Voiced pharyngeal fricative

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A voiced pharyngeal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.

Although the official classification of manner for this sound in the IPA is a fricative, spectrographic and acoustic studies have found that it is most often realized as an approximant.[1] The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, as no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between voiced pharyngeal fricatives and approximants. For clarity, the approximant may be distinguished with the IPA diacritic for lowering, such as Template:Angbr IPA.[2] Additionally, laryngoscopic studies by John Esling have shown the vowel Template:IPAalink to have distinct pharyngeal constriction and resonance in its articulation,[3] making Template:Angbr IPA the analogous semivowel of Template:Angbr IPA. Esling furthers this notion in his expanded notation of the IPA chart; alongside merging pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants into a single column, he suggests that if it were spatially possible to align the vowel chart with the consonant chart, so that the relations between vowels and their semivowel counterparts are maintained (such as Template:IPAalink below Template:IPAalink and Template:IPAalink below Template:IPAalink), then the vowels Template:Angbr IPA and Template:IPAalink should be placed under the combined pharyngeal/epiglottal column.[2]

The IPA letter Template:Angbr IPA is caseless. Capital Template:Angbr and lower-case Template:Angbr were added to Unicode in September, 2025 with version 17.0.[4]

Features

Features of a voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:

Template:Approximant-fricative Template:Pharyngeal Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Pulmonic

Occurrence

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate Script error: No such module "IPA". sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative Script error: No such module "IPA"., an epiglottal approximant Script error: No such module "IPA".,[5] or a pharyngealized glottal stop Script error: No such module "IPA"..[6]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'March'
Afar damaqtu [dʌmʌʕtu] 'male baboon'
Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Arabic' See Arabic phonology
Aramaic Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'door'

The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Western Script error: No such module "IPA".
Avar Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'handle'
Chechen Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". 'winter'
Coeur d'Alene[7] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'antelope'
Danish Standard[8] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".] 'raven' An approximant;[8] also described as uvular Template:IPAblink.[9] See Danish phonology
Dhao[10] Script error: No such module "IPA". 'and' Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.
Dutch Limburg[11] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'wheel' An approximant; a possible realization of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[11] Realization of Script error: No such module "IPA". varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
German Some speakers[12] Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". 'mother' An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[12] See Standard German phonology
Swabian dialect[13] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'changes' An approximant.[13] It's an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in nucleus and coda positions;[13] pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.[13]
Hebrew Iraqi Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Hebrew language' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi Script error: No such module "IPA".
Yemenite Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler".
Ingush Script error: No such module "Lang". [ʕaddal] 'Archer'
Judeo-Spanish Haketia Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Morocco' Only appears in Hebrew and Arabic loanwords.
Jerusalem Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". ‘army’ Only appears in Hebrew and Arabic loanwords.
Kabyle[14] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish Kurmanji Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'cloud' The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but Template:Angbr can be used.
Khalaj Standard Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'side'
Luwati Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'castle' Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay Kedah Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to burn' Corresponds to word-final Script error: No such module "IPA". in Standard Malay. Could be voiced velar fricative [[[:Template:IPA link]]] for some speakers.[15] Prevocalically and intervocalically, Standard Malay Script error: No such module "IPA". corresponds to Template:IPAslink in Kedah Malay. See Kedah Malay
Maltese Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tomorrow'
Mehri[16] Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'eye'
Nuu-chah-nulth ʕiiniƛ Script error: No such module "IPA". 'dog' May be a plosive Script error: No such module "IPA".
Occitan Southern AuvergnatScript error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'shovel' See Occitan phonology
Okanagan[17] ʕaymt Script error: No such module "IPA". 'angry'
Pilagá[18] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'moon' See Pilagá phonology
Tarifit Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'probably' See Tarifit phonology
Salish[19] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'it’s melted'
Shehri[20] Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". [ɬaʕb] 'valley' See Shehri phonology
Sioux Stoney Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'rain'
Somali[21] Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". [ʕaːno] 'milk' See Somali phonology
Soqotri[22] Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'raven' See Soqotri phonology
UkrainianScript error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorScript error: No such module "Category handler".Script error: No such module "Category handler". 'voice' Also described as glottal Template:IPAblink. See Ukrainian phonology

See also

Citations

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  5. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
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  8. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
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  11. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
  12. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
  13. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Pattison, Lois Cornelia. "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology." University of British Columbia. 1978.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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General references

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External links

Template:IPA navigation

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