Sindhi language: Difference between revisions

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Sindhi (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Sindhī, Script error: No such module "IPA".)Template:Efn is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken by the Sindhi people native to the Pakistani province of Sindh, where the language has official status. It constitutes the mother tongue of over 34 million people in Pakistan, primarily concentrated in Sindh with historical communities in neighbouring Balochistan as well. It is also spoken by 1.7 million people in India, mostly by the descendants of partition-era migrants; with it having the status of a scheduled language in the country without any state-level official status. Sindhi is primarily written in the Sindhi alphabet of the Perso-Arabic script, the sole official script for the language in Pakistan; while in India, both the Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used.

With over 37 million native speakers, Sindhi is a major South Asian language, being the most-widely spoken language in southern PakistanTemplate:Efn and third most-widely spoken in the entirety of Pakistan (after Punjabi and Pashto). In India, it is the 19th most-widely spoken language. Sindhi is the seventh most-widely spoken Indo-Aryan language in terms of native speakers.Template:Efn It is also natively spoken by the Sindhi diaspora, present in other parts of South Asia; as well as in the Gulf states, the Western world and the Far East.^[1]

Being classified under the Northwestern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi, apart from other Sindhic languages, is most closely related to Punjabi. It is descended from Shauraseni Prakrit, which gradually developed into Apabhraṃśa and then into Early Sindhi. Sindhi further developed during the Islamic Golden Age and the Islamic period in South Asia, expanding its vocabulary under the influence of Arabic and Persian; with the earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language being a translation of the Quran, dated back to 883 AD.^[2] Middle Sindhi produced the language's greatest pieces of literature, including recorded forms of orally-transmitted folk tales; as well as Sufi literature, including Shah Jo Risalo, the single greatest piece of Sindhi literature, by Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Modern Sindhi developed and was, officially, standardised and promoted during the British colonial era; and it also replaced Persian as the official language of Sindh.

Sindhi is an inflected language, with five cases for noun, three for personal pronoun, four for third-person pronoun; eleven case markers; two genders (masculine, feminine); and two numbers (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its high-register speech is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from English; and to a lesser extent from Portuguese and French. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Punjabi, Balochi, Brahui, Gujarati, and Marwari.

Sindhi has a number of dialects and an established standard form, referred to as Standard Sindhi, which is based on the dialect of Hyderabad and surrounding areas of central Sindh. The primary regulatory agency for the development and promotion of the language is the Sindhi Language Authority, an autonomous institution of the government of Sindh.

History

File:Dodo Chanesar Khudabadi script.png

Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in Hatvanki Sindhi or Khudabadi script.

Template:Sindhis

Origins

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.^[3] In the Bronze Age (Template:Circa), the primary language of this region was likely the Harappan language, but no records exist indicating when or how that language was replaced by the Indo-Aryan languages.^[4]

Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh)^[5]^[6] but later work has shown this to be unclear.^[7]

The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are:

Development of implosives from geminate and initial stops (e.g. g-, -gg > ɠ); this is a highly distinctive sound change in NIATemplate:Sfnp
Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA akkhi > Sindhi akhi "eye")Template:Sfnp
Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA danta > Sindhi ɗ̣andu "tooth")Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp
Debuccalization of intervocalic -s- > -h- (shared with Saraiki and some Punjabi varieties)Template:Sfnp
Intervocalic -l- > -r- (likely via intermediate retroflex -ḷ-), -ll- > -l-,Template:Sfnp -ḍ- > -ṛ-
Fronting of r from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA dīrgha > Sindhi ḍrigho "long")Template:Sfnp

Additionally, the following retentions distinguish Sindhi from other New Indo-Aryan languages:

Retention of MIA -ṇ-Template:Sfnp
Retention of final short vowels -a, -i, -u,Template:Sfnp but also insertion of these into loanwordsTemplate:Sfnp
Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. Prakrit)Template:Sfnp
Retention of stop + r clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. tr- > ṭr-Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp
Retention of v- Template:Sfnp

Early Sindhi (–16th century)

Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.^[2] Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati; at this point in time, Sindhi was not clearly established as an independent literary language. Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn).^[8]^[9]

Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians by Henry Miers Elliot.^[10]

The language of Sind is different than that of India. Sind is the country which is nearer the domains of the Moslims, India is farther from them.
— Template:Comma separated entries

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

The language of Mansúra, Multán, and those parts is Arabic and Sindian. In Makrán they use Persian and Makranic.
— Template:Comma separated entries

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)

Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The format of this poetry is the bayt, indicating significant influence from Arabic and Persian. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi (Template:Circa 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.^[8]

Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, Lilan Chanesar, and others.^[11]

The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.^[8]

The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.^[12]

British India (1843–1947)

In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.^[13] In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.

The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.^[11]

Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)

The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.^[14]

The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.^[15]

Geographical distribution

Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh^[16]^[17] and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.^[18] Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the Sindhi diaspora, particularly in Malaysia, Oman, Singapore, UAE, USA and UK.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 34.40 million people, or Template:Sigfig% of the country's population as of the 2023 census. 33.46 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for Template:Sigfig% of the total population of the province.^[23] There are 0.55 million speakers in the province of Balochistan, especially in the Kacchi Plain.

Template:Static row numbers Template:Sticky header Template:Table alignment

2023 Census Statistics^[23]
State	Population
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	34,401,564
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	33,462,299
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	555,198
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	352,686
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	21,362
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	10,019

The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.^[24] According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.^[25] Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.^[26] Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.^[27]

At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah, passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level^[28] and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language^[29]^[30]^[31] of Pakistan.

There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.

India

The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.^[32] In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states: Template:Static row numbers Template:Sticky header Template:Table alignment

2011 Census Statistics^[33]Template:Efn
State	Population
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]	2,772,264
Gujarat	1,184,024
Maharashtra	723,748
Rajasthan	386,569
Madhya Pradesh	245,161
Chhattisgarh	93,424
Delhi (NCT)	31,177
Uttar Pradesh	28,952
Assam	19,646
Karnataka	16,954
Andhra Pradesh	11,299
Tamil Nadu	8,448
West Bengal	7,828
Uttarakhand	2,863
Odisha	2,338
Bihar	2,227
Jharkhand	1,701
Haryana	1,658
Kerala	1,251
Punjab	754
Goa	656
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	894
Meghalaya	236
Chandigarh	134
Puducherry	94
Nagaland	82
Himachal Pradesh	62
Tripura	30
Jammu and Kashmir	19
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	14
Arunachal Pradesh	12
Lakshadweep	7
Sikkim	2

Sindhi diaspora

In Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnics Sindhis are largely shifting to English as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with Malay and Indonesian.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] Similar shift to English is found in the smaller Hong Kong Sindhi community.^[38]

Sindhi speakers by country

Template:Static row numbers Template:Sticky header Template:Table alignment

Country	Population
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]^[23]	34,401,564
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]^[33]	2,772,264
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]^[39]	102,000
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]^[40]	6,299
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]^[41]	5,315
Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Getalias\|Template:Getalias]]^[42]	3,971

Dialects

File:The dialects of Sindhi language.png

The dialects of Sindhi language shown on map.

Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki to the north and Gujarati to the south, but not with Marwari to the east.^[43] Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:^[44]^[45]^[46]^[43]^[47]

Vicholi: The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the Vicholo region), on which the literary standard is based.
Uttaradi: The dialect of northern Sindh (Uttaru, meaning "north"), with minor differences in Larkana, Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.^[48]
Lari: The dialect of southern Sindh (Lāṛu) spoken around areas like Karachi, Thatta, Sujawal, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin districts.
Siroli (also Siraiki, Ubheji): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (Siro, meaning "head").Template:Sfnp Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in Jacobabad and Kashmore districts, it may be transitional with the Saraiki language of South PunjabTemplate:Sfnp and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.^[49]
Lasi: The dialect of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with Balochi.
Firaqi: The dialect of the Kachhi plains the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.^[50]^[51]
Thareli (also Tharechi): Spoken in the northeastern Thar desert of Sindh, but mainly spoken in the western part of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India by many Sindhi Muslims.^[52]^[53]
Sindhi Bhili: Spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi Meghwars and Bhils.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.

Sindhi dialects Comparison^[57]
English	Vicholi	Lari	Uttaradi	Lasi	Kutchi^[58]	Dhatki
I	Aao(n)	Aao(n)	Mā(n)	Ã	Aau(n)	Hu(n)
My	Muhnjo	Mujo	Mānjo/Māhjo	Mojo/Mājo	Mujo	Mānjo/Māhyo
You "Sin, plu" (formal)	Awha(n)/Awhee(n) Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n)	Aa(n)/Aei(n)	Taha(n)/Taa(n)/ Tahee(n)/Taee(n)	Awa(n)/Ai(n)	Aa(n)/Ai(n)	Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween
To me	Mukhe	Muke	Mānkhe	Mukh	Muke	Mina
We	Asee(n)	Asee(n), Pān	Asā(n)	Asee(n)	Asee(n), Pān	Asee(n), Asā(n)
What	Chha/Kahirō	Kujjāro/Kujja	Chha/Shha	Chho	Kuro	Kee
Why	Chho	Ko	Chho/Shho	Chhela	Kolāi/Kurelāe	Kayla
How	Kiya(n)	Kei(n)	Kiya(n)		Kee(n)	Kiya(n)
No	Na, Kōna, Kōn	Nā(n), Kīna	Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān	Nā(n), Ma	Nā	Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma
Legs (plural, fem)	Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n)	Tangu(n), Jjangu(n)	Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n)
Foot	Pair	Pair/Pagg/Pagulo	Pair	Pair	Pag	Pagg, Pair
Far	Pare	Ddoor	Pare/Parte	Ddor	Chhete	Ddor
Near	Vejhō	Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore	Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte	Ōddō	Wat, bājūme	Nerro
Good/Excellent	Sutho, Chaṅō	Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko	Sutho, Bhalo, Chango	Khāsho	Khāso, Laat	Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko
High	Utāho	Ucho	Mathe	Ucho	Ucho	Uncho
Silver	Rupo	Chādi/Rupo	Chāndi	Rupo	Rupo
Father	Piu	Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada	Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n)	Pe	Pe, Bapa, Ada
Wife	Joe/Gharwāri	Joe/Wani/Kuwār	Zaal/Gharwāri	Zaal	Vahu/Vau	Ddosi, Luggai
Man	Mardu	Māņu/Mārū/Mard /Murs/Musālu	Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi /Kāko/Hamra	Mānhu	Māḍū/Mārū	Mārū
Woman	Aurat	Zāla/ōrat/ōlath	Māi/Ran	Zāla	Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī
Child/Baby	Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak	Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/ Bacho/Kako	Bbār/Bacho/Adro/ Phar (animal)	Gabhar	Bār/Gabhar
Daughter	Dhiu/Niyāni	Dia/Niyāni/Kañā	Dhee/Adri	Dhia	Dhi	Dikri
Sun	Siju	Sij, Sūrij	Sijhu	Siju	Sūraj	Sūraj
Sunlight		Kārro	Oosa		Tarko
Cat	Billi	Bili/Pusani	Billi	Phushini	Minni
Rain	Barsāt/Mee(n)h /Bārish	Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n)	Barsāt/Mee(n)hu		Varsāt	Meh, Maiwla
And	Aēi(n)	Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē	Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen	Ãē/Or	Nē/Anē	A'e(n)/Ān
Also	Pin/Bhi	Pin, Bee	Bu/Pun		Pin/Pan
Is	Āhe	Āye	Aa/Āhe/Hai	Āhe/Āye	Āye	Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai
Fire	Bāhe	Bāē/āgg/jjērō	Bāhe/Bāh	Jjērō	Jirō/lagāņō/āg
Water	Pāņī	Pāņī/Jal	Pāņī	Pāņī	Pāņī/Jal	Pāņī
Where	Kithē	Kithē	Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē	Kith	Kithē	Kith
Sleep	Nindr(a)	Nind(a)	Nindr(a)	Nind	Ninder	Oongh
Slap	Thaparr/Chammāt	Tārr	Chamātu/Chapātu/ Lapātu/Thapu
To Wash	Dhoain(u)	Dhun(u)	Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/ Dhowan(u)			Dhuwan(u)/ Dhoon(u)
Will write (Masc)	Likhandum, Likhandus	Likhados	Likhdum, Likhdus	Likhdosī		Likhsā(n)
I Went	Aao(n) Vius	Aao(n) Vēs	Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f)	Ã viosī		Hu Gios

Phonology

Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.^[59] Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels.^[60] The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.^[61] All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives.

Consonants

Sindhi consonants^[62]
		Labial		Dental/ alveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-) Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	plain		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Nasal	breathy		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Stop/ Affricate	plain	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Stop/ Affricate	breathy	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Implosive			Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".				Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Fricative		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".				Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Approximant	plain		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".				Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Approximant	breathy				Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Rhotic	plain				Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".		Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".
Rhotic	breathy						Template:IPA link Script error: No such module "Lang".

The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,Template:Sfnp so they could be transcribed Script error: No such module "IPA". in phonetic transcription. The affricates Script error: No such module "IPA". are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if Script error: No such module "IPA". is similar, or truly palatal.^[63] Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as labiovelar Script error: No such module "IPA". or labiodental Script error: No such module "IPA". in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.

File:Sindhi vowel chart.svg

The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a vowel chart

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Near-close	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Close-mid	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Mid		Template:IPA link
Open-mid	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Open	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link

The vowels are modal length Script error: No such module "IPA". and short Script error: No such module "IPA".. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: Script error: No such module "IPA". 'leaf' vs. Script error: No such module "IPA". 'worn'.

Grammar

Nouns

Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to Punjabi. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.

The different paradigms are listed below with examples.^[64] The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ (Template:Gcl) and -i (Template:Gcl).

		Template:Gcl			Template:Gcl			Gloss
		Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Gloss
Template:Gcl	I	Template:Naskh chokiro	Template:Naskh chokirā	Template:Naskh chokire	Template:Naskh chokirā	Template:Naskh chokirā / chokira	Template:Naskh chokirani	boy
	II	Template:Naskh ɓāru	Template:Naskh ɓāra			Template:Naskh ɓāra / ɓāro	Template:Naskh ɓārani	child
	III	Template:Naskh sāthī		Template:Naskh sāthīa	Template:Naskh sāthī	Template:Naskh sāthīaro	Template:Naskh sāthyani	companion
	III	Template:Naskh rahākū		Template:Naskh rahākūa	Template:Naskh rahākū	Template:Naskh rahākuo	Template:Naskh rahākuni	inhabitant
	IV	Template:Naskh rājā			Template:Naskh rājā / rājāito		Template:Naskh rājāuni	king
	IV	Template:Naskh seṭhu			Template:Naskh seṭha		Template:Naskh seṭhani	merchant
Template:Gcl	I	Template:Naskh zāla			Template:Naskh zālū̃		Template:Naskh zāluni	woman, wife
	I	Template:Naskh sasu			Template:Naskh sasū̃		Template:Naskh sasuni	mother-in-law
	II	Template:Naskh davā			Template:Naskh davāū̃		Template:Naskh davāuni	medicine
		Template:Naskh rāti			Template:Naskh rātyū̃		Template:Naskh rātyuni	night
		Template:Naskh hoṭal			Template:Naskh hoṭalū̃		Template:Naskh hoṭaluni	hotel
	III	Template:Naskh ɠaū̃		Template:Naskh ɠaū̃a	Template:Naskh ɠaū̃		Template:Naskh ɠaūni	cow
	IV	Template:Naskh nadī		Template:Naskh nadīa	Template:Naskh nadyū̃		Template:Naskh nadyuni	river

A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns Template:Naskh bhāu "brother", Template:Naskh pīu "father", and the feminine nouns Template:Naskh dhīa "daughter", Template:Naskh nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", Template:Naskh bheṇa "sister", Template:Naskh māu "mother", and Template:Naskh joi "wife".^[64]

	Template:Gcl			Template:Gcl			Gloss
	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Gloss
Template:Gcl	Template:Naskh bhāu			Template:Naskh bhāuru / bhāura	Template:Naskh bhāura / bhāuro	Template:Naskh bhāurani / bhāuni	brother
Template:Gcl	Template:Naskh dhīa / dhīu			Template:Naskh dhīaru / dhīarū̃ / dhīū̃		Template:Naskh dhīaruni / dhīuni	daughter

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
	Template:Gcl		Template:Gcl
	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl
Template:Gcl	Template:Script/Arabic / Template:Script/Arabic mā̃ / āū̃	Template:Script/Arabic tū̃	Template:Script/Arabic asī̃	Template:Script/Arabic tavhī̃
Template:Gcl	Template:Script/Arabic mū̃	Template:Script/Arabic to	Template:Script/Arabic asā̃	Template:Script/Arabic tavhā̃
Template:Gcl	Template:Script/Arabic mũhinjo	Template:Script/Arabic tũhinjo	—

Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed to the right.Template:Sfnp^[65]

The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to Template:Script/Arabic ko "someone" are Template:Script/Arabic har-ko "everyone", Template:Script/Arabic sabh-ko "all of them", Template:Script/Arabic je-ko "whoever" (relative), and Template:Script/Arabic te-ko "that one" (correlative).Template:Sfnp

Third-person pronouns
			Demonstrative							Interrogative	Relative	Correlative
			Unmarked		Specific		Present		Indefinite
			Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Indefinite
Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Script/Arabic hī	Template:Script/Arabic hū	Template:Script/Arabic iho	Template:Script/Arabic uho	Template:Script/Arabic ijho	Template:Script/Arabic ojho	Template:Script/Arabic ko	Template:Script/Arabic keru	Template:Script/Arabic jo	Template:Script/Arabic so
	Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl	Template:Script/Arabic hīa	Template:Script/Arabic hūa	Template:Script/Arabic ihā	Template:Script/Arabic uhā	Template:Script/Arabic ijhā	Template:Script/Arabic ojhā	Template:Script/Arabic kā	Template:Script/Arabic kera	Template:Script/Arabic jā	Template:Script/Arabic sā
	Template:Gcl		Template:Script/Arabic hina	Template:Script/Arabic huna	Template:Script/Arabic inhẽ	Template:Script/Arabic unhẽ	—		Template:Script/Arabic kãhĩ		Template:Script/Arabic jãhĩ	Template:Script/Arabic tãhĩ
Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl		Template:Script/Arabic hī	Template:Script/Arabic hū	Template:Script/Arabic ihe	Template:Script/Arabic uhe	Template:Script/Arabic ijhe	Template:Script/Arabic ojhe	Template:Script/Arabic ke	Template:Script/Arabic kera	Template:Script/Arabic je	Template:Script/Arabic se
Template:Gcl	Template:Gcl		Template:Script/Arabic hinani	Template:Script/Arabic hunani	Template:Script/Arabic inhani	Template:Script/Arabic unhani	—		Template:Script/Arabic kini		Template:Script/Arabic jini	Template:Script/Arabic tini

Numerals

Num.	Cardinal
0	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
1	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
2	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
3	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
4	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
5	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
6	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
7	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
8	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
9	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration

Num.	Cardinal
10	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
11	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
12	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
13	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
14	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
15	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
16	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
17	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
18	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration
19	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Template:Transliteration

Postpositions

Most nominal relations (e.g. the semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي khe.^[66]

The postpositions are divided into case markers, which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions, which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive جو jo).

Case markers

The case markers are listed below.Template:R

The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. Template:Script/Arabic chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but Template:Script/Arabic chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother".

Case markers
Case	Marker	Example	English
Nominative	—	Template:Script/Arabic chokiro	the boy
Accusative Dative	Template:Script/Arabic khe	Template:Script/Arabic chokire khe	the boy to the boy
Genitive	Template:Script/Arabic j-o	Template:Script/Arabic chokire jo	of the boy
Genitive	Template:Script/Arabic sand-o	Template:Script/Arabic chokire sando	of the boy
Sociative	Template:Script/Arabic sudh-o	Template:Script/Arabic chokire sudho	along with the boy
Comitative Instrumental	Template:Script/Arabic sā̃	Template:Script/Arabic chokire sā̃	with the boy
Comitative Instrumental	Template:Script/Arabic sāṇu	Template:Script/Arabic chokire sāṇu	with the boy
Locative	Template:Script/Arabic mẽ	Template:Script/Arabic chokire mẽ	in the boy
Locative	Template:Script/Arabic manjhi	Template:Script/Arabic chokire manjhi	in the boy
Adessive	Template:Script/Arabic te	Template:Script/Arabic chokire te	on the boy
Adessive	Template:Script/Arabic vaṭi	Template:Script/Arabic chokire vaṭi	near the boy the boy has...
Orientative	Template:Script/Arabic ḍā̃hã	Template:Script/Arabic chokire ḍā̃hã	towards the boy
Terminative	Template:Script/Arabic tāī̃	Template:Script/Arabic chokire tāī̃	up to the boy
Benefactive	Template:Script/Arabicاءِ lāi	Template:Script/Arabic chokire lāi	for the boy
Semblative	Template:Script/Arabic vānguru	Template:Script/Arabic chokire vānguru	like the boy
Semblative	Template:Script/Arabic jahṛ-o	Template:Script/Arabic chokire jahṛo	like the boy

There are several ablative case markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending -ā̃. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".Template:R

Ablative case markers
Marker	Example	English
Template:Script/Arabic khā̃	Template:Script/Arabic chokire khā̃	from the boy
Template:Script/Arabic mā̃	Template:Script/Arabic chokire mā̃	from inside the boy
Template:Script/Arabic tā̃	Template:Script/Arabic chokire tā̃	from upon the boy
Template:Script/Arabic ḍā̃hā̃	Template:Script/Arabic chokire ḍā̃hā̃	from the direction of the boy

Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.

Obsolete/rare case markers
Case	Marker	Example	English
Accusative Adessive	Template:Script/Arabic kane	Template:Script/Arabic chokire kane	to/near the boy

Complex postpositions

The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.Template:R

Sindhi	Transliteration	Explanation
Template:Script/Arabic	je aɠyā̃	"ahead of, before"; apudessive
Template:Script/Arabic	je andari	"inside of"; inessive
Template:Script/Arabic	je badirā̃	"instead of, in place of"
Template:Script/Arabic	je barābar	"equal to"
Template:Script/Arabic	je ɓāharā̃	"outside of"
Template:Script/Arabic	khā̃ ɓāhari	"outside of"
Template:Script/Arabic	je bāre mẽ	"about, concerning"
Template:Script/Arabic	je caudhārī	"around"
Template:Script/Arabic	je heṭhā̃	"below, under"
Template:Script/Arabic	je kare	"for, on account of"
Template:Script/Arabic	je lāi	"for"
Template:Script/Arabic	je mathā̃	"above, on top of, upon"
Template:Script/Arabic	khā̃ pare	"far from"
Template:Script/Arabic	je pāri	"across, on the other side of"
Template:Script/Arabic	je pāse	"on the side of, near"
Template:Script/Arabic	khā̃ poi	"after"
Template:Script/Arabic	je puṭhyā̃	"behind"
Template:Script/Arabic	je sāmhõ	"in front of, facing"
Template:Script/Arabic	khā̃ sivāi	"besides, apart from"
Template:Script/Arabic	je vāste	"for the sake of, on account of"
Template:Script/Arabic	je vejho	"near"; adessive
Template:Script/Arabic	je vici mẽ	"between, among"
Template:Script/Arabic	je xātiri	"for the sake of"
Template:Script/Arabic	je xilāfi	"against"
Template:Script/Arabic	je zarī'e	"via, through"; perlative

Vocabulary

According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by UrduScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by HindiScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements.Template:Sfnmp

Writing systems

Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi, Khojki, and Gurmukhi.^[67] Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.^[68]

The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.^[15] Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.Template:Sfnp^[69] During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.Template:Sfnp

Perso-Arabic script

Script error: No such module "sidebar". During the British Raj, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (Script error: No such module "Lang".) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

Below table presents Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are ligatures serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the Template:Script/Arabic, which is pronounced as [ãĩ̯] and represents and, and the Template:Script/Arabic, which is pronounced as [mẽ] and it creates a locative relationship between words.

Sindhi alphabet
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic [ə]/[əʰ]/[∅]	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink	Template:Script/Arabic Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Perso-Arabic [IPA]	Template:Script/Arabic [ãĩ̯]	Template:Script/Arabic [mẽ]

The orthography of the letter hāʾ in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in Arabic and Persian, there exists one single letter for hāʾ, in Urdu, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cašmi he ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "Template:Nastaliq", and can impart the "h" (Script error: No such module "IPA".) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels (Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (Template:Nastaliq) , in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.

For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter hāʾ is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of hāʾ across these languages for which Unicode characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.^[70]^[71]

Unicode	Letter or Digraphs				IPA	Note	Examples
Unicode	Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated	IPA	Note	Examples
U+06BE	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:IPAblink		Template:Script/Arabic
U+0647	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:IPAblink	Used for borrowed words	Template:Script/Arabic
U+062C + U+0647	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:IPAblink	In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ Template:Script/Arabic (U+06C1) is added	Template:Script/Arabic
U+06AF + U+0647	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:IPAblink	In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ Template:Script/Arabic (U+06C1) is added	Template:Script/Arabic
U+0647	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	-	-	Template:IPAblink	Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ Template:Script/Arabic (U+06C1) is added	Template:Script/Arabic
U+06C1	Template:Script/Arabic	-	-	Template:Script/Arabic	[ə] / [əʰ] / [∅]		Template:Script/Arabic

The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Namely, instead of using the typical inverted comma (Template:Script/Arabic [U+060C]) common in these mentioned alphabet, a reversed comma (Template:Script/Arabic [U+2E41]) is used. Although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.^[72]

Comparison of Punctuations
	Full Stop	Comma	‌ Semicolon
Sindhi	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic
Urdu	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic
Persian/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic	Template:Script/Arabic

File:Sindhi alphabet.png

Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.

Devanagari script

In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.^[73] A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.^[74] Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.^[75] Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.

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Laṇḍā scripts

Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.

Khudabadi

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The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.

The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.^[76]

File:Vowel 1 a.svg	File:Vowel 2 aa.svg	File:Vowel 3 i.svg	File:Vowel 4 ii.svg	File:Vowel 5 u.svg	File:Vowel 6 uu.svg	File:Vowel 7 e.svg	File:Vowel 8 ai.svg	File:Vowel 9 o.svg	File:Vowel 10 au.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Consonant 1 ka.svg	File:Consonant 2 kha.svg		File:Consonant 3 ga.svg	File:Consonant 4 gga.svg			File:Consonant 5 gha.svg		File:Consonant 6 nga.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".			Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Consonant 7 ca.svg	File:Consonant 8 cha.svg		File:Consonant 9 ja.svg	File:Consonant 10 jja.svg			File:Consonant 11 jha.svg		File:Consonant 12 nya.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".			Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Consonant 13 tta.svg	File:Consonant 14 ttha.svg		File:Consonant 15 dda.svg	File:Consonant 16 ddda.svg			File:Consonant 18 ddha.svg	File:Consonant 17 rra.svg	File:Consonant 19 nna.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".			Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Consonant 20 ta.svg	File:Consonant 21 tha.svg		File:Consonant 22 da.svg				File:Consonant 23 dha.svg		File:Consonant 24 na.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".				Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Consonant 25 pa.svg	File:Consonant 26 pha.svg		File:Consonant 27 ba.svg	File:Consonant 28 bba.svg			File:Consonant 29 bha.svg		File:Consonant 30 ma.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".			Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Consonant 31 ya.svg	File:Consonant 32 ra.svg	File:Consonant 33 la.svg	File:Consonant 34 va.svg
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File:Consonant 35 sha.svg		File:Consonant 36 sa.svg	File:Consonant 37 ha.svg
Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Khojki

Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.^[73] ^[77]

Gurmukhi

The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.^[76]^[73]

Roman Sindhi

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.^[78]^[79]

Advocacy

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".In 1972, an bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first provincial language in Pakistan to have its own official status.

Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to Language Bill.
All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.

Software

By 2001, Abdul-Majid BhurgriScript error: No such module "Unsubst". had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.^[80] In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language.^[81]^[82] Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by Google Translate.^[83]^[84] Which was followed by Microsoft Translator strengthening support in May of same year.^[85]^[86]

In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Refbegin

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Template:Refend

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Sindhi language Template:Navboxes

Template:Authority control

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↑ Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ The IPA Handbook uses the symbols Script error: No such module "IPA"., but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of Script error: No such module "IPA". and further remarks that "Script error: No such module "IPA". is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).
↑ ^a ^b Template:Cite thesis
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↑ Kamal Mansour (2023), Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text, L2-23/17 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)
↑ Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)
↑ https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/sd.html
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[61] Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[62] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[63] The IPA Handbook uses the symbols Script error: No such module "IPA"., but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of Script error: No such module "IPA". and further remarks that "Script error: No such module "IPA". is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).

[jetley-64] Template:Cite thesis

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[70] Kamal Mansour (2023), Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text, L2-23/17 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)

[71] Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)

[72] ttps://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/sd.html

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh}}
 {{Distinguish|Hindi}}
-{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
 {{Infobox language
 | name             = Sindhi
 | nativename       = {{flatlist|
-*{{Transliteration|sd|Sindhī|i=no}}
+*{{Transliteration|sd|''Sindhī''|i=no}}
 *{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}
 *{{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}}}
-| pronunciation    = {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|IPA}}
+| pronunciation    = {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}
 | states           = {{unbulleted list|
 *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
@@ Line 14: / Line 13: @@
 | region           = [[Sindh]] and parts of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
 | ethnicity        = [[Sindhis]]
-| speakers         = {{c.|32 million}}
+| speakers         = 37 million
-| date             = 2011–2017
+| date             = 2011–2023
-| ref              =
+| ref              = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]], [[2023 Pakistani Census]], and estimates for the [[Sindhi diaspora]] outside of [[South Asia]].}}
 | familycolor      = Indo-European
 | fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 21: @@
 | fam4             = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
 | fam5             = [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic]]
-| script           = [[Arabic script]], [[Devanagari]] and others<ref name="in">{{cite journal|url =https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_3.xml?language=en |title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |access-date = 12 November 2021 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free | issn=2667-0925 }}</ref>
+| ancestor         = [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
+| ancestor2        = [[Apabhraṃśa]] (''debated''){{efn|See [[#Origins|origins]]}}
+| ancestor3        = [[#Early Sindhi (–16th century)|Early Sindhi]]
+| ancestor4        = [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]]
+| ancestor5        = [[#British India (1843–1947)|Early Modern Sindhi]]
+| script           = {{ubl|[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] ([[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]]){{efn|Most predominantly used and the sole official one in Pakistan.}}|[[Devanagari]]{{efn|In Pakistan, only the Perso-Arabic form of Sindhi is used. On the other hand, in India, both Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used.}}|[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Romanisation of Sindhi|Roman Sindhi]]){{efn|Unofficial}}|'''Historical'''|[[Khojki script|Khojki]]|[[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]]|[[Gurmukhi]]{{efn|Historically, predominantly amongst [[Sikhism in Sindh|Sindhi Sikhs]].<ref name="in">{{cite journal|url =https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_3.xml?language=en |title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |access-date = 12 November 2021 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free | issn=2667-0925 }}</ref>}}}}
+| stand1           = [[#Dialects|Standard Sindhi]]
+| sign             = [[India–Pakistan Sign Language|Signed Sindhi]]
 | nation           = *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
-**[[Sindh]] (provincial official)<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref>
+**[[Sindh]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref>
 *[[Official languages of India|India]] (scheduled language)<ref name="in"/>
-| agency           = {{plainlist|
+| agency           = *[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan)
-*[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan)
+*National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)
-*National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)}}
 | iso1             = sd
 | iso2             = snd
@@ Line 43: / Line 48: @@
 | notice           = IPA
 | glotto           = sind1272
-| glottoname       = Sindhi
 | map              = Sindhi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
 | mapcaption       = The proportion of people with Sindhi as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]
-| map2             = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
-| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Sindhi is not endangered according to the classification system of the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
 }}
 {{Contains special characters|Sindhi}}
-'''Sindhi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}} {{respell|SIN|dee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{Langx|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}|link=no}} {{small|([[Perso-Arabic]])}} or {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}} {{small|([[Devanagari]])}}, {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|pron}}){{efn|In less commonly used scripts: {{lang|sd-Guru|ਸਿੰਧੀ}} ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}} ([[Khojki]]), {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}} ([[Khudabadi]]).}} is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by more than 30 million people in the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]], where it has official status, as well as by 1.7 million people in India, where it is a [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled language]] without state-level official status. Sindhi is primarily written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script in Pakistan, while in India, both the Perso-Arabic script and [[Devanagari]] are used.
+'''Sindhi''' ({{Lang|sd|{{resize|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}}}, ''Sindhī'', {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}} {{respell|SIN|dee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref><br/>In some instances, the diasporic Sindhi population in India uses the [[Devanagari]] script to write the language in which 'Sindhi' is written as: {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}<br />In less commonly used scripts: {{lang|sd-Guru|ਸਿੰਧੀ}} ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}} ([[Khojki]]), {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}} ([[Khudabadi]])}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. It is primarily spoken by the [[Sindhis|Sindhi people]] native to the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Sindh]], where the language has [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|official status]]. It constitutes the [[First language|mother tongue]] of over 34 million people in Pakistan, primarily concentrated in Sindh with [[Sindhis of Balochistan|historical communities]] in neighbouring [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] as well. It is also spoken by 1.7 million people in [[India]], mostly by the [[Sindhis in India|descendants of partition-era migrants]]; with it having the status of a [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled language]] in the country without any state-level official status. Sindhi is primarily written in the [[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]] of the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]], the sole official script for the language in Pakistan; while in India, both the Perso-Arabic and [[Devanagari]] scripts are used.
-The earliest written evidence of modern Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 AD.<ref name="ELL" /> Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] following the [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad conquest]] in 712 AD. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.
+With over 37 million native speakers, Sindhi is a major [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian language]], being the most-widely spoken language in southern Pakistan{{efn|Southern Pakistan constitutes the southern provinces, i.e. [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].}} and [[Languages of Pakistan#Major regional languages|third most-widely spoken]] in the entirety of Pakistan (after [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Pashto]]). In India, it is the [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|19th most-widely spoken language]]. Sindhi is the [[Indo-Aryan languages#Groups|seventh most-widely spoken Indo-Aryan language]] in terms of [[First language|native speakers]].{{efn|After [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].}} It is also natively spoken by the [[Sindhi diaspora]], present in other parts of [[South Asia]]; as well as in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]], the [[Western world]] and the [[Far East]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindh diaspora: India and the United Kingdom |url=https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=UK Research and Innovation |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183358/https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 }}</ref>
+Being classified under the [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern branch]] of the Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi, apart from other [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic languages]], is most closely related to Punjabi. It is descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], which gradually developed into [[Apabhraṃśa]] and then into [[#Early Sindhi (–16th century)|Early Sindhi]]. Sindhi further developed during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic period in South Asia]], expanding its vocabulary under the influence of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]; with the earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language being a [[Quran translations|translation]] of the [[Quran]], dated back to 883 AD.<ref name="ELL" /> [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]] produced the language's greatest pieces of [[Sindhi literature|literature]], including recorded forms of orally-transmitted [[Sindhi folktales|folk tales]]; as well as [[Sufi literature]], including ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'', the single greatest piece of Sindhi literature, by [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]]. [[#British India (1843–1947)|Modern Sindhi]] developed and was, officially, standardised and promoted during the [[History of Sindh#British Rule (1843–1947)|British colonial era]]; and it also replaced Persian as the official language of Sindh.
+Sindhi is an [[Fusional language|inflected language]], with five [[Grammatical case|cases]] for [[#Nouns|noun]], three for [[#Personal pronouns|personal pronoun]], four for [[#Third-person pronouns|third-person pronoun]]; eleven [[#Case markers|case markers]]; two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine); and two [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from [[Sanskrit]] in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its [[Register (sociolinguistics)#Register as formality scale|high-register speech]] is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from [[English language|English]]; and to a lesser extent from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]]. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Punjabi, [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Marwari language|Marwari]].
+Sindhi has a number of [[#Dialects|dialects]] and an established [[#Dialects|standard form]], referred to as ''Standard Sindhi'', which is based on the dialect of [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] and surrounding areas of central Sindh. The primary regulatory agency for the development and promotion of the language is the [[Sindhi Language Authority]], an autonomous institution of the [[government of Sindh]].
 ==History==
@@ Line 59: / Line 67: @@
 ===Origins===
-The name "Sindhi" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''síndhu'', the original name of the [[Indus River]], along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref>
+The name "Sindhi" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''síndhu'', the original name of the [[Indus River]], along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> In the [[Bronze Age]] ({{circa|3300|1200&nbsp;BCE}}), the primary language of this region was likely the [[Harappan language]], but no records exist indicating when or how that language was replaced by the [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Jennifer |title=The Sindhi language |url=http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106015921/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref>
+Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ([[Sanskrit]]) via Middle Indo-Aryan ([[Pali]], secondary Prakrits, and [[Apabhramsha]]). 20th century Western scholars such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by [[Markandeya]] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Apabhramsa According to Markandeya and "Dhakki" Prakrit |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1913 |pages=875-883 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189069 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Vrācaḍa and Sindhī |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1902 |pages=47-48 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208372 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> but later work has shown this to be unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
+The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are:
+* Development of [[implosive consonant|implosives]] from [[gemination|geminate]] and initial stops (e.g. ''g-'', ''-gg'' > ''ɠ''); this is a highly distinctive sound change in NIA{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=209}}
+* Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA ''akkhi'' > Sindhi ''akhi'' "eye"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}
+* Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA ''danta'' > Sindhi ''ɗ̣andu'' "tooth"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=203}}
+* [[Debuccalization]] of intervocalic ''-s-'' > ''-h-'' (shared with Saraiki and some Punjabi varieties){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=194}}
+* Intervocalic ''-l-'' > ''-r-'' (likely via intermediate retroflex ''-ḷ-''), ''-ll-'' > ''-l-'',{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=193}} ''-ḍ-'' > ''-ṛ-''
+* Fronting of ''r'' from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA ''dīrgha'' > Sindhi ''ḍrigho'' "long"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=209}}
+Additionally, the following retentions distinguish Sindhi from other New Indo-Aryan languages:
+* Retention of MIA ''-ṇ-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=193}}
+* Retention of final short vowels ''-a'', ''-i'', ''-u'',{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=196}} but also insertion of these into loanwords{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=197}}
+* Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. [[Prakrit]]){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}
+* Retention of stop + ''r'' clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. ''tr-'' > ''ṭr-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=201}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=210}}
+* Retention of ''v-'' {{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=202}}
+===Early Sindhi (–16th century)===
+Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<ref name="ELL">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=J. |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |title=Sindhi |journal=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition) |date=2006 |pages=384–387 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02241-0 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542022410 |publisher=Elsevier|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historically, [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]; at this point in time, Sindhi was not clearly established as an independent literary language. Much of this work is in the form of ''[[ginans]]'' (a kind of devotional hymn).<ref name="shackle">{{Britannica|1550738|Sindhi literature|Christopher Shackle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Literature-Ginans |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view |website=Ismaili.NET |publisher=Heritage Society |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
-Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ([[Sanskrit]]) via Middle Indo-Aryan ([[Pali]], secondary Prakrits, and [[Apabhramsha]]). 20th century Western scholars such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by [[Markandeya]] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
+Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] following the [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' by [[Henry Miers Elliot]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Henry Miers |editor1-last=Dawson |editor1-first=John |title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians |date=1867–1877 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955}}</ref>
-===Early Sindhi (2nd–16th centuries)===
+{{Blockquote
-Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<ref name="ELL">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=J. |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |title=Sindhi |journal=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition) |date=2006 |pages=384–387 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02241-0 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542022410 |publisher=Elsevier|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historically, [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Much of this work is in the form of [[ginans]] (a kind of devotional hymn).<ref name="shackle">{{Britannica|1550738|Sindhi literature|Christopher Shackle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Literature-Ginans |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view |website=Ismaili.NET |publisher=Heritage Society |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
+|text=The language of Sind is different than that of India. Sind is the country which is nearer the domains of the Moslims, India is farther from them.
+|author=[[al-Masudi]] ({{circa|lk=no|896}}–956 CE)
+|source=''[[The Meadows of Gold]]''
+}}
-Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] following the [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] in 712 CE.
+{{Blockquote
+|text=The language of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansúra]], [[Multan|Multán]], and those parts is Arabic and Sindian. In [[Makran|Makrán]] they use Persian and Makranic.
+|author=[[Ibn Hawqal]]
+|source=''[[Surat Al-Ard]]'' (977 CE)
+}}
 ===Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)===
-Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic [[Sufi]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]] poetry, the latter in the devotional [[bhakti]] tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is [[Qazi Qadan]] (1493–1551). Other early poets were [[Shah Inat Rizvi]] ({{circa}} 1613–1701) and [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]] (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.<ref name="shackle"/>
+Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic [[Sufi]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]] poetry, the latter in the devotional [[bhakti]] tradition. The format of this poetry is the ''[[Bayt (poetry)|bayt]]'', indicating significant influence from Arabic and Persian. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is [[Qazi Qadan]] (1493–1551). Other early poets were [[Shah Inat Rizvi]] ({{circa}} 1613–1701) and [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]] (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.<ref name="shackle"/>
 Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as [[Sassui Punnhun]], [[Sohni Mahiwal]], [[Momal Rano]], [[Noori Jam Tamachi]], [[Lilan Chanesar]], and others.<ref name="mahfil">{{cite journal |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |title=Sindhi Literature |journal=Mahfil |date=1971 |volume=7 |issue=1/2 |pages=71–80 |jstor=40874414 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414}}</ref>
@@ Line 77: / Line 112: @@
 The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by [[Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi]] (1747–1824) and published in [[Gujarat]] in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|title=The Holy Qur'an and its Translators – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|website=Imamreza.net|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-===Modern Sindhi (1843–present)===
+===British India (1843–1947)===
 In 1843, the [[British conquest of Sindh]] led the region to become part of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of [[Persian language|Persian]]. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title= The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= [[The News on Sunday]] |access-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143150/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1868, the [[Bombay Presidency]] assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the [[Abjad]] used in Sindhi with the ''[[Khudabadi script]]''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the [[Muslim]] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve [[Martial Law]]s were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.
@@ Line 83: / Line 118: @@
 The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in [[Bombay]] beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by [[Muhammad Hashim Thattvi]], one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.<ref name="mahfil"/>
+===Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)===
 The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of [[Pakistan]], commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of [[Urdu]] and eventually [[Sindhi nationalism]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001 |s2cid=246560343 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?language=en |access-date=2 August 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref>
@@ Line 90: / Line 126: @@
 Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf|title=Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan|first=Gulshan |last=Majeed |work=Journal of Political Studies|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution |publisher=Department of Official Language, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Language and Politics in Pakistan|title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/7588035|website=academia.edu|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Imposition Of Urdu|url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082914/http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc|website=Apnaorg.com |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005418/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref>
-There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, [[Sindh TV]], [[Awaz Television Network]], Mehran TV, and [[Dharti TV]].
+Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the [[Sindhi diaspora]], particularly in [[Malaysia]], [[Oman]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United States|USA]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]].
 ===Pakistan===
-In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or {{sigfig|14.57|3}}% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in [[Sindh]], where they account for {{sigfig|61.6|2}}% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of [[Balochistan]],<ref>{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections | url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|date = 28 May 2018| website = Dawn| access-date = 29 October 2022}} The numbers have been calculate based on the percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref> especially in the [[Kacchi Plain]] that encompasses the districts of [[Lasbela District|Lasbela]], [[Hub District|Hub]], [[Kachhi District|Kachhi]], [[Sibi District|Sibi]], [[Sohbatpur District|Sohbatpur]], [[Jafarabad District|Jafarabad]], [[Jhal Magsi District|Jhal Magsi]], [[Usta Muhammad District|Usta Muhammad]] and [[Nasirabad District|Nasirabad]].
+In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 34.40 million people, or {{sigfig|14.57|3}}% of the country's population as of the 2023 census. 33.46 million of these are found in [[Sindh]], where they account for {{sigfig|60.14|2}}% of the total population of the province.<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban, Census–2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220005033/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024|website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]]}}</ref> There are 0.55 million speakers in the province of [[Balochistan]], especially in the [[Kacchi Plain]].
+{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"
+|+2023 Census Statistics<ref name="2023 census"/>
+!State
+!Population
+|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="static-row-numbers-norank"
+| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|Pakistan}}'''
+| 34,401,564
+|-
+|{{flag+link|Languages of|Sindh}}
+|33,462,299
+|-
+|{{flag+link|Languages of|Balochistan}}
+|555,198
+|-
+|{{flag+link|Languages of|Punjab}}
+|352,686
+|-
+|{{flag+link|Languages of|Islamabad}}
+|21,362
+|-
+|{{flag+link|Languages of|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
+|10,019
+|}
 The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samar |first=Azeem |date=13 March 2019 |title=PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/443160-pa-resolution-calls-for-teaching-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject-in-private-schools |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PakistanToday |date=25 September 2018 |title=Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/25/sindhi-to-be-made-compulsory-in-all-private-schools-across-province/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, [[Syed Sardar Ali Shah]], and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-25 |title=Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1434751 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-24 |title=Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/1556672 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref>
 At the [[Festival|occasion]] of [[International Mother Language Day|'Mother Language Day]]' in 2023, the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Assembly]] under Culture minister [[Syed Sardar Ali Shah|Sardar Ali Shah]], passed a [[Unanimity|unanimous]] [[Resolution (logic)|resolution]] to extend the use of [[language]] to [[Primary school|primary]] level<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Call for using local languages at primary level |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402116/call-for-using-local-languages-at-primary-level |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and increase the [[Social status|status]] of Sindhi as a [[national language]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Members decry delay in declaring Sindhi a national language |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Tahir |date=2023-02-22 |title=Govt, opposition demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Members of Sindh Assembly demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> of [[Pakistan]].
+There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, [[Sindh TV]], [[Awaz Television Network]], Mehran TV, and [[Dharti TV]].
 ===India===
 The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in [[India]], making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian states of [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=National Committee for Linguistic Minorities |access-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states:
-{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
+{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
-|+2011 Census Statistics
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"
-(India Total: 2,772,264)<ref>{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 29 October 2022}}</ref>{{efn|This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]].}}
+|+2011 Census Statistics<ref name="india census">{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 29 October 2022}}</ref>{{efn|This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]].}}
 !State
 !Population
-!Regions
+|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="static-row-numbers-norank"
+| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|India}}'''
+| 2,772,264
 |-
 |[[Gujarat]]
 |1,184,024
-|[[Kutch district]]
 |-
 |[[Maharashtra]]
 |723,748
-|[[Ulhasnagar]] city
 |-
-|[[Rajasthan|Rajashtan]]
+|[[Rajasthan]]
 |386,569
-|[[Barmer district]] ([[Chohtan]] and [[Ramsar tehsil, Rajasthan|Ramsar]] tehsils)
 |-
 |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
 |245,161
-|rowspan=29|None
 |-
 |[[Chhattisgarh]]
@@ Line 172: / Line 233: @@
 |656
 |-
-|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Nagar]]
+|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
-and
-[[Daman and Diu|Daman]] and [[Daman and Diu|Diu]]
 |894
 |-
@@ Line 209: / Line 268: @@
 |[[Sikkim]]
 |2
+|}
+===Sindhi diaspora===
+In [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Singapore]] (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnics Sindhis are largely shifting to [[English language|English]] as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift, cultural maintenance, and ethnic identity; a study of a minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1998 |issue=130 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67/html |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift amongst the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |date=1999 |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=The Sindhis of Singapore–Language Maintenance or Language Shift? |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |date=2000 |volume=16 |issue=3 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/159556 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Khemlani-David |first2=Maya |title=Language Shift and Identity Reproduction among Diaspora Sindhis in India and Southeast Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2020 |access-date=6 June 2025 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000013 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/language-shift-and-identity-reproduction-among-diaspora-sindhis-in-india-and-southeast-asia/678711394095029BE7AC10943ADA6946}}</ref> Similar shift to English is found in the smaller [[Hong Kong]] Sindhi community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lock |first1=Graham |last2=Detaramani |first2=Champa |title=Being Indian in post-colonial Hong Kong: Models of ethnicity, culture and language among Sindhis and Sikhs in Hong Kong |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=2006 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=267-284 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14631360600926972#page=12.27 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
+===Sindhi speakers by country===
+{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
+{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"
+!Country
+!Population
+|-
+| {{flag+link|Languages of|Pakistan}}<ref name="2023 census"/>
+| 34,401,564
+|-
+| {{flag+link|Languages of|India}}<ref name="india census"/>
+| 2,772,264
+|-
+| {{flag+link|Languages of|UAE}}<ref>{{Ethnologue25}}</ref>
+| 102,000
+|-
+| {{flag+link|Languages of|USA}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/language-use/2017-2021-lang-tables.html|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2017-2021|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref>
+| 6,299
+|-
+| {{flag+link|Languages of|Canada}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=2024-02-07 |title=Statistics on official languages in Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-languages-bilingualism/publications/statistics.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>
+| 5,315
+|-
+| {{flag+link|South Asian languages in|Singapore}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singapore Department of Statistics |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |title=Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |date=2011 |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |isbn=978-981-08-7808-5 |access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213154440/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+| 3,971
 |}
 ==Dialects==
 [[File:The dialects of Sindhi language.png|thumb|The dialects of Sindhi language shown on map.]]
-Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a [[dialect continuum]] at some places with neighboring languages such as [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |date=1907 |publisher=Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |pages=188–519 |language=en}}</ref>
+Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a [[dialect continuum]] at some places with neighboring languages such as [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] to the north and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] to the south, but not with [[Marwari language|Marwari]] to the east.<ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref> Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lsi"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |date=1907 |publisher=Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |pages=188–519 |language=en}}</ref>
-* '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region). The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.
+* '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region), on which the literary standard is based.
 * '''Uttaradi:''' The dialect of northern Sindh (''Uttaru'', meaning "north"), with minor differences in [[Larkana District|Larkana]], [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]] and in parts of [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]] and [[Kandiaro Tehsil|Kandiaro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1919 |title=Uttaradi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up}}</ref>
 * '''[[Lari dialect (Sindhi)|Lari]]''': The dialect of southern Sindh (''Lāṛu'') spoken around areas like [[Karachi]], [[Thatta District|Thatta]], [[Sujawal District|Sujawal]], [[Tando Muhammad Khan District|Tando Muhammad Khan]] and [[Badin District|Badin]] districts.
-* [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|'''Siroli'''/'''Siraiki''']] or '''Ubheji''': The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head").{{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in [[Jacobabad District|Jacobabad]] and [[Kashmore District|Kashmore]] districts, it has little similarity with the [[Saraiki language]] of South Punjab<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |series=Cambridge language surveys |page=443}}</ref> and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |journal=Language Problems & Language Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah}}</ref>
+* [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|'''Siroli''']] (also '''Siraiki''', '''Ubheji'''): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head").{{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in [[Jacobabad District|Jacobabad]] and [[Kashmore District|Kashmore]] districts, it may be transitional with the [[Saraiki language]] of South Punjab{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=443}} and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |journal=Language Problems & Language Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah}}</ref>
 * '''[[Lasi dialect|Lasi]]''': The dialect of [[Lasbela District|Lasbela]], [[Hub District|Hub]] and [[Gwadar District|Gwadar]] districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with [[Balochi language|Balochi]].
-* '''Firaqi Sindhi:''' The dialect of the [[Kacchi Plain|Kachhi plains]] the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref>
+* '''Firaqi''': The dialect of the [[Kacchi Plain|Kachhi plains]] the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref>
-* '''[[Thareli]]:''' also called Tharechi dialect, spoken in north eastern [[Thar Desert|Thar]] Desert of Sindh, called Nara desert (Achhro thar), but mainly spoken in the western part of [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] district of [[Rajasthan]], India by many Sindhi Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-2&pages=494#page/122/mode/1up |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |location=Berkeley  |publisher= University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9}}</ref>
+* '''[[Thareli]]''' (also '''Tharechi'''): Spoken in the northeastern [[Thar Desert|Thar]] desert of Sindh, but mainly spoken in the western part of [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] district of [[Rajasthan]], India by many Sindhi Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-2&pages=494#page/122/mode/1up |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |location=Berkeley  |publisher= University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9}}</ref>
-* '''[[Sindhi Bhili]]:''' It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi [[Sindhi Meghwars|Meghwars]] and [[Sindhi Bhils|Bheels]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil language |url=https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1706816.html?page=3 |website=LotsOfEssays.com}}</ref> Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Bhil |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16734 |website=Global Recordings Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sbn/ |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
+* '''[[Sindhi Bhili]]:''' Spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi [[Sindhi Meghwars|Meghwars]] and [[Sindhi Bhils|Bhils]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil language |url=https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1706816.html?page=3 |website=LotsOfEssays.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Bhil |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16734 |website=Global Recordings Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sbn/ |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
-The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] and [[Jadgali language|Jadgali]] are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.
+Furthermore, [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] and [[Jadgali language|Jadgali]] are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
@@ Line 1,703: / Line 1,790: @@
 * {{cite book |last=Khubchandani |first=Lachman M |year=2003 |chapter=Sindhi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |pages=622–658 }}
 * {{SOWL}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |series=Cambridge language surveys |page=443}}
 * {{cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=Language and national identity in Asia |chapter=Pakistan |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Andrew |series=Oxford linguistics Y |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922648-1 |date=2007 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |year=1872 |title=Grammar of the Sindhi Language |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum |location=London |publisher=Trübner and Co |isbn=81-206-0100-9 |language=en }}
@@ Line 1,731: / Line 1,819: @@
 [[Category:Sindhi language| ]]
 [[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
+[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Languages of Sindh]]
+[[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Official languages of India]]
 [[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]