1st United States Congress

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The 1st United States Congress, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification; the ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, are collectively known as the Bill of Rights, with an additional amendment ratified more than two centuries later to become the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Major events

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File:Congress Hall exterior.jpg
Congress Hall in Philadelphia, meeting place of this Congress's third session.

Major legislation

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Statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall, where he was first inaugurated as president.

Session 1

Held March 4, 1789, through September 29, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City

Session 2

Held January 4, 1790, through August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall in New York City

Session 3

Held December 6, 1790, through March 3, 1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia

Constitutional amendments

  • September 25, 1789: Approved 12 proposed articles of amendment to the United States Constitution to guarantee individual rights and establish limits on federal government power, and dispatched them to the state legislatures for ratification. 1 Stat. 97:
    • Article one has not been ratified and is still pending before the states.
    • Article two was ratified on May 8, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment.
    • Articles three through twelve were simultaneously ratified on December 15, 1791. Collectively called the "Bill of Rights," they were enumerated in the Constitution as Amendmenents I through X.

States ratifying Constitution

  • November 21, 1789: North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and thereby re-joined the Union.
  • May 29, 1790: Rhode Island became the 13th state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and thereby re-joined the Union.

Territories organized

Party summary

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[4]

Details on changes are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

During this congress, two Senate seats were added for North Carolina and Rhode Island when each ratified the Constitution.

Faction
(shading indicates faction control)
 Total
style="background-color:Template:Party color" | style="background-color:Template:Party color" |
Anti-Administration
(A) 		Pro-Administration
(P) 		Vacant
Begin
March 4, 1789 		7 style="background:Template:Party color" | 13 20 2
July 25, 1789Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 14 21 1
July 27, 1789Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 15 22 0
November 27, 1789Template:Efn rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Party color" | 17 24
March 12, 1790Template:Efn 6 23 1
March 31, 1790Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 18 24 0
June 7, 1790Template:Efn 7 style="background:Template:Party color" | 19 26
November 9, 1790Template:Efn 8 style="background:Template:Party color" | 18
November 13, 1790Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 17 25 1
November 23, 1790Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 18 26 0
Final voting share 30.8% style="background:Template:Party color" | 69.2%
Beginning of the
next Congress 		8 style="background:Template:Party color" | 17 25 1

House of Representatives

During this congress, five House seats were added for North Carolina and one House seat was added for Rhode Island when they ratified the Constitution.

Faction
(shading indicates faction control)
 Total
style="background-color:Template:Party color" | style="background-color:Template:Party color" |
Anti-Administration
(A) 		Pro-Administration
(P) 		Vacant
Begin
March 4, 1789 		23 style="background:Template:Party color" | 31 54 5
April 13, 1789Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 32 55 4
April 22, 1789Template:Efn rowspan=3 style="background:Template:Party color" | 33 56 3
April 23, 1789Template:Efn 24 57 2
May 9, 1789Template:Efn 25 58 1
June 23, 1789Template:Efn rowspan=4 style="background:Template:Party color" | 34 59 0
March 19, 1790Template:Efn 26 60
March 24, 1790Template:Efn 27 61
April 6, 1790Template:Efn 28 62
April 19, 1790Template:Efn rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Party color" | 35 63
June 1, 1790Template:Efn 27 62 1
June 16, 1790Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 36 63
August 14, 1790Template:Efn rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Party color" | 35 62 2
December 7, 1790Template:Efn 28 63 1
December 17, 1790Template:Efn style="background:Template:Party color" | 36 64
Final voting share 43.7% style="background:Template:Party color" | 56.3%
Beginning of the
next Congress 		25 style="background:Template:Party color" | 37 62 3

Leadership

Senate

House of Representatives

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

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House of Representatives

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Changes in membership

There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[4]

New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the last states to ratify the U.S. Constitution and, due to their late ratification, were unable to send full representation at the beginning of this Congress. Six Senators and nine Representatives were subsequently seated from these states during the sessions as noted.

Senate

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". There was 1 resignation, 1 death, 1 replacement of a temporary appointee, and 6 new seats. The Anti-Administration Senators picked up 1 new seat and the Pro-Administration Senators picked up 5 new seats. Template:Ordinal US Congress change |- | New York (3) | rowspan=4 | New seats | rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | State legislature failed to choose senator until after Congress began. | style="background:Template:Party color" | Rufus King (P) | July 25, 1789 |- | New York (1) | style="background:Template:Party color" | Philip John Schuyler (P) | July 27, 1789 |- | North Carolina (3) | rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | North Carolina ratified the constitution on November 21, 1789. | style="background:Template:Party color" | Benjamin Hawkins (P) | rowspan=2 | Elected November 27, 1789 |- | North Carolina (2) | style="background:Template:Party color" | Samuel Johnston (P) |- | Virginia
(1) | style="background:#CCFF66" | William Grayson (A) | style="font-size:80%" | Died March 12, 1790. | style="background:Template:Party color" | John Walker (P) | Appointed March 31, 1790 |- | Rhode Island (1) | rowspan=2 | New seats | rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Rhode Island ratified the constitution on May 29, 1790. | style="background:Template:Party color" | Theodore Foster (P) | rowspan=2 | Elected June 7, 1790 |- | Rhode Island (2) | style="background:#CCFF66" | Joseph Stanton Jr. (A) |- | Virginia
(1) | style="background:Template:Party color" | John Walker (P) | style="font-size:80%" | James Monroe was elected to the seat of Senator William Grayson. | style="background:#CCFF66" | James Monroe (A) | Elected November 9, 1790 |- | New Jersey (2) | style="background:Template:Party color" | William Paterson (P) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 13, 1790,
having been elected Governor of New Jersey. | style="background:Template:Party color" | Philemon Dickinson (P) | Elected November 23, 1790 |}

House of Representatives

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". There was 2 resignations, 1 death, and 6 new seats. Anti-Administration members picked up 3 seats and Pro-Administration members picked up 2 seats. Template:Ordinal US Congress change |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:Template:Party color" | Benjamin West (P) | Member-elect declined to serve and a new member was elected in the first congressional special election. | style="background:Template:Party color" | Abiel Foster (P) | June 23, 1789 |- | Template:Ushr | rowspan=5 | New seats | rowspan=5 | North Carolina ratified the constitution November 21, 1789. | style="background:#CCFF66" | John Baptista Ashe (A) | March 24, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:#CCFF66" | Hugh Williamson (A) | March 19, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:#CCFF66" | Timothy Bloodworth (A) | April 6, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:Template:Party color" | John Steele (P) | April 19, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:Template:Party color" | John Sevier (P) | June 16, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | New seat | Rhode Island ratified the constitution May 29, 1790. | style="background:Template:Party color" | Benjamin Bourne (P) | December 17, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:#CCFF66" | Theodorick Bland (A) | Died June 1, 1790. | style="background:#CCFF66" | William B. Giles (A) | December 7, 1790 |- | Template:Ushr | style="background:Template:Party color" | George Partridge (P) | Resigned August 14, 1790. | colspan=2 | Remained vacant until next Congress |}

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

House of Representatives

Joint committees

Employees

Senate

House of Representatives

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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Further reading

  • Bickford, Charlene Bangs, and Kenneth R. Bowling. Birth of the nation: the First Federal Congress, 1789–1791 (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989)
  • Bordewich, Fergus M. The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government (2016)
  • Bowling, Kenneth R. Politics in the first Congress, 1789–1791 (Taylor & Francis, 1990)
  • Christman, Margaret C.S. The first federal congress, 1789–1791 (Smithsonian Inst Pr, 1989.)
  • Currie, David P. "The Constitution in Congress: Substantive Issues in the First Congress, 1789–1791." The University of Chicago Law Review 61 (1994): 775–865. online
  • Jillson, Calvin C., and Rick K. Wilson. Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789 (Stanford University Press, 1994)
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External links

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