20-N

20-N is a symbolic abbreviation used to denote the date of death of two far-right figures in 20th-century Spanish history. The first date, 20 November 1936, near the end of the first year of the Spanish Civil War, marks the execution in Alicante of 33-year-old José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the fascist party, Falange Española (Spanish Phalanx), who became extolled as a cult figure during the years of post-civil war Francoist Spain led by Francisco Franco.

The second date, 39 years later, is 20 November 1975, when Generalísimo Franco – aged 82, and having ruled Spain for close to four decades as its dictator, or as he called himself, caudillo (Spanish for leader) – died in bed following a lengthy illness. Template:Weasel-inline

Other incidents

• The same day also proved to be fatal to Primo de Rivera's political opposite, 40-year-old Buenaventura Durruti, a key leader of Spain's two largest anarchist organizations, Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation) and the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labor). Durruti's death occurred, according to his chauffeur, in the midst of distant gunfire in the trenches of Madrid.
• The Spanish general election on November 20, 2011 coincided with the 75th anniversary of Primo de Rivera's execution and the 36th anniversary of Franco's death.
• November 20 is also the anniversary of the assassination of Basque nationalist politicians Santiago Brouard, murdered in 1984, and Josu Muguruza, assassinated in 1989. In both cases Template:According to whom

In popular fiction

• And in the Third Year, He Rose Again is a 1980 satirical film based in a novel by Fernando Vizcaíno Casas. On 20 November 1978, Franco rises from the dead.

References

• Payne, Stanley G. (1961) Falange. A History of Spanish Fascism. Stanford University Press.
• Thomas, Hugh. "The Hero in the Empty Room: Jose Antonio and Spanish Fascism," Journal of Contemporary History (1966) 1#1 pp. 174–182 in JSTOR.
• Velarde Fuertes, Juan. "José Antonio y la economía" Grafite ediciones. Template:ISBN.
• Hugh Thomas The Spanish Civil War. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd., 1965.
• Emma Goldman Durruti is Dead, Yet Living (1936).
• Antony Beevor The Spanish Civil War (1982).
• Abel Paz Durruti in the Spanish Revolution, Translated by Chuck W. Morse, AK Press, 2007. Template:ISBN.
• Pedro de Paz The Man Who Killed Durruti Read and Noir (2005).
• Hans Magnus Enzensberger The Short Summer of Anarchy: Life and Death of Buenaventura Durruti (1972) (originally: Der kurze Sommer der Anarchie: Buenaventura Durrutis Leben und Tod).
• Collective work Buenaventura Durruti, a double CD [1] nato, (1996).

External links

• Plataforma2003.orgTemplate:Category handler
• Buenaventura Durruti in the Spanish Revolution. Biopic by Paco Rios based on the book by Abel Paz
• Buenaventura Durruti at the Anarchist Encyclopedia.