gauge railway) and
  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (The maximum bonus gauge from Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". meter gauge gauntlet tracks).

Usage

Country/territory Notes
Angola Rail transport in Angola, some converted from Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge and Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. Some isolated.
Australia Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "convert".. New South Wales: the heritage Zig Zag Railway. Queensland: Script error: No such module "convert".. South Australia: the isolated Eyre Peninsula Railway, and the heritage Pichi Richi Railway. Victoria: the heritage Bellarine Railway line. Tasmania: Script error: No such module "convert".. Western Australia: Script error: No such module "convert".. Northern Territory (closed).
Barbados

Barbados Railway (converted to Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge) (defunct)

Botswana The Botswana Railways system consists of Script error: No such module "convert". of Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge track.
Canada Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Western New Brunswick until gauge conversion in the 1880s; the Newfoundland Railway until abandonment in September 1988; and the Prince Edward Island Railway until gauge conversion in 1930 following a car ferry connection with the main North America system.
China South Manchuria Railway — built to Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". as part of the Chinese Eastern Railway, converted by advancing Japanese troops during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 to Japanese Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge, converted to standard gauge after the war by the new South Manchuria Railway Company.[18]
Congo, Democratic Republic of 3621 km Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge (Script error: No such module "convert". electrified). Some converted from Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge.
Congo, Republic of The Congo–Ocean Railway, Script error: No such module "convert". long (operating).
Costa Rica Operation of the national railway network was suspended in 1995 after an earthquake. As of 2013, some suburban lines are operational.
Dominican Republic Samaná to Santiago Railway, (later Ferrocarriles Unidos Dominicanos) Script error: No such module "convert"., in operation from 1887 to 1976 (defunct)[19]
Ecuador Empresa de Ferrocarriles Ecuatorianos, Script error: No such module "convert".[20]
Estonia Tallinn tram of Script error: No such module "convert"., on all lines from the beginning in 1888, only on some lines in 1915–1931, and again on all lines from 1931.
Eswatini Script error: No such module "convert"., only for transportation of goods, not passengers
Ghana The national rail network of Script error: No such module "convert". is undergoing major rehabilitation.
Haiti Saint-Marc line (defunct)
Honduras Template:Main article
Hong Kong Hong Kong Tramways
Indonesia Script error: No such module "convert". as of 2014, with only Script error: No such module "convert". operational.[21] Most common gauge for main lines of Sumatra and Java. The first railway was actually built to standard gauge (the Semarang–Solo–Yogyakarta corridor), but later lines were built to cape-gauge size owing to economic feasibility. The remainder of standard gauge lines were regauged by Japanese army during World War II to Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge, with parts using standard gauge sleepers. The gauge is also used by KRL Commuterline, Jakarta MRT and Palembang LRT.
Ireland Template:Main article
Isle of Man Snaefell Mountain Railway
Japan Script error: No such module "convert"..[22] First track gauge introduced. All JR Group lines and some private railways use this gauge except for high-speed shinkansen lines which use standard gauge.
Jersey Jersey Railway (defunct). Partly converted from Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Malawi Malawi Railways has Script error: No such module "convert". of Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge railways.
Mozambique Mozambique Ports and Railways operates Script error: No such module "convert". of Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge.
Namibia TransNamib operates Script error: No such module "convert". of Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge, partly converted from Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge.
Netherlands Some tramway systems (all defunct)
New Zealand Script error: No such module "convert"., standardized by the Public Works Act 1870[23]
Nicaragua Script error: No such module "convert". of track until closure of the national rail network in 1993. All lifted and scrapped.
Nigeria Nigerian Railway Corporation operates an isolated network of Script error: No such module "convert". Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge single track lines.
Norway The gauge was first used by C A Pihl on the Hamar-Grundset Line, opened 23 June 1862.[24] Most lines were Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge lines built in the 19th century were rebuilt to standard gauge between 1904 and 1949. The Setesdal Line, a heritage railway line of about eight km remains Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge.
Panama Panama Tramways Company (1913–1917) and the Panama Electric Company (1917–1941).[25]
Philippines The Philippine National Railways operates a Script error: No such module "convert". Metro Manila–Laguna segment of its old Script error: No such module "convert". network; Panay Railways had Script error: No such module "convert". in Panay and Cebu. PNR will re-gauge its entire network to Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..
Sierra Leone There are 84 kilometres of Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". gauge private railways in Sierra Leone.
South Africa About 20,500 route-km.[26][27] Gautrain (80 km) is Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and there were several limited Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". narrow gauge systems.
South Sudan Isolated, Script error: No such module "convert".
Spain The line from Cartagena to Los Blancos was originally Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., but was converted to Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". in 1976, at the same time as the line was extended to Los Nietos.[28]
Sudan Isolated, Script error: No such module "convert".
Sweden Several during the 19th century, all closed or regauged.
Taiwan Script error: No such module "convert". (Taiwan Railway)
Tanzania Dar es Salaam to Zambia (TAZARA Railway only, rest of the network is Script error: No such module "Track gauge".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..
Turkey Chemin de Fer Moudania Brousse
United Kingdom Template:Main article
United States Template:Main article
Venezuela Great Venezuela Railway
Zambia Zambia Railways, Mulobezi Railway
Zimbabwe National Railways of Zimbabwe

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Burman, Jose (1984), Early Railways at the Cape, Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, Template:ISBN
  9. ↑ Davenport, D.E. A Railway Sketch of South Africa. 1882. Cape Town.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ South African Railways Index and Diagrams Electric and Diesel Locomotives, 610 mm and 1065 mm Gauges, Ref LXD 14/1/100/20, 28 January 1975, as amended
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Railway and Locomotive Engineering, vol. 26 (1913), pp. 91–92
  19. ↑ Dominican Republic public service railways, 1870–1990 (Los ferrocarriles de servicio público de República Dominicana, 1870–1990) by Antonio Santamaría García (1993), table 4 "Empresas ferroviarias de servicio público de República Dominicana", pp. 13
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Bjerke, T. & Holom, F. (2004) Banedata 2004. Hamar/Oslo: Norsk Jernbanemuseum & Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 98
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Spoornet (Transnet's predecessor), Manual for Track Maintenance, July 2000, http://www.spoornet.co.za/SpoornetWebContentSAP/documents/track_maintenance.pdf Template:Webarchive
  27. ↑ Transnet Annual Report 2010, Operational Review, http://www.overendstudio.co.za/online_reports/transnet_ar2011/op_freight.php
  28. ↑ Ferropedia - Ferrocarril Cartagena - Los Nietos, http://ferropedia.es/wiki/Ferrocarril_Cartagena_-_Los_Nietos Template:Webarchive

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External links

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