1996 Tour de France
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Use British English Template:Short description Script error: No such module "infobox". The 1996 Tour de France was the 83rd edition of the Tour de France, starting on 29 June and ending on 21 July, featuring 19 regular stages, 2 individual time trials, a prologue and a rest day (10 July). It was won by Danish rider Bjarne Riis.
This Tour was noted by the "fall" of favourite Miguel Induráin, ending his record run of five consecutive victories. The course included a stage through his home town Villava, however he suffered a bronchitis because of the poor weather in the first week, and was fined and penalised for accepting drinks illegally.[1] Indurain started to lose time in stage 7, and finally ended 11th failing to win a single stage or spend one day in the yellow jersey.
Stage 9 was scheduled to be a 176 kilometre ride from Val-d'Isère to Sestriere. However, due to appalling weather conditions, including snow, the organisers cut the stage to just 46 km. Bjarne Riis won the stage and opened a crucial 44 second gap over Telekom teammate Jan Ullrich. Ullrich, only 22, really broke through in this Tour, and won the individual time trial of stage 20.
Over a decade after the race, several riders with Team Telekom confessed to doping offences around the period of the 1996 tour, including support riders Rolf Aldag, Udo Bölts, Christian Henn[2] and Brian Holm and team masseur Jef d'Hont has admitted in his autobiography that there was organised use of EPO in the team.[3] On 24 May 2007, Erik Zabel admitted to using EPO during the first week of the race. The winner of the Tour, Bjarne Riis, admitted on 25 May 2007 that he also used EPO during the Tour, as a result was asked by the International Cycling Union (UCI) to return the yellow jersey he received.[4] So far, runner-up Jan Ullrich, who has been under suspicion of doping as a part of the Operación Puerto doping case, has not commented on allegations that he also used EPO. Third place Richard Virenque and fourth place Laurent Dufaux were implicated in the 1998 Festina scandal.
UCI lawyer Philippe Verbiest stated in 2007 that the statute of limitations for removing Riis as winner of the Tour de France had expired, "you cannot strip him of the title but it is possible not to mention it anymore ... Because of what he admitted, he is not the winner of the Tour de France. Riis did not win." At the same time tour spokesman Philippe Sudres stated that: "We consider philosophically that he can no longer claim to have won."[5] In 2007, Riis' victory was removed from the Tour de France,[6] yet in 2008 they listed Riis as winner of Tour de France 1996, albeit with a remark about his confession.[7]
Teams
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The 18 teams on top of the UCI rankings at the start of 1996 automatically qualified for the Tour.[8] Four wildcards were given, for a total of 22 teams.[9]
The teams entering the race were:[9]
Qualified teams
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- Template:Cycling data GCE
- Carrera Jeans–Tassoni
- Festina–Lotus
- GAN
- Template:Cycling data GEW
- Lotto
- Mapei–GB
- MG Maglificio–Technogym
- Template:Cycling data MOT
- ONCE
- Template:Cycling data LAM
- Team Polti
- Template:Cycling data RAB
- Template:Cycling data REF
- Template:Cycling data ROS
- Saeco–AS Juvenes San Marino
- Team Telekom
- TVM–Farm Frites
Invited teams
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Route and stages
The highest point of elevation in the race was Script error: No such module "convert". at the summit of the Sestriere climb on stage 9.Template:Efn[10]Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Winner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 29 June | 's-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands) | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Time Trial.svg | Individual time trial | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Alex Zülle (SUI) |
| 1 | 30 June | 's-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands) | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of France.svg Frédéric Moncassin (FRA) |
| 2 | 1 July | 's-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands) to Wasquehal | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of Italy.svg Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 3 | 2 July | Wasquehal to Nogent-sur-Oise | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of Germany.svg Erik Zabel (GER) |
| 4 | 3 July | Soissons to Lac de Madine | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of France.svg Cyril Saugrain (FRA) |
| 5 | 4 July | Lac de Madine to Besançon | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Jeroen Blijlevens (NED) |
| 6 | 5 July | Arc-et-Senans to Aix-les-Bains | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Michael Boogerd (NED) |
| 7 | 6 July | Chambéry to Les Arcs | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mountainstage.svg | Stage with mountain(s) | File:Flag of France.svg Luc Leblanc (FRA) |
| 8 | 7 July | Bourg-Saint-Maurice to Val d'Isère | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mountain Time Trial Stage.svg | Individual time trial | File:Flag of Russia.svg Evgueni Berzin (RUS) |
| 9 | 8 July | Le Monêtier-les-Bains to Sestriere (Italy) | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mountainstage.svg | Stage with mountain(s) | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Bjarne Riis (DEN) |
| 10 | 9 July | Turin (Italy) to Gap | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of Germany.svg Erik Zabel (GER) |
| 10 July | Gap | Rest day | ||||
| 11 | 11 July | Gap to Valence | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of Colombia.svg José Jaime Gonzalez (COL) |
| 12 | 12 July | Valence to Le Puy-en-Velay | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Pascal Richard (SUI) |
| 13 | 13 July | Le Puy-en-Velay to Super Besse | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Rolf Sørensen (DEN) |
| 14 | 14 July | Besse to Tulle | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) |
| 15 | 15 July | Brive-la-Gaillarde to Villeneuve-sur-Lot | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of Italy.svg Massimo Podenzana (ITA) |
| 16 | 16 July | Agen to Hautacam | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mountainstage.svg | Stage with mountain(s) | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Bjarne Riis (DEN) |
| 17 | 17 July | Argelès-Gazost to Pamplona (Spain) | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mountainstage.svg | Stage with mountain(s) | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Laurent Dufaux (SUI) |
| 18 | 18 July | Pamplona (Spain) to Hendaye | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Mediummountainstage.svg | Hilly stage | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Bart Voskamp (NED) |
| 19 | 19 July | Hendaye to Bordeaux | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of France.svg Frédéric Moncassin (FRA) |
| 20 | 20 July | Bordeaux to Saint-Émilion | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Time Trial.svg | Individual time trial | File:Flag of Germany.svg Jan Ullrich (GER) |
| 21 | 21 July | Palaiseau to Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Script error: No such module "convert". | File:Plainstage.svg | Plain stage | File:Flag of Italy.svg Fabio Baldato (ITA) |
| Total | Script error: No such module "convert".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||
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Race overview
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The prologue was won by Alex Zülle two seconds ahead of specialist Chris Boardman as overall contenders Bjarne Riis and Miguel Induráin came in sixth and seventh respectively. Zulle held onto the yellow jersey through the first few flat stages but in stage 4 a half dozen riders not in overall contention escaped in a breakaway and stayed away finishing several minutes ahead of the main field putting Stéphane Heulot in the yellow jersey for a few days.
Stage six was an intermediate stage run in terrible weather conditions and was won by Dutchman Michael Boogerd. The inclement weather caused well over a dozen riders to abandon the race including Lance Armstrong who merely thought he was sick from riding in the rainy, cold weather as most of the other riders who abandoned were, but within a few months he would be diagnosed with the cancer that nearly killed him.
As the Tour entered the Alps there was a mountain ITT in stage eight which was won by Evgeni Berzin, whom had seized the lead in the overall classification following stage seven. In the time trial he finished more than thirty seconds better than Riis and gained just over a minute on Indurain, Tony Rominger and debutant Jan Ullrich who was having an impressive start to his first Tour.
Stage nine was a mountain stage that was shortened due to foul weather and was won by Riis, who in the process took enough time to put himself into yellow. He would maintain a narrow lead over the next several stages and by the time the race reached the Pyrenees Abraham Olano was in second just under a minute behind with Berzin in third, Rominger in fourth, Riis’ teammate Ullrich in fifth and five-time defending champion Miguel Induráin struggling to stay in the top ten nearly 5:00 back.
During stage sixteen Riis made a number of false attacks, even falling back and feigning exhaustion to get a look at Indurain, Rominger, Luttenberger, Virenque, Dufaux, Leblanc and Olano to read their faces before finally launching an attack on the Hautacam. He put close to a minute into most of the elite riders and beyond that into everybody else effectively winning the Tour and putting it beyond doubt that Indurain would not win his sixth tour.
Stage seventeen was won by Laurent Dufaux who in the process moved into fourth place overall, but Riis finished in the same time. A group of eight riders dropped the rest of the field in this stage and as a result Riis distanced himself from all of his rivals with his own teammate Ullrich moving into second overall and Richard Virenque moving into third place overall.
Stage nineteen ITT was the last opportunity for major changes to be made in the general classification and the stage was won by Ullrich who finished nearly a minute ahead of second-placed Indurain who had completely dominated Individual Times Trials at the Tour de France for the previous several years. Riis had plenty of time to spare and was 1:41 ahead of his teammate Ullrich in the General Classification. Richard Virenque rounded out the podium also winning the mountains classification.
Even though rider admissions and investigations in the subsequent years showed that Tours during this time period were undoubtedly tainted by doping 1996 winner Riis, 1997 winner Ullrich and 1998 winner Marco Pantani all officially retain their Tour victories. Pantani died just a few years after his Tour victory, as a result of mental health issues resulting from constant attacks from the press and Ullrich had some results voided later in his career, but his four 2nd-place finishes to Lance Armstrong and his 1996 2nd place to Riis remain on his record.
Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1996 Tour de France.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Richard Virenque won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col d'Aubisque on stage 17.Template:Efn This prize was won by Neil Stephens.[13]
- In stage 1, Chris Boardman wore the green jersey.
Final standings
| Legend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A yellow jersey. | Denotes the winner of the general classification | A green jersey. | Denotes the winner of the points classification | |
| A white jersey with red polka dots. | Denotes the winner of the mountains classification | |||
General classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Bjarne Riis (DEN) A yellow jersey. | Template:Cycling data TEL | 95h 57' 16" |
| 2 | File:Flag of Germany.svg Jan Ullrich (GER) | Template:Cycling data TEL | + 1' 41" |
| 3 | File:Flag of France.svg Richard Virenque (FRA) A white jersey with red polka dots. | Festina–Lotus | + 4' 37" |
| 4 | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Laurent Dufaux (SUI) | Festina–Lotus | + 5' 53" |
| 5 | File:Flag of Austria.svg Peter Luttenberger (AUT) | Carrera Jeans–Tassoni | + 7' 07" |
| 6 | File:Flag of France.svg Luc Leblanc (FRA) | Team Polti | + 10' 03" |
| 7 | File:Flag of Latvia.svg Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | Template:Cycling data ALB | + 10' 04" |
| 8 | File:Flag of Spain.svg Fernando Escartín (ESP) | Kelme–Artiach | + 10' 26" |
| 9 | File:Flag of Spain.svg Abraham Olano (ESP) | Mapei–GB | + 11' 00" |
| 10 | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Tony Rominger (SUI) | Mapei–GB | + 11' 53" |
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Points classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of Germany.svg Erik Zabel (GER) A green jersey. | Template:Cycling data TEL | 335 |
| 2 | File:Flag of France.svg Frédéric Moncassin (FRA) | GAN | 284 |
| 3 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Fabio Baldato (ITA) | MG Maglificio–Technogym | 255 |
| 4 | File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Djamolidine Abduzhaparov (UZB) | Template:Cycling data REF | 204 |
| 5 | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Jeroen Blijlevens (NED) | TVM–Farm Frites | 158 |
| 6 | File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Andrei Tchmil (UKR) | Lotto | 132 |
| 7 | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Bjarne Riis (DEN) A yellow jersey. | Template:Cycling data TEL | 129 |
| 8 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Andrea Ferrigato (ITA) | Template:Cycling data ALB | 126 |
| 9 | File:Flag of France.svg Richard Virenque (FRA) A white jersey with red polka dots. | Festina–Lotus | 124 |
| 10 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Mariano Piccoli (ITA) | Template:Cycling data BRE | 122 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of France.svg Richard Virenque (FRA) A white jersey with red polka dots. | Festina–Lotus | 383 |
| 2 | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Bjarne Riis (DEN) A yellow jersey. | Template:Cycling data TEL | 274 |
| 3 | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Laurent Dufaux (SUI) | Festina–Lotus | 176 |
| 4 | File:Flag of France.svg Laurent Brochard (FRA) | Festina–Lotus | 168 |
| 5 | File:Flag of France.svg Luc Leblanc (FRA) | Team Polti | 158 |
| 6 | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Tony Rominger (SUI) | Mapei–GB | 148 |
| 7 | File:Flag of Germany.svg Jan Ullrich (GER) | Template:Cycling data TEL | 131 |
| 8 | File:Flag of France.svg Pascal Hervé (FRA) | Festina–Lotus | 110 |
| 9 | File:Flag of Austria.svg Peter Luttenberger (AUT) | Carrera Jeans–Tassoni | 109 |
| 10 | File:Flag of Latvia.svg Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) | Template:Cycling data ALB | 101 |
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Young rider classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of Germany.svg Jan Ullrich (GER) | Template:Cycling data TEL | 95h 58' 57" |
| 2 | File:Flag of Austria.svg Peter Luttenberger (AUT) | Carrera Jeans–Tassoni | + 5' 26" |
| 3 | File:Flag of Spain.svg Manuel Fernández Ginés (ESP) | Mapei–GB | + 24' 47" |
| 4 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Leonardo Piepoli (ITA) | Template:Cycling data REF | + 25' 55" |
| 5 | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Michael Boogerd (NED) | Template:Cycling data RAB | + 1h 12' 04" |
| 6 | File:Flag of Spain.svg José Luis Arrieta (ESP) | Template:Cycling data GCE | + 1h 12' 07" |
| 7 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Paolo Savoldelli (ITA) | Template:Cycling data ALB | + 1h 13' 39" |
| 8 | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Oscar Camenzind (SUI) | Template:Cycling data LAM | + 1h 23' 36" |
| 9 | File:Flag of France.svg Laurent Roux (FRA) | TVM–Farm Frites | + 1h 34' 30" |
| 10 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Valentino Fois (ITA) | Template:Cycling data LAM | + 1h 44' 17" |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Festina–Lotus | 287h 46' 20" |
| 2 | Team Telekom | + 15' 14" |
| 3 | Mapei–GB | + 51' 36" |
| 4 | Template:Cycling data ALB | + 1h 22' 29" |
| 5 | ONCE | + 1h 36' 10" |
| 6 | Template:Cycling data RAB | + 1h 53' 14" |
| 7 | TVM–Farm Frites | + 2h 09' 21" |
| 8 | MG Maglificio–Technogym | + 2h 18' 11" |
| 9 | Team Polti | + 2h 31' 13" |
| 10 | Template:Cycling data GCE | + 2h 31' 20" |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | File:Flag of France.svg Richard Virenque (FRA) A white jersey with red polka dots. | Festina–Lotus | 49 |
| 2 | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Bjarne Riis (DEN) A yellow jersey. | Template:Cycling data TEL | 47 |
| 3 | File:Flag of Italy.svg Michele Bartoli (ITA) | MG Maglificio–Technogym | 44 |
| 4 | File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Danny Nelissen (NED) | Template:Cycling data RAB | 34 |
| 5 | File:Flag of France.svg Laurent Roux (FRA) | TVM–Farm Frites | 33 |
| 6 | File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) | Template:Cycling data REF | 31 |
| 7 | File:Flag of France.svg Luc Leblanc (FRA) | Team Polti | 28 |
| 8 | File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Rolf Järmann (SUI) | MG Maglificio–Technogym | 22 |
| 9 | File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Neil Stephens (AUS) | ONCE | 21 |
| 10 | File:Flag of Denmark.svg Rolf Sørensen (DEN) | Template:Cycling data RAB | 20 |
See also
Notes
References
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Bibliography
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Further reading
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External links
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- 1996 Tour de France results at Cyclingnews.com
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