Hepburn romanization: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:27, 16 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English

Chart of kana and their Hepburn romanizations, including both hiragana (roman) and katakana (italicized)

Hepburn (Template:Langx, Template:Lit) is the main system of romanization for the Japanese language. The system was originally published in 1867 by American Christian missionary and physician James Curtis Hepburn as the standard in the first edition of his Japanese–English dictionary. The system is distinct from other romanization methods in its use of English orthography to phonetically transcribe sounds: for example, the syllable Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is written as Template:Transliteration and Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) is written as Template:Transliteration, reflecting their spellings in English (compare to Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration in the more systematic Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki systems).

In 1886, Hepburn published the third edition of his dictionary, codifying a revised version of the system that is known today as "traditional Hepburn". A version with additional revisions, known as "modified Hepburn", was published in 1908.

Although Kunrei-shiki is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the most popular method of Japanese romanization. It is learned by most foreign students of the language, and is used within Japan for romanizing personal names, locations, and other information, such as train tables and road signs. Because the system's orthography is based on English phonology instead of a systematic transcription of the Japanese syllabary, individuals who do not speak Japanese and know English phonology will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.^[1]

History

File:James Curtis Hepburn.jpg

James Curtis Hepburn, creator of the system

In 1867, American Presbyterian missionary doctor James Curtis Hepburn published the first Japanese–English dictionary, in which he introduced a new system for the romanization of Japanese into Latin script.^[2] He published a second edition in 1872 and a third edition in 1886, which introduced minor changes.^[3] The third edition's system had been adopted in the previous year by the Template:Nihongo3, a group of Japanese and foreign scholars who promoted a replacement of the Japanese script with a romanized system.^[4]

Hepburn romanization, loosely based on the conventions of English orthography (spelling), stood in opposition to Nihon-shiki, which had been developed in Japan in 1881 as a script replacement.^[4] Compared to Hepburn, Nihon-shiki is more systematic in its representation of the Japanese syllabary (kana), as each symbol corresponds to a phoneme.^[5] However, the notation requires further explanation for accurate pronunciation by non-Japanese speakers: for example, the syllables Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., which are written as Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration in Hepburn, are rendered as Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration in Nihon-shiki.^[4] After Nihon-shiki was presented to the Template:Transliteration in 1886, a dispute began between the supporters of the two systems, which resulted in a standstill and an eventual halt to the organization's activities in 1892.^[6]

After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the two factions resurfaced as the Template:Nihongo3, which supported Hepburn's style, and the Template:Nihongo3, which supported Nihon-shiki.^[6] In 1908, Hepburn was revised by educator Kanō Jigorō and others of the Template:Transliteration, which began calling it the Template:Nihongo3 or Template:Nihongo3.^[4]

In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission, headed by the Minister of Education, was appointed by the government to devise a standardized form of romanization.^[5] The Commission eventually decided on a slightly modified "compromise" version of Nihon-shiki, which was chosen for official use by cabinet ordinance on September 21, 1937; this system is known today as Kunrei-shiki.^[5] On September 3, 1945, at the beginning of the occupation of Japan after World War II, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur issued a directive mandating the use of modified Hepburn by occupation forces.^[7] The directive had no legal force, however, and a revised version of Kunrei-shiki was reissued by cabinet ordinance on December 9, 1954, after the end of occupation.^[8]

Although it lacks de jure status, Hepburn remains the de facto standard for multiple applications in Japan.^[9] As of 1977, many government organizations used Hepburn, including the Ministry of International Trade and Industry; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs requires the use of Hepburn on passports, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport requires its use on transport signs, including road signs and railway station signs.^[10] According to a survey by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2022, the Japanese primarily use Hepburn to spell place names.^[11]^[12] Hepburn is also used by private organizations, including The Japan Times and the Japan Travel Bureau.^[13]

American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (ANSI Z39.11-1972), based on modified Hepburn, was approved in 1971 and published in 1972 by the American National Standards Institute.^[14] In 1989, it was proposed for International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 3602, but was rejected in favor of Kunrei-shiki.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". ANSI Z39.11-1972 was deprecated as a standard in 1994.^[14]

In January 2024, the Cultural Affairs Agency proposed revising the 1954 Cabinet ordinance to make Hepburn the standard romanization system of Japan.^[15]

Variants

File:Toyooka Station Sign (cropped).jpg

Former Japan National Railways–style board of Toyooka Station. For the two adjacent stations, "GEMBUDŌ" follows the Hepburn romanization system, but "KOKUHU" follows both the Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki systems.

There are many variants of the Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are as follows:

Traditional Hepburn, as defined in various editions of Hepburn's dictionary, with the third edition (1886)^[16] often considered authoritative^[17] (although changes in kana usage must be accounted for). It is characterized by the rendering of syllabic Template:Transliteration as Template:Transliteration before the consonants b, m and p: for example, Template:Transliteration for Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler.
Modified Hepburn, also known as Revised Hepburn, in which (among other changes) the rendering of syllabic Template:Transliteration as Template:Transliteration before bilabial consonants is no longer used: Template:Transliteration for Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler. The version of the system published in the third (1954) and later editions of Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary are often considered authoritative; it was adopted in 1989 by the Library of Congress as one of its ALA-LC romanizations,^[14] and is the most common variant of Hepburn romanization used today.^[18]

In Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses:

Script error: No such module "Nihongo".,^[19] which mostly follows Modified Hepburn, except syllabic Template:Transliteration is rendered as in Traditional. Japan Railways and other major railways use it for station names.
Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., used for road signs, which otherwise follows Modified Hepburn closely but specifies that macrons are not to be used.^[20]
Script error: No such module "Nihongo".,^[21] a permissive standard that renders the syllabic Template:Transliteration as Template:Transliteration before b, m and p. Most of the long vowels are not rendered, and macrons are not used above the letter. Moreover, this standard explicitly allows the use of Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in personal names with special approval,^[22] notably for passports. In particular, the long vowel ō can be romanized Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration or Template:Transliteration (Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration or Template:Transliteration for Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler).

Details of the variants can be found below.

Obsolete variants

The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburn's dictionary are primarily of historical interest. Notable differences from the third and later versions include:

Second version

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler were written as Template:Transliteration: Yedo
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler were written as Template:Transliteration: kudzu, tsudzuku
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler, Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler, and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler were written as Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler (modern: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler) was written as Template:Transliteration:^[23] Kuwannon, kuwaidan

First version

The following differences are in addition to those in the second version:^[24]

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler was written as Template:Transliteration.
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler was written as Template:Transliteration.
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler were written as Template:Transliteration.

Features

The main feature of Hepburn is that its orthography is based on English phonology. More technically, when syllables that are constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain an "unstable" consonant in the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that better matches the real sound as an English-speaker would pronounce it. For example, Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler is written Template:Transliteration not Template:Transliteration. This transcription is thus only partly phonological.

Some linguists such as Harold E. Palmer, Daniel Jones and Otto Jespersen object to Hepburn, contending that the pronunciation-based spellings can obscure the systematic origins of Japanese phonetic structures, inflections, and conjugations.^[25] Since the vowel sounds in Hepburn are similar to the vowel sounds in Italian, and the consonants similar to those of many other languages, in particular English, speakers unfamiliar with Japanese will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.^[1]

Long vowels

In Hepburn, vowel combinations that form a long sound are usually indicated with a macron (◌̄). Other adjacent vowels, such as those separated by a morpheme boundary, are written separately:

Vowels part of the same morpheme
	in traditional Hepburn^[26]	in modified Hepburn^[27]
A + A	aa: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'grandmother' (ba + a)	ā: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'grandmother' (ba + a)
I + I	ii: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – [[Niigata (city)\|Template:Transliteration]] (ni + i)
U + U	ū: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'mathematics' (su + u)
E + E	ee: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'older sister' (ne + e)	ē: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'older sister' (ne + e)
O + O	ō: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'detour' (to + o)
O + U	ō: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration 'study' (kyo + u)

Vowels part of separate morphemes
	In traditional^[26] and modified Hepburn^[27]
A + A	aa: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'evil'
I + I	ii: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'grey' (also terminal adjectives: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'good')
U + U	uu: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'lake' (also terminal verbs: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'to eat')
E + E	ee: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'open veranda'
O + O	oo: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'dance of joy'
O + U	ou: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'calf' (also terminal verbs: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'to get lost')

All other vowel combinations are always written separately:

E + I: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'uniform' (despite E + I often being pronounced as a long E)
U + I: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration + Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'light (in weight)'
O + I: Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler – Template:Transliteration – Template:Transliteration 'nephew'

Loanwords

In foreign loanwords, long vowels followed by a chōonpu (ー) are indicated with macrons:

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: se + (ー) + ra + (ー) = Template:Transliteration 'sailor'
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: ta + ku + shi + (ー) = Template:Transliteration 'taxi'
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: ko + n + ku + (ー) + ru = Template:Transliteration 'competition'
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: ba + re + (ー) + bo + (ー) + ru = Template:Transliteration 'volleyball'
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: so + (ー) + ru = Template:Transliteration 'sole (of a shoe, etc.)'

Adjacent vowels in loanwords are written separately:

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: ba + re + e – Template:Transliteration 'ballet'
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: mi + i + ra – Template:Transliteration 'mummy'
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: so + u + ru – Template:Transliteration 'soul', 'Seoul'

Variations

There are many variations on the Hepburn system for indicating long vowels with a macron. For example, Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler) is properly romanized as Tōkyō, but can also be written as:

Template:Transliteration – not indicated at all. Common for Japanese words that have been adopted into English, and the de facto convention for Hepburn used in signs and other English-language information around Japan.
Template:Transliteration – indicated with circumflex accents, as in the alternative Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanizations.^[28]^[29]
Template:Transliteration – indicated with an h (only applies after o). This is sometimes known as "passport Hepburn", as the Japanese Foreign Ministry has authorized (but not required) it in passports.^[30]^[31]^[32]
Template:Transliteration – written using kana spelling: ō as ou or oo (depending on the kana). This is also known as Template:Transliteration style, as it reflects how text is entered into a Japanese word processor by using a keyboard with Roman characters. Template:Transliteration more accurately represents the way that ō is written in kana by differentiating between Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler (as in Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler), Template:Transliteration in Template:Transliteration) and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler (as in Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler), Template:Transliteration in Template:Transliteration); however, it fails to differentiate between long vowels and vowels separated by a morpheme boundary.
Template:Transliteration – written by doubling the long vowels. Some dictionaries such as the Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary^[33] and Basic English Writers' Japanese-English Wordbook follow this style, and it is also used in the JSL form of romanization.

Particles

In traditional and modified:

When Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler is used as a particle, it is written Template:Transliteration.

In traditional Hepburn:

When Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler is used as a particle, Hepburn originally recommended Template:Transliteration.^[26] This spelling is obsolete, and it is commonly written as Template:Transliteration (Romaji-Hirome-Kai, 1974^[34]).
When Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler is used as a particle, it is written Template:Transliteration.^[26]

In modified Hepburn:^[27]

When Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler is used as a particle, it is written Template:Transliteration.
When Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler is used as a particle, it is written Template:Transliteration.

Syllabic n

In traditional Hepburn:^[26]

Syllabic Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler) is written as Template:Transliteration before consonants, but as Template:Transliteration before labial consonants: b, m, and p. It is sometimes written as n- (with a hyphen) before vowels and y (to avoid confusion between, for example, Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler n + a and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler Template:Transliteration, and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler n + ya and Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler Template:Transliteration), but its hyphen usage is not clear.

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – guide
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – Gunma
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – simple
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – trust

In modified Hepburn:^[27]

The rendering m before labial consonants is not used and is replaced with Template:Transliteration. It is written n' (with an apostrophe) before vowels and y.

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – guide
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – Gunma
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – simple
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – trust

Long consonants

Elongated (or "geminate") consonant sounds are marked by doubling the consonant following a sokuon, Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler; for consonants that are digraphs in Hepburn (sh, ch, ts), only the first consonant of the set is doubled, except for ch, which is replaced by tch.^[26]^[27]

Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – result
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – quickly
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – all the time
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – ticket
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – magazine
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – together
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration (not Template:Transliteration) – this way
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration (not Template:Transliteration) – matcha
Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler: Template:Transliteration – three

Romanization charts

Gojūon					Yōon
あア Template:Transliteration	いイ Template:Transliteration	うウ Template:Transliteration	えエ Template:Transliteration	おオ Template:Transliteration	Yōon

かカ Template:Transliteration	きキ Template:Transliteration	くク Template:Transliteration	けケ Template:Transliteration	こコ Template:Transliteration	きゃキャ Template:Transliteration	きゅキュ Template:Transliteration	きょキョ Template:Transliteration
さサ Template:Transliteration	しシ Template:Transliteration	すス Template:Transliteration	せセ Template:Transliteration	そソ Template:Transliteration	しゃシャ Template:Transliteration	しゅシュ Template:Transliteration	しょショ Template:Transliteration
たタ Template:Transliteration	ちチ Template:Transliteration	つツ Template:Transliteration	てテ Template:Transliteration	とト Template:Transliteration	ちゃチャ Template:Transliteration	ちゅチュ Template:Transliteration	ちょチョ Template:Transliteration
なナ Template:Transliteration	にニ Template:Transliteration	ぬヌ Template:Transliteration	ねネ Template:Transliteration	のノ Template:Transliteration	にゃニャ Template:Transliteration	にゅニュ Template:Transliteration	にょニョ Template:Transliteration
はハ Template:Transliteration	ひヒ Template:Transliteration	ふフ Template:Transliteration	へヘ Template:Transliteration	ほホ Template:Transliteration	ひゃヒャ Template:Transliteration	ひゅヒュ Template:Transliteration	ひょヒョ Template:Transliteration
まマ Template:Transliteration	みミ Template:Transliteration	むム Template:Transliteration	めメ Template:Transliteration	もモ Template:Transliteration	みゃミャ Template:Transliteration	みゅミュ Template:Transliteration	みょミョ Template:Transliteration
やヤ Template:Transliteration		ゆユ Template:Transliteration		よヨ Template:Transliteration
らラ Template:Transliteration	りリ Template:Transliteration	るル Template:Transliteration	れレ Template:Transliteration	ろロ Template:Transliteration	りゃリャ Template:Transliteration	りゅリュ Template:Transliteration	りょリョ Template:Transliteration
わワ Template:Transliteration	ゐヰ Template:Transliteration †		ゑヱ Template:Transliteration †	をヲ Template:Transliteration ‡
				んン Template:Transliteration /Template:Transliteration

がガ Template:Transliteration	ぎギ Template:Transliteration	ぐグ Template:Transliteration	げゲ Template:Transliteration	ごゴ Template:Transliteration	ぎゃギャ Template:Transliteration	ぎゅギュ Template:Transliteration	ぎょギョ Template:Transliteration
ざザ Template:Transliteration	じジ Template:Transliteration	ずズ Template:Transliteration	ぜゼ Template:Transliteration	ぞゾ Template:Transliteration	じゃジャ Template:Transliteration	じゅジュ Template:Transliteration	じょジョ Template:Transliteration
だダ Template:Transliteration	ぢヂ Template:Transliteration	づヅ Template:Transliteration	でデ Template:Transliteration	どド Template:Transliteration	ぢゃヂャ Template:Transliteration	ぢゅヂュ Template:Transliteration	ぢょヂョ Template:Transliteration
ばバ Template:Transliteration	びビ Template:Transliteration	ぶブ Template:Transliteration	べベ Template:Transliteration	ぼボ Template:Transliteration	びゃビャ Template:Transliteration	びゅビュ Template:Transliteration	びょビョ Template:Transliteration
ぱパ Template:Transliteration	ぴピ Template:Transliteration	ぷプ Template:Transliteration	ぺペ Template:Transliteration	ぽポ Template:Transliteration	ぴゃピャ Template:Transliteration	ぴゅピュ Template:Transliteration	ぴょピョ Template:Transliteration

Each entry contains hiragana, katakana, and Hepburn romanization, in that order.
† — The characters in red are historical characters and are obsolete in modern Japanese.^[35]^[36] In modern Hepburn romanization, they are often undefined.^[27]
‡ — The characters in blue are rarely used outside of their status as a particle in modern Japanese,^[28] and romanization follows the rules above.

Extended katakana

These combinations are used mainly to represent the sounds in words in other languages.

Digraphs with orange backgrounds are the general ones used for loanwords or foreign places or names, and those with blue backgrounds are used for more accurate transliterations of foreign sounds, suggested by the Cabinet of Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.^[37] Katakana combinations with beige backgrounds are suggested by the American National Standards Institute^[38] and the British Standards Institution as possible uses.^[39] Ones with purple backgrounds appear on the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting.^[34]

	イィ Template:Transliteration		イェ Template:Transliteration
ウァ Template:Transliteration*	ウィ Template:Transliteration	ウゥ Template:Transliteration*	ウェ Template:Transliteration	ウォ Template:Transliteration
		ウュ Template:Transliteration
ヴァ Template:Transliteration	ヴィ Template:Transliteration	ヴ Template:Transliteration⁑	ヴェ Template:Transliteration	ヴォ Template:Transliteration
ヴャ Template:Transliteration		ヴュ Template:Transliteration	ヴィェ Template:Transliteration	ヴョ Template:Transliteration
			キェ Template:Transliteration
			ギェ Template:Transliteration
クァ Template:Transliteration	クィ Template:Transliteration		クェ Template:Transliteration	クォ Template:Transliteration
クヮ Template:Transliteration
グァ Template:Transliteration	グィ Template:Transliteration		グェ Template:Transliteration	グォ Template:Transliteration
グヮ Template:Transliteration
			シェ Template:Transliteration
			ジェ Template:Transliteration
	スィ Template:Transliteration
	ズィ Template:Transliteration
			チェ Template:Transliteration
ツァ Template:Transliteration	ツィ Template:Transliteration		ツェ Template:Transliteration	ツォ Template:Transliteration
		ツュ Template:Transliteration
	ティ Template:Transliteration	トゥ Template:Transliteration
		テュ Template:Transliteration
	ディ Template:Transliteration	ドゥ Template:Transliteration
		デュ Template:Transliteration
			ニェ Template:Transliteration
			ヒェ Template:Transliteration
			ビェ Template:Transliteration
			ピェ Template:Transliteration
ファ Template:Transliteration	フィ Template:Transliteration		フェ Template:Transliteration	フォ Template:Transliteration
フャ Template:Transliteration		フュ Template:Transliteration	フィェ Template:Transliteration	フョ Template:Transliteration
		ホゥ Template:Transliteration
			ミェ Template:Transliteration
			リェ Template:Transliteration
ラ゚ Template:Transliteration	リ゚ Template:Transliteration	ル゚ Template:Transliteration	レ゚ Template:Transliteration	ロ゚ Template:Transliteration
ヷ Template:Transliteration⁂	ヸ Template:Transliteration⁂		ヹ Template:Transliteration⁂	ヺ Template:Transliteration⁂

* — The use of Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler in these two cases to represent w is rare in modern Japanese except for Internet slang and transcription of the Latin sound Script error: No such module "IPA". into katakana. E.g.: ミネルウァ (Mineruwa "Minerva", from Latin MINERVA Script error: No such module "IPA".); ウゥルカーヌス (Wurukānusu "Vulcan", from Latin VVLCANVS, Vulcānus Script error: No such module "IPA".). The wa-type of foreign sounds (as in watt or wipe) is usually transcribed to ワ (wa), while the wu-type (as in wood or woman) is usually to ウ (Template:Transliteration) or ウー (Template:Transliteration).
⁑ — Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler has a rarely used hiragana form in Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler that is also Template:Transliteration in Hepburn romanization systems.
⁂ — The characters in green are obsolete (out of date) in modern Japanese and very rarely used.^[35]^[36]

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Preface of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization: First edition, Third edition

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Japanese language

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Hepburn romanization: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:27, 16 November 2025

Contents

History

Variants

Obsolete variants

Second version

First version

Features

Long vowels

Loanwords

Variations

Particles

Syllabic n

Long consonants

Romanization charts

Extended katakana

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|System of Japanese romanization}}
+{{Short description|Japanese language romanization system}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
 {{Use American English|date=October 2020}}
-{{cleanup lang|date=August 2023}}
+[[File:Kana & Romaji Chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Chart of [[kana]] and their Hepburn romanizations, including both [[hiragana]] ([[Roman type|roman]]) and [[katakana]] (italicized)]]
-[[File:Kana & Romaji Chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Chart of [[kana]] and their Hepburn romanizations]]
 {{Japanese writing}}
-{{nihongo|'''Hepburn romanization'''|ヘボン式ローマ字|Hebon-shiki rōmaji|lead=yes|{{lit|Hepburn-style [[Latin script|Roman letters]]|lk=yes}}}} is the main system of [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization for the Japanese language]]. The system was originally published in 1867 by American Christian [[missionary]] and physician [[James Curtis Hepburn]] as the standard in the first edition of his Japanese–English dictionary. The system is distinct from other romanization methods in its use of [[English orthography]] to phonetically transcribe sounds: for example, the syllable {{IPA|ja|ɕi|}} ({{lang|ja|し|italic=no}}) is written as ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|shi}}'' and {{IPA|ja|tɕa|}} ({{lang|ja|ちゃ|italic=no}}) is written as ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|cha}}'', reflecting their spellings in English (compare to ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|si}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|tya}}'' in the more systematic [[Nihon-shiki romanization|Nihon-shiki]] and [[Kunrei-shiki romanization|Kunrei-shiki]] systems).
+'''Hepburn''' ({{langx|ja|ヘボン式ローマ字|Hebon-shiki rōmaji}}, {{lit|Hepburn-style [[Latin script|Roman letters]]|lk=yes}}) is the main system of [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization for the Japanese language]]. The system was originally published in 1867 by American Christian [[missionary]] and physician [[James Curtis Hepburn]] as the standard in the first edition of his Japanese–English dictionary. The system is distinct from other romanization methods in its use of [[English orthography]] to phonetically transcribe sounds: for example, the syllable {{IPA|ja|ɕi|}} ({{lang|ja|し|italic=no}}) is written as ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|shi}}'' and {{IPA|ja|tɕa|}} ({{lang|ja|ちゃ|italic=no}}) is written as ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|cha}}'', reflecting their spellings in English (compare to ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|si}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|tya}}'' in the more systematic ''[[Nihon-shiki]]'' and ''[[Kunrei-shiki]]'' systems).
 In 1886, Hepburn published the third edition of his dictionary, codifying a revised version of the system that is known today as "traditional Hepburn". A version with additional revisions, known as "modified Hepburn", was published in 1908.
-Although [[Kunrei-shiki romanization]] is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the most popular method of Japanese romanization. It is learned by most foreign students of the language, and is used within Japan for romanizing personal names, locations, and other information, such as train tables and road signs. Because the system's orthography is based on English phonology instead of a systematic transcription of the [[Kana|Japanese syllabary]], individuals who do not speak Japanese will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.<ref name=hadamitzky />
+Although ''[[Kunrei-shiki]]'' is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the most popular method of Japanese romanization. It is learned by most foreign students of the language, and is used within Japan for romanizing personal names, locations, and other information, such as train tables and road signs. Because the system's orthography is based on English phonology instead of a systematic transcription of the [[Kana|Japanese syllabary]], individuals who do not speak Japanese and know English phonology will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.<ref name=hadamitzky />
 == History ==
@@ Line 16: / Line 15: @@
 In 1867, American [[Presbyterian Mission Agency|Presbyterian]] missionary doctor [[James Curtis Hepburn]] published the first Japanese–English dictionary, in which he introduced a new system for the [[romanization of Japanese]] into [[Latin script]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sant|first1=John Van|last2=Mauch|first2=Peter|last3=Sugita|first3=Yoneyuki|title=Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQOyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|date=January 29, 2007|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-6462-7|page=104|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062931/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQOyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref> He published a second edition in 1872 and a third edition in 1886, which introduced minor changes.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Nishiyama|editor-first1=Kunio|editor-last2=Kishimoto|editor-first2=Hideki|editor-last3=Aldridge|editor-first3=Edith|title=Topics in Theoretical Asian Linguistics: Studies in Honor of John B. Whitman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=st18DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|date=December 15, 2018|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-90-272-6329-2|page=292|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062841/https://books.google.com/books?id=st18DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref> The third edition's system had been adopted in the previous year by the {{nihongo3|"Romanization Club"|羅馬字会|Rōmaji-kai}}, a group of Japanese and foreign scholars who promoted a replacement of the [[Japanese script]] with a romanized system.<ref name="Seeley2000">{{cite book|last=Seeley|first=Christopher|title=A History of Writing in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIkuX0US69QC&pg=PA139|date=April 1, 2000|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-2217-0|pages=139–140|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062838/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIkuX0US69QC&pg=PA139|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Hepburn romanization, loosely based on the conventions of [[English orthography]] (spelling), stood in opposition to [[Nihon-shiki romanization]], which had been developed in Japan in 1881 as a script replacement.<ref name="Seeley2000" /> Compared to Hepburn, Nihon-shiki is more systematic in its representation of the Japanese [[syllabary]] (''[[kana]]''), as each symbol corresponds to a [[phoneme]].<ref name="Unger1996-53">{{cite book|last=Unger|first=J. Marshall|author-link=James Marshall Unger|title=Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|date=August 1, 1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-510166-9|pages=53–55|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063441/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the notation requires further explanation for accurate pronunciation by non-Japanese speakers: for example, the syllables {{IPA|ja|ɕi|}} and {{IPA|ja|tɕa|}}, which are written as ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|shi}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|cha}}'' in Hepburn, are rendered&nbsp;as ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|si}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|tya}}'' in Nihon-shiki.<ref name="Seeley2000" /> After Nihon-shiki was presented to the {{Transliteration|ja|Rōmaji-kai}} in 1886, a dispute began between the supporters of the two systems, which resulted in a standstill and an eventual halt to the organization's activities in 1892.<ref name="Hannas1997">{{cite book|last=Hannas|first=William C.|title=Asia's Orthographic Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA42|date=June 1, 1997|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-1892-0|page=42|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063404/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA42|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Hepburn romanization, loosely based on the conventions of [[English orthography]] (spelling), stood in opposition to ''[[Nihon-shiki]]'', which had been developed in Japan in 1881 as a script replacement.<ref name="Seeley2000" /> Compared to Hepburn, ''Nihon-shiki'' is more systematic in its representation of the Japanese [[syllabary]] (''[[kana]]''), as each symbol corresponds to a [[phoneme]].<ref name="Unger1996-53">{{cite book|last=Unger|first=J. Marshall|author-link=James Marshall Unger|title=Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|date=August 1, 1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-510166-9|pages=53–55|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063441/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the notation requires further explanation for accurate pronunciation by non-Japanese speakers: for example, the syllables {{IPA|ja|ɕi|}} and {{IPA|ja|tɕa|}}, which are written as ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|shi}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|cha}}'' in Hepburn, are rendered&nbsp;as ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|si}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ja|nihon-shiki|tya}}'' in ''Nihon-shiki''.<ref name="Seeley2000" /> After ''Nihon-shiki'' was presented to the {{Transliteration|ja|Rōmaji-kai}} in 1886, a dispute began between the supporters of the two systems, which resulted in a standstill and an eventual halt to the organization's activities in 1892.<ref name="Hannas1997">{{cite book|last=Hannas|first=William C.|title=Asia's Orthographic Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA42|date=June 1, 1997|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-1892-0|page=42|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063404/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA42|url-status=live}}</ref>
-After the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, the two factions resurfaced as the {{nihongo3|"Society for the Spread of Romanization"|ローマ字ひろめ会|Rōmaji Hirome-kai}}, which supported Hepburn's style, and the {{nihongo3|"Romanization Society of Japan"|日本のローマ字社|Nihon no Rōmaji-sha}}, which supported Nihon-shiki.<ref name="Hannas1997" /> In 1908, Hepburn was revised by educator [[Kanō Jigorō]] and others of the ''Rōmaji Hirome-kai'', which began calling it the {{nihongo3|"modified Hepburn system"|修正ヘボン式|Shūsei Hebon-shiki}} or {{nihongo3|"standard system"|標準式|Hyōjun-shiki}}.<ref name="Seeley2000" />
+After the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, the two factions resurfaced as the {{nihongo3|"Society for the Spread of Romanization"|ローマ字ひろめ会|Rōmaji Hirome-kai}}, which supported Hepburn's style, and the {{nihongo3|"Romanization Society of Japan"|日本のローマ字社|Nihon no Rōmaji-sha}}, which supported ''Nihon-shiki''.<ref name="Hannas1997" /> In 1908, Hepburn was revised by educator [[Kanō Jigorō]] and others of the {{transliteration|ja|Rōmaji Hirome-kai}}, which began calling it the {{nihongo3|"modified Hepburn system"|修正ヘボン式|Shūsei Hebon-shiki}} or {{nihongo3|"standard system"|標準式|Hyōjun-shiki}}.<ref name="Seeley2000" />
-In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission, headed by the Minister of Education, was appointed by the government to devise a standardized form of romanization.<ref name="Unger1996-53" /> The Commission eventually decided on a slightly modified "compromise" version of Nihon-shiki, which was chosen for official use by [[Cabinet of Japan|cabinet]] ordinance on September 21, 1937; this system is known today as [[Kunrei-shiki romanization]].<ref name="Unger1996-53" /> On September 3, 1945, at the beginning of the [[occupation of Japan]] after [[World War II]], [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] [[Douglas MacArthur]] issued a directive mandating the use of modified Hepburn by occupation forces.<ref name="Unger1996-78">{{cite book|last=Unger|first=J. Marshall|author-link=James Marshall Unger|title=Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|date=August 1, 1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-510166-9|page=78|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063345/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref> The directive had no legal force, however, and a revised version of Kunrei-shiki was reissued by cabinet ordinance on December 9, 1954, after the end of occupation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEpAQAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|isbn=978-0-87011-626-1|page=336}}</ref>
+In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission, headed by the Minister of Education, was appointed by the government to devise a standardized form of romanization.<ref name="Unger1996-53" /> The Commission eventually decided on a slightly modified "compromise" version of ''Nihon-shiki'', which was chosen for official use by [[Cabinet of Japan|cabinet]] ordinance on September 21, 1937; this system is known today as ''[[Kunrei-shiki]]''.<ref name="Unger1996-53" /> On September 3, 1945, at the beginning of the [[occupation of Japan]] after [[World War II]], [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] [[Douglas MacArthur]] issued a directive mandating the use of modified Hepburn by occupation forces.<ref name="Unger1996-78">{{cite book|last=Unger|first=J. Marshall|author-link=James Marshall Unger|title=Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|date=August 1, 1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-510166-9|page=78|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063345/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref> The directive had no legal force, however, and a revised version of ''Kunrei-shiki'' was reissued by cabinet ordinance on December 9, 1954, after the end of occupation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEpAQAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=[[Kodansha]]|isbn=978-0-87011-626-1|page=336}}</ref>
 Although it lacks ''[[de jure]]'' status, Hepburn remains the ''[[de facto]]'' standard for multiple applications in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/03/250d39967042-japan-to-revise-official-romanization-rules-for-1st-time-in-70-yrs.html|title=Japan to revise official romanization rules for 1st time in 70 yrs|agency=[[Kyodo News]]|date=2024-03-24|access-date=2024-08-26|quote=The Hepburn system [...] has long been predominantly used in society as well as in officialdom,[...]}}</ref> As of 1977, many government organizations used Hepburn, including the [[Ministry of International Trade and Industry]]; the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] requires the use of Hepburn on passports, and the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)|Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport]] requires its use on transport signs, including road signs and railway station signs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Visconti|first=Jacqueline|title=Handbook of Communication in the Legal Sphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fheBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454|date=September 24, 2018|publisher=[[De Gruyter]]|isbn=978-1-61451-466-4|page=454|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063408/https://books.google.com/books?id=fheBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a survey by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2022, the Japanese primarily use Hepburn to spell place names.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Akasi or Akashi? Hepburn Most Established of Japan's Different "Rōmaji" Systems |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h01483/ |website=nippon.com |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303050008/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h01483/ |archive-date= Mar 3, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2022 |title=Cultural agency now weighing romanization of Japanese words |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14732540 |author1=Momoko Jingu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303052857/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14732540 |archive-date=Mar 3, 2024 |website=The Asahi Shimbun}}</ref>
 Hepburn is also used by private organizations, including ''[[The Japan Times]]'' and the [[Japan Travel Bureau]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kent|editor-first1=Allen|editor-last2=Lancour|editor-first2=Harold|editor-last3=Daily|editor-first3=Jay E.|title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA155|date=May 1, 1977|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0-8247-2021-6|page=155|access-date=October 18, 2016|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063412/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA155|url-status=live}}</ref>
-''American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese'' (ANSI Z39.11-1972), based on modified Hepburn, was approved in 1971 and published in 1972 by the [[American National Standards Institute]].<ref name="Kudo2010" /> In 1989, it was proposed for [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) standard 3602, but was rejected in favor of Kunrei-shiki.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ANSI Z39.11-1972 was deprecated as a standard in 1994.<ref name="Kudo2010" />
+''American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese'' (ANSI Z39.11-1972), based on modified Hepburn, was approved in 1971 and published in 1972 by the [[American National Standards Institute]].<ref name="Kudo2010" /> In 1989, it was proposed for [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) standard 3602, but was rejected in favor of ''Kunrei-shiki''.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ANSI Z39.11-1972 was deprecated as a standard in 1994.<ref name="Kudo2010" />
 In January 2024, the [[Cultural Affairs Agency]] proposed revising the 1954 Cabinet ordinance to make Hepburn the standard romanization system of Japan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20240131-165580/ | title=Hepburn-Style Romaji Likely to Become Standardized | date=January 31, 2024 }}</ref>
 == Variants ==
-[[File:Toyooka Station Sign (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Former [[Japan National Railways]]-style board of [[Toyooka Station (Hyōgo)|Toyooka Station]]. For the two adjacent stations, "[[Gembudō Station|GEMBUDŌ]]" follows the Hepburn romanization system, but "[[Kokufu Station|KOKUHU]]" follows the [[Nihon-shiki romanization|Nihon-shiki]]/[[Kunrei-shiki romanization]] system.]]
+[[File:Toyooka Station Sign (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Former [[Japan National Railways]]–style board of [[Toyooka Station (Hyōgo)|Toyooka Station]]. For the two adjacent stations, "[[Gembudō Station|GEMBUDŌ]]" follows the Hepburn romanization system, but "[[Kokufu Station|KOKUHU]]" follows both the ''[[Nihon-shiki]]'' and ''[[Kunrei-shiki]]'' systems.]]
 There are many variants of the Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are as follows:
-* '''Traditional Hepburn''', as defined in various editions of Hepburn's dictionary, with the third edition (1886)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html|script-title=ja:和英語林集成第三版|trans-title=Digital 'Japanese English Forest Collection'|publisher=Meiji Gakuin University|website=Meiji Gakuin University Library|orig-year=2006|date=March 2010|access-date=August 10, 2017|language=ja|archive-date=October 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022013225/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> often considered authoritative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html |title=明治学院大学図書館 - 『和英語林集成』デジタルアーカイブス |publisher=Meijigakuin.ac.jp |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216222332/http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (although [[historical kana usage|changes in kana usage]] must be accounted for). It is characterized by the rendering of syllabic ''n'' as ''m'' before the consonants ''b'', ''m'' and ''p'': for example, {{Transliteration|ja|Shimbashi}} for {{nihongo2|新橋}}.
-* '''Modified Hepburn''', also known as '''Revised Hepburn''', in which (among other changes) the rendering of syllabic ''n'' as ''m'' before [[bilabial consonant]]s is no longer used: ''{{Transliteration|ja|Shinbashi}}'' for {{nihongo2|新橋}}. The version of the system published in the third (1954) and later editions of ''[[Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary]]'' are often considered authoritative; it was adopted in 1989 by the [[Library of Congress]] as one of its [[ALA-LC romanization]]s,<ref name="Kudo2010">{{cite journal |last=Kudo |first=Yoko |date=January 28, 2011 |title=Modified Hepburn Romanization System in Japanese Language Cataloging: Where to Look, What to Follow |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01639374.2011.536751 |format=pdf |journal=Cataloging & Classification Quarterly |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=97–120 |doi=10.1080/01639374.2011.536751 |s2cid=62560768 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229064352/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01639374.2011.536751 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and is the most common variant of Hepburn romanization used today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/online/rom_hist.htm |title=UHM Library : Japan Collection Online Resources |publisher=Hawaii.edu |date=October 6, 2005 |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226172935/http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/online/rom_hist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* '''Traditional Hepburn''', as defined in various editions of Hepburn's dictionary, with the third edition (1886)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html|script-title=ja:和英語林集成第三版|trans-title=Digital 'Japanese English Forest Collection'|publisher=Meiji Gakuin University|website=Meiji Gakuin University Library|orig-year=2006|date=March 2010|access-date=August 10, 2017|language=ja|archive-date=October 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022013225/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> often considered authoritative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html |title=明治学院大学図書館 - 『和英語林集成』デジタルアーカイブス |publisher=Meijigakuin.ac.jp |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216222332/http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (although [[historical kana usage|changes in kana usage]] must be accounted for). It is characterized by the rendering of syllabic {{transliteration|ja|n}} as {{transliteration|ja|m}} before the consonants ''b'', ''m'' and ''p'': for example, {{Transliteration|ja|Shimbashi}} for {{nihongo2|新橋}}.
+* '''Modified Hepburn''', also known as '''Revised Hepburn''', in which (among other changes) the rendering of syllabic {{transliteration|ja|n}} as {{transliteration|ja|m}} before [[bilabial consonant]]s is no longer used: ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|Shinbashi}}'' for {{nihongo2|新橋}}. The version of the system published in the third (1954) and later editions of ''[[Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary]]'' are often considered authoritative; it was adopted in 1989 by the [[Library of Congress]] as one of its [[ALA-LC romanization]]s,<ref name="Kudo2010">{{cite journal |last=Kudo |first=Yoko |date=January 28, 2011 |title=Modified Hepburn Romanization System in Japanese Language Cataloging: Where to Look, What to Follow |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01639374.2011.536751 |format=pdf |journal=Cataloging & Classification Quarterly |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=97–120 |doi=10.1080/01639374.2011.536751 |s2cid=62560768 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=December 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229064352/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01639374.2011.536751 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and is the most common variant of Hepburn romanization used today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/online/rom_hist.htm |title=UHM Library : Japan Collection Online Resources |publisher=Hawaii.edu |date=October 6, 2005 |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226172935/http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/online/rom_hist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 In Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses:
-* {{nihongo|'''Railway Standard'''|鉄道掲示基準規程|Tetsudō Keiji Kijun Kitei}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepage1.nifty.com/tabi-mo/font_kitei2.htm#10 |title=鉄道掲示基準規程 |publisher=Homepage1.nifty.com |access-date=July 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301033237/http://homepage1.nifty.com/tabi-mo/font_kitei2.htm#10 |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which mostly follows Modified Hepburn, except syllabic ''n'' is rendered as in Traditional. [[Japan Railways]] and other major railways use it for station names.
+* {{nihongo|'''Railway Standard'''|鉄道掲示基準規程|Tetsudō Keiji Kijun Kitei}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepage1.nifty.com/tabi-mo/font_kitei2.htm#10 |title=鉄道掲示基準規程 |publisher=Homepage1.nifty.com |access-date=July 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301033237/http://homepage1.nifty.com/tabi-mo/font_kitei2.htm#10 |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which mostly follows Modified Hepburn, except syllabic {{transliteration|ja|n}} is rendered as in Traditional. [[Japan Railways]] and other major railways use it for station names.
 * {{nihongo|'''Road Sign Romaji (Hepburn)'''|道路標識のローマ字(ヘボン式)|Dōrohyōji no rōmaji (Hebonshiki)}}, used for road signs, which otherwise follows Modified Hepburn closely but specifies that macrons are not to be used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kictec.co.jp/varieties-road-sign/hebon-romaji/|script-title=ja:道路標識のローマ字(ヘボン式) の綴り方|trans-title=How to spell Roman letters (Hepburn style) of road signs|website=Kictec|date=June 14, 2012|access-date=August 10, 2017|language=ja|archive-date=April 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420041720/http://www.kictec.co.jp/varieties-road-sign/hebon-romaji/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!--how to spell Roman letters (Hepburn style) of road signs, which follows Modified Hepburn. It is used for road signs. (This sentence needs to be fixed)-->
-* {{nihongo|'''Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard'''|外務省旅券規定|Gaimushō Ryoken Kitei}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html|title=ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=May 16, 2022|archive-date=August 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810185158/https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a permissive standard that renders the syllabic ''n'' as ''m'' before ''b'', ''m'' and ''p''. Most of the long vowels are not rendered, and macrons are not used above the letter. Moreover, this standard explicitly allows the use of {{nihongo|"non-Hepburn romaji"|非ヘボン式ローマ字|hi-Hebon-shiki rōmaji}} in personal names with special approval,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html|title=ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表 (Hebon-shiki Romanization) |website=ezairyu.mofa.go.jp |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> notably for passports. In particular, the long vowel ''ō'' can be romanized ''oh'', ''oo'' or ''ou'' (''Satoh'', ''Satoo'' or ''Satou'' for {{nihongo2|佐藤}}).
+* {{nihongo|'''Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard'''|外務省旅券規定|Gaimushō Ryoken Kitei}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html|title=ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=May 16, 2022|archive-date=August 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810185158/https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a permissive standard that renders the syllabic {{transliteration|ja|n}} as {{transliteration|ja|m}} before ''b'', ''m'' and ''p''. Most of the long vowels are not rendered, and macrons are not used above the letter. Moreover, this standard explicitly allows the use of {{nihongo|"non-Hepburn romaji"|非ヘボン式ローマ字|hi-Hebon-shiki rōmaji}} in personal names with special approval,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html|title=ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表 (Hebon-shiki Romanization) |website=ezairyu.mofa.go.jp |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> notably for passports. In particular, the long vowel ''ō'' can be romanized {{transliteration|ja|oh}}, {{transliteration|ja|oo}} or {{transliteration|ja|ou}} ({{transliteration|ja|Satoh}}, {{transliteration|ja|Satoo}} or {{transliteration|ja|Satou}} for {{nihongo2|佐藤}}).
 Details of the variants can be found below.
@@ Line 47: / Line 48: @@
 ==== Second version ====
-* {{nihongo2|エ}} and {{nihongo2|ヱ}} were written as ''ye'': [[Yedo]]
+* {{nihongo2|エ}} and {{nihongo2|ヱ}} were written as {{transliteration|ja|ye}}: [[Yedo]]
-* {{nihongo2|ズ}} and {{nihongo2|ヅ}} were written as ''dzu'': [[kudzu]], tsudzuku
+* {{nihongo2|ズ}} and {{nihongo2|ヅ}} were written as {{transliteration|ja|dzu}}: [[kudzu]], tsudzuku
-* {{nihongo2|キャ}}, {{nihongo2|キョ}}, and {{nihongo2|キュ}} were written as ''kiya'', ''kiyo'' and ''kiu''
+* {{nihongo2|キャ}}, {{nihongo2|キョ}}, and {{nihongo2|キュ}} were written as {{transliteration|ja|kiya}}, {{transliteration|ja|kiyo}} and {{transliteration|ja|kiu}}
-* {{nihongo2|クヮ}} (modern: {{nihongo2|カ}}) was written as ''kuwa''<ref>{{cite book|title=A Japanese-English And English-Japanese Dictionary|author=James Curtis Hepburn|year=1872|publisher=American Presbyterian mission press|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081858254;view=1up;seq=326|pages=286–290|edition=2nd|access-date=December 16, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101221254/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081858254;view=1up;seq=326|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* {{nihongo2|クヮ}} (modern: {{nihongo2|カ}}) was written as {{transliteration|ja|kuwa}}:<ref>{{cite book|title=A Japanese-English And English-Japanese Dictionary|author=James Curtis Hepburn|year=1872|publisher=American Presbyterian mission press|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081858254;view=1up;seq=326|pages=286–290|edition=2nd|access-date=December 16, 2013|archive-date=January 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101221254/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081858254;view=1up;seq=326|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Guanyin|Kuwannon]], [[Kaidan|kuwaidan]]
 {{Col-break}}
 ==== First version ====
 The following differences are in addition to those in the second version:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/japaneseenglishe00hepb_0|title=Japanese-English and English-Japanese dictionary.|first=J. C. (James Curtis)|last=Hepburn|date=December 10, 1872|publisher=Shanghai, American Presbyterian mission press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
-* {{nihongo2|ス}} was written as ''sz''.
+* {{nihongo2|ス}} was written as {{transliteration|ja|sz}}.
-* {{nihongo2|ツ}} was written as ''tsz''.
+* {{nihongo2|ツ}} was written as {{transliteration|ja|tsz}}.
-* {{nihongo2|ズ}} and {{nihongo2|ヅ}} were written as ''du''.
+* {{nihongo2|ズ}} and {{nihongo2|ヅ}} were written as {{transliteration|ja|du}}.
 {{Col-end}}
 == Features ==
-The main feature of Hepburn is that its [[orthography]] is based on English [[phonology]]. More technically, when syllables that are constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain an "unstable" consonant in the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that better matches the real sound as an English-speaker would pronounce it. For example, {{nihongo2|し}} is written ''shi'' not ''si''. This transcription is thus only partly phonological.
+The main feature of Hepburn is that its [[orthography]] is based on English [[phonology]]. More technically, when syllables that are constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain an "unstable" consonant in the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that better matches the real sound as an English-speaker would pronounce it. For example, {{nihongo2|し}} is written {{transliteration|ja|shi}} not {{transliteration|ja|si}}. This transcription is thus only partly phonological.
-Some linguists such as [[Harold E. Palmer]], [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]] and [[Otto Jespersen]] object to Hepburn, contending that the pronunciation-based spellings can obscure the systematic origins of Japanese phonetic structures, inflections, and conjugations.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=松浦四郎|date=October 1992|title=104年かかった標準化|journal=標準化と品質菅理 -Standardization and Quality Control|volume=45|pages=92–93|publisher=Japanese Standards Association}}</ref> Since the vowel sounds in Hepburn are similar to the vowel sounds in Italian, and the consonants similar to those of many other languages, in particular English, speakers unfamiliar with Japanese will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.<ref name=hadamitzky>{{cite web|last1=Hadamitzky|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Spahn|first2=Mark|title=Romanization systems|url=https://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_romanization_sys.htm|website=Wolfgang Hadamitzky: Japan-related Textbooks, Dictionaries, and Reference Works|access-date=August 10, 2017|date=October 2005|archive-date=January 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124095310/http://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_romanization_sys.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Some linguists such as [[Harold E. Palmer]], [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]] and [[Otto Jespersen]] object to Hepburn, contending that the pronunciation-based spellings can obscure the systematic origins of Japanese phonetic structures, inflections, and conjugations.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=松浦四郎|date=October 1992|title=104年かかった標準化|journal=標準化と品質菅理 - Standardization and Quality Control|volume=45|pages=92–93|publisher=Japanese Standards Association}}</ref> Since the vowel sounds in Hepburn are similar to the vowel sounds in Italian, and the consonants similar to those of many other languages, in particular English, speakers unfamiliar with Japanese will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.<ref name=hadamitzky>{{cite web|last1=Hadamitzky|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Spahn|first2=Mark|title=Romanization systems|url=https://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_romanization_sys.htm|website=Wolfgang Hadamitzky: Japan-related Textbooks, Dictionaries, and Reference Works|access-date=August 10, 2017|date=October 2005|archive-date=January 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124095310/http://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_romanization_sys.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Long vowels ===
@@ Line 75: / Line 76: @@
 |-
 !A + A
-|'''''aa''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|婆|ばあ}}さん}} – ''obaasan'' 'grandmother'<br>(ba + a)
+|'''''aa''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|婆|ばあ}}さん}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|obaasan}} 'grandmother'<br>(ba + a)
-|'''''ā''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|婆|ばあ}}さん}} – ''obāsan'' 'grandmother'<br>(ba + a)
+|'''''ā''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|婆|ばあ}}さん}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|obāsan}} 'grandmother'<br>(ba + a)
 |-
 !I + I
-| colspan="2" |'''''ii''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|新|にい}}{{Ruby|潟|がた}}}} – [[Niigata (city)|''Niigata'']]<br>(ni + i)
+| colspan="2" |'''''ii''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|新|にい}}{{Ruby|潟|がた}}}} – [[Niigata (city)|{{transliteration|ja|hepburn|Niigata}}]]<br>(ni + i)
 |-
 !U + U
-| colspan="2" |'''''ū''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|数|すう}}{{Ruby|学|がく}}}} – ''sūgaku'' 'mathematics'<br>(su + u)
+| colspan="2" |'''''ū''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|数|すう}}{{Ruby|学|がく}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sūgaku}} 'mathematics'<br>(su + u)
 |-
 !E + E
-|'''''ee''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|姉|ねえ}}さん}} – ''oneesan'' 'older sister'<br>(ne + e)
+|'''''ee''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|姉|ねえ}}さん}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|oneesan}} 'older sister'<br>(ne + e)
-|'''''ē''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|姉|ねえ}}さん}} – ''onēsan '' 'older sister'<br>(ne + e)
+|'''''ē''''': {{nihongo2|お{{Ruby|姉|ねえ}}さん}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|onēsan}} 'older sister'<br>(ne + e)
 |-
 !O + O
-| colspan="2" |'''''ō''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|遠|とお}}{{Ruby|回|まわ}}り}} – ''tōmawari'' 'detour'<br>(to + o)
+| colspan="2" |'''''ō''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|遠|とお}}{{Ruby|回|まわ}}り}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tōmawari}} 'detour'<br>(to + o)
 |-
 !O + U
-| colspan="2" |'''''ō''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|勉|べん}}{{Ruby|強|きょう}}}} – ''benkyō'' 'study'<br>(kyo + u)
+| colspan="2" |'''''ō''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|勉|べん}}{{Ruby|強|きょう}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|benkyō}} 'study'<br>(kyo + u)
 |}
@@ Line 101: / Line 102: @@
 |-
 ! A + A
-| colspan="2" |'''''aa''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|邪|じゃ}}{{Ruby|悪|あく}}}} – ''ja'' + ''aku'' – ''jaaku'' 'evil'
+| colspan="2" |'''''aa''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|邪|じゃ}}{{Ruby|悪|あく}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ja}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|aku}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|jaaku}} 'evil'
 |-
 ! I + I
-| colspan="2" |'''''ii''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|灰|はい}}{{Ruby|色|いろ}}}} – ''hai'' + ''iro'' – ''haiiro'' 'grey'<br>(also terminal adjectives: {{nihongo2|いい}} – ''i'' + ''i'' – ''ii'' 'good')
+| colspan="2" |'''''ii''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|灰|はい}}{{Ruby|色|いろ}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hai}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|iro}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|haiiro}} 'grey'<br>(also terminal adjectives: {{nihongo2|いい}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|i}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|i}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ii}} 'good')
 |-
 ! U + U
-| colspan="2" |'''''uu''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|湖|みずうみ}}}} – ''mizu'' + ''umi'' – ''mizuumi'' 'lake'<br>(also terminal verbs: {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|食|く}}う}} – ''ku'' + ''u'' – ''kuu'' 'to eat')
+| colspan="2" |'''''uu''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|湖|みずうみ}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mizu}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|umi}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mizuumi}} 'lake'<br>(also terminal verbs: {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|食|く}}う}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ku}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|u}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kuu}} 'to eat')
 |-
 ! E + E
-| colspan="2" |'''''ee''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|濡|ぬ}}れ{{Ruby|縁|えん}}}} – ''nure'' + ''en'' – {{Transliteration|ja|nureen}} 'open veranda'
+| colspan="2" |'''''ee''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|濡|ぬ}}れ{{Ruby|縁|えん}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nure}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|en}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nureen}} 'open veranda'
 |-
 ! O + O
-| colspan="2" |'''''oo''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|小|こ}}{{Ruby|躍|おど}}り}} – ''ko'' + ''odori'' – ''koodori'' 'dance of joy'
+| colspan="2" |'''''oo''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|小|こ}}{{Ruby|躍|おど}}り}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ko}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|odori}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|koodori}} 'dance of joy'
 |-
 ! O + U
-| colspan="2" |'''''ou''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|仔|こ}}{{Ruby|牛|うし}}}} – ''ko'' + ''ushi'' – ''koushi'' 'calf'<br>(also terminal verbs: {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|迷|まよ}}う}} – ''mayo'' + ''u'' – ''mayou'' 'to get lost')
+| colspan="2" |'''''ou''''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|仔|こ}}{{Ruby|牛|うし}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ko}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ushi}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|koushi}} 'calf'<br>(also terminal verbs: {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|迷|まよ}}う}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mayo}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|u}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mayou}} 'to get lost')
 |}
 All other vowel combinations are always written separately:
-* '''E + I''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|制|せい}}{{Ruby|服|ふく}}}} – ''sei'' + ''fuku'' – ''seifuku'' 'uniform' (despite E + I often being pronounced as a long E)
+* '''E + I''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|制|せい}}{{Ruby|服|ふく}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sei}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fuku}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|seifuku}} 'uniform' (despite E + I often being pronounced as a long E)
-* '''U + I''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|軽|かる}}い}} – ''karu'' + ''i'' – ''karui'' 'light (in weight)'
+* '''U + I''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|軽|かる}}い}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|karu}} + {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|i}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|karui}} 'light (in weight)'
-* '''O + I''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|甥|おい}}}} – ''oi'' – ''oi'' 'nephew'
+* '''O + I''': {{nihongo2|{{Ruby|甥|おい}}}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|oi}} – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|oi}} 'nephew'
 ==== Loanwords ====
 In foreign [[loanword]]s, long vowels followed by a ''[[chōonpu]]'' (ー) are indicated with macrons:
-* {{nihongo2|セーラー}}: ''se'' + (ー) + ''ra'' + (ー) = ''sērā'' 'sailor'
+* {{nihongo2|セーラー}}: ''se'' + (ー) + ''ra'' + (ー) = {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sērā}} 'sailor'
-* {{nihongo2|タクシー}}: ''ta'' + ''ku'' + ''shi'' + (ー) = ''takushī'' 'taxi'
+* {{nihongo2|タクシー}}: ''ta'' + ''ku'' + ''shi'' + (ー) = {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|takushī}} 'taxi'
-* {{nihongo2|コンクール}}: ''ko'' + ''n'' + ''ku'' + (ー) + ''ru'' = ''konkūru'' 'competition'
+* {{nihongo2|コンクール}}: ''ko'' + ''n'' + ''ku'' + (ー) + ''ru'' = {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|konkūru}} 'competition'
-* {{nihongo2|バレーボール}}: ''ba'' + ''re'' + (ー) + ''bo'' + (ー) + ''ru'' = ''barēbōru'' 'volleyball'
+* {{nihongo2|バレーボール}}: ''ba'' + ''re'' + (ー) + ''bo'' + (ー) + ''ru'' = {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|barēbōru}} 'volleyball'
-* {{nihongo2|ソール}}: ''so'' + (ー) + ''ru'' = ''sōru'' 'sole (of a shoe, etc.)'
+* {{nihongo2|ソール}}: ''so'' + (ー) + ''ru'' = {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sōru}} 'sole (of a shoe, etc.)'
 Adjacent vowels in loanwords are written separately:
-* {{nihongo2|バレエ}}: ''ba'' + ''re'' + ''e'' – ''baree'' 'ballet'
+* {{nihongo2|バレエ}}: ''ba'' + ''re'' + ''e'' – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|baree}} 'ballet'
-* {{nihongo2|ミイラ}}: ''mi'' + ''i'' + ''ra'' – ''miira'' 'mummy'
+* {{nihongo2|ミイラ}}: ''mi'' + ''i'' + ''ra'' – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|miira}} 'mummy'
-* {{nihongo2|ソウル}}: ''so'' + ''u'' + ''ru'' – ''souru'' 'soul', '[[Seoul]]'
+* {{nihongo2|ソウル}}: ''so'' + ''u'' + ''ru'' – {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|souru}} 'soul', '[[Seoul]]'
 ==== Variations ====
 There are many variations on the Hepburn system for indicating long vowels with a macron. For example, {{nihongo2|東京}} ({{nihongo2|とうきょう}}) is properly romanized as ''Tōkyō'', but can also be written as:
-* ''Tokyo'' – not indicated at all. Common for Japanese words that have been adopted into English, and the ''de facto'' convention for Hepburn used in signs and other English-language information around Japan.
+* {{transliteration|ja|Tokyo}} – not indicated at all. Common for Japanese words that have been adopted into English, and the ''de facto'' convention for Hepburn used in signs and other English-language information around Japan.
-* ''Tôkyô'' – indicated with [[circumflex accent]]s, as in the alternative [[Nihon-shiki romanization|Nihon-shiki]] and [[Kunrei-shiki romanization|Kunrei-shiki]] romanizations. They are often used when macrons are unavailable or difficult to input, due to their visual similarity.<ref name="tebiki">{{cite book|script-title=ja:ローマ字手引き|trans-title=RÔMAJI TEBIKI|author=Fujino Katsuji|year=1909|publisher=Rômaji-Hirome-kai|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:昭和29年内閣告示第1号 ローマ字のつづり方|trans-title=Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 in 1954 - How to write Romanization|date=December 9, 1954|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html|language=ja|publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]]|author=Cabinet of Japan|author-link=Cabinet of Japan|access-date=May 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529171936/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* {{transliteration|ja|Tôkyô}} – indicated with [[circumflex accent]]s, as in the alternative ''[[Nihon-shiki]]'' and ''[[Kunrei-shiki]]'' romanizations.<ref name="tebiki">{{cite book|script-title=ja:ローマ字手引き|trans-title=RÔMAJI TEBIKI|author=Fujino Katsuji|year=1909|publisher=Rômaji-Hirome-kai|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:昭和29年内閣告示第1号 ローマ字のつづり方|trans-title=Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 in 1954 - How to write Romanization|date=December 9, 1954|url=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html|language=ja|publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]]|author=Cabinet of Japan|author-link=Cabinet of Japan|access-date=May 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529171936/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-* ''Tohkyoh'' – indicated with an ''h'' (only applies after ''o''). This is sometimes known as "passport Hepburn", as the Japanese Foreign Ministry has authorized (but not required) it in passports.<ref name="tokyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/hebon/ |title=PASSPORT_ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表 |trans-title=Table of Spelling in Hepburn Romanization |author=Bureau of Citizens and Culture Affairs of Tokyo |author-link=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |language=ja |access-date=December 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205110946/http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/hebon/ |archive-date=December 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="cisco">{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/a_hihebon_romaji.pdf|script-title=ja:ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表|trans-title=Table of Spelling in Hepburn Romanization|author=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco|language=ja|access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513035601/http://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/a_hihebon_romaji.pdf|archive-date=May 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="detroit">{{cite web|url=http://www.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/jp/ryouji/EXAMPLE%20OF%20APPLICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20PASSPORT.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/jp/ryouji/EXAMPLE%20OF%20APPLICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20PASSPORT.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Example of Application Form for Passport|author=Consulate-General of Japan in Detroit|language=ja|access-date=December 13, 2011}}</ref>
+* {{transliteration|ja|Tohkyoh}} – indicated with an ''h'' (only applies after ''o''). This is sometimes known as "passport Hepburn", as the Japanese Foreign Ministry has authorized (but not required) it in passports.<ref name="tokyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/hebon/ |title=PASSPORT_ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表 |trans-title=Table of Spelling in Hepburn Romanization |author=Bureau of Citizens and Culture Affairs of Tokyo |author-link=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |language=ja |access-date=December 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205110946/http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/hebon/ |archive-date=December 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="cisco">{{cite web|url=http://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/a_hihebon_romaji.pdf|script-title=ja:ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表|trans-title=Table of Spelling in Hepburn Romanization|author=Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco|language=ja|access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513035601/http://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/a_hihebon_romaji.pdf|archive-date=May 13, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="detroit">{{cite web|url=http://www.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/jp/ryouji/EXAMPLE%20OF%20APPLICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20PASSPORT.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/jp/ryouji/EXAMPLE%20OF%20APPLICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20PASSPORT.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Example of Application Form for Passport|author=Consulate-General of Japan in Detroit|language=ja|access-date=December 13, 2011}}</ref>
-* ''Toukyou'' – written using [[kana]] spelling: ''ō'' as ''ou'' or ''oo'' (depending on the kana). This is also known as ''[[Wāpuro rōmaji|wāpuro]]'' style, as it reflects how text is entered into a Japanese word processor by using a keyboard with [[Latin script|Roman character]]s. ''Wāpuro'' more accurately represents the way that ''ō'' is written in kana by differentiating between {{nihongo2|おう}} (as in {{nihongo2|とうきょう}} ({{nihongo2|東京}}), ''Toukyou'' in ''wāpuro'') and {{nihongo2|おお}} (as in {{nihongo2|とおい}} ({{nihongo2|遠い}}), ''tooi'' in ''wāpuro''); however, it fails to differentiate between long vowels and vowels separated by a morpheme boundary.
+* {{transliteration|ja|Toukyou}} – written using [[kana]] spelling: ''ō'' as ''ou'' or ''oo'' (depending on the kana). This is also known as {{transliteration|ja|[[Wāpuro rōmaji|wāpuro]]}} style, as it reflects how text is entered into a Japanese word processor by using a keyboard with [[Latin script|Roman character]]s. {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|Wāpuro}} more accurately represents the way that ''ō'' is written in kana by differentiating between {{nihongo2|おう}} (as in {{nihongo2|とうきょう}} ({{nihongo2|東京}}), {{transliteration|ja|Toukyou}} in {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wāpuro}}) and {{nihongo2|おお}} (as in {{nihongo2|とおい}} ({{nihongo2|遠い}}), {{transliteration|ja|tooi}} in {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wāpuro}}); however, it fails to differentiate between long vowels and vowels separated by a morpheme boundary.
-*''Tookyoo'' – written by doubling the long vowels. Some dictionaries such as the ''Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary''<ref name="pocket">{{cite book |author=Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198607482/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link |title=Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary (9780198607489): Shigeru Takebayashi, Kazuhiko Nagai: Books | date=March 9, 2007 |publisher=Amazon.com | isbn=978-0-19-860748-9 |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308022156/https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198607482/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Basic English Writers' Japanese-English Wordbook'' follow this style, and it is also used in the [[JSL romanization|JSL]] form of romanization.
+*{{transliteration|ja|Tookyoo}} – written by doubling the long vowels. Some dictionaries such as the ''Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary''<ref name="pocket">{{cite book |author=Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198607482/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link |title=Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary (9780198607489): Shigeru Takebayashi, Kazuhiko Nagai: Books | date=March 9, 2007 |publisher=Amazon.com | isbn=978-0-19-860748-9 |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308022156/https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198607482/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Basic English Writers' Japanese-English Wordbook'' follow this style, and it is also used in the [[JSL romanization|JSL]] form of romanization.
 === Particles ===
 In '''traditional''' and '''modified''':
-* When {{nihongo2|は}} is used as a particle, it is written ''wa''.
+* When {{nihongo2|は}} is used as a particle, it is written {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wa}}.
 In '''traditional Hepburn''':
-* When {{nihongo2|へ}} is used as a particle, Hepburn originally recommended ''ye''.<ref name="3rd"/> [[Historical kana orthography|This spelling is obsolete]], and it is commonly written as ''e'' (Romaji-Hirome-Kai, 1974<ref name="hyouzyunC">{{cite web |url=http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html |title=標準式ローマ字つづり―引用 |access-date=February 27, 2016 |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012426/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html |url-status=live }}{{self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>).
+* When {{nihongo2|へ}} is used as a particle, Hepburn originally recommended {{transliteration|ja|ye}}.<ref name="3rd"/> [[Historical kana orthography|This spelling is obsolete]], and it is commonly written as {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|e}} (Romaji-Hirome-Kai, 1974<ref name="hyouzyunC">{{cite web |url=http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html |title=標準式ローマ字つづり―引用 |access-date=February 27, 2016 |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012426/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html |url-status=live }}{{self-published source|date=February 2016}}</ref>).
-* When {{nihongo2|を}} is used as a particle, it is written ''wo''.<ref name="3rd"/>
+* When {{nihongo2|を}} is used as a particle, it is written {{transliteration|ja|wo}}.<ref name="3rd"/>
 In '''modified Hepburn''':<ref name="kenkyusha"/>
-* When {{nihongo2|へ}} is used as a particle, it is written ''e''.
+* When {{nihongo2|へ}} is used as a particle, it is written {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|e}}.
-* When {{nihongo2|を}} is used as a particle, it is written ''o''.
+* When {{nihongo2|を}} is used as a particle, it is written {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|o}}.
 === Syllabic ''n'' ===
 In '''traditional Hepburn''':<ref name="3rd"/>
-:Syllabic ''n'' ({{nihongo2|ん}}) is written as ''n'' before consonants, but as ''m'' before [[labial consonant]]s: ''b'', ''m'', and ''p''. It is sometimes written as ''n-'' (with a hyphen) before vowels and ''y'' (to avoid confusion between, for example, {{nihongo2|んあ}} ''n + a'' and {{nihongo2|な}} ''na'', and {{nihongo2|んや}} ''n + ya'' and {{nihongo2|にゃ}} ''nya''), but its hyphen usage is not clear. <!-- see talk page -->
+:Syllabic {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|n}} ({{nihongo2|ん}}) is written as {{transliteration|ja|n}} before consonants, but as {{transliteration|ja|m}} before [[labial consonant]]s: ''b'', ''m'', and ''p''. It is sometimes written as ''n-'' (with a hyphen) before vowels and ''y'' (to avoid confusion between, for example, {{nihongo2|んあ}} ''n + a'' and {{nihongo2|な}} {{transliteration|ja|na}}, and {{nihongo2|んや}} ''n + ya'' and {{nihongo2|にゃ}} {{transliteration|ja|nya}}), but its hyphen usage is not clear. <!-- see talk page -->
-* {{nihongo2|案内（あんない）}}: ''annai'' – guide
+* {{nihongo2|案内（あんない）}}: {{transliteration|ja|annai}} – guide
-* {{nihongo2|群馬（ぐんま）}}: ''Gumma'' – [[Gunma]]
+* {{nihongo2|群馬（ぐんま）}}: {{transliteration|ja|Gumma}} – [[Gunma]]
-* {{nihongo2|簡易（かんい）}}: ''kan-i'' – simple
+* {{nihongo2|簡易（かんい）}}: {{transliteration|ja|kan-i}} – simple
-* {{nihongo2|信用（しんよう）}}: ''shin-yō'' – trust
+* {{nihongo2|信用（しんよう）}}: {{transliteration|ja|shin-yō}} – trust
 In '''modified Hepburn''':<ref name="kenkyusha"/>
-:The rendering ''m'' before labial consonants is not used and is replaced with ''n''. It is written ''n''' (with an apostrophe) before vowels and ''y''.
+:The rendering ''m'' before labial consonants is not used and is replaced with {{transliteration|ja|n}}. It is written ''n''' (with an apostrophe) before vowels and ''y''.
-* {{nihongo2|案内（あんない）}}: ''annai'' – guide
+* {{nihongo2|案内（あんない）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|annai}} – guide
-* {{nihongo2|群馬（ぐんま）}}: ''Gunma'' – Gunma
+* {{nihongo2|群馬（ぐんま）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|Gunma}} – Gunma
-* {{nihongo2|簡易（かんい）}}: ''kan'i'' – simple
+* {{nihongo2|簡易（かんい）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kan'i}} – simple
-* {{nihongo2|信用（しんよう）}}: ''shin'yō'' – trust
+* {{nihongo2|信用（しんよう）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|shin'yō}} – trust
 === Long consonants ===
 Elongated (or "[[gemination|geminate]]") consonant sounds are marked by doubling the consonant following a [[sokuon]], {{nihongo2|っ}}; for consonants that are digraphs in Hepburn (''sh'', ''ch'', ''ts''), only the first consonant of the set is doubled, except for ''ch'', which is replaced by ''tch''.<ref name="3rd"/><ref name="kenkyusha"/>
-* {{nihongo2|結果（けっか）}}: ''kekka'' – result
+* {{nihongo2|結果（けっか）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kekka}} – result
-* {{nihongo2|さっさと}}: ''sassato'' – quickly
+* {{nihongo2|さっさと}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sassato}} – quickly
-* {{nihongo2|ずっと}}: ''zutto'' – all the time
+* {{nihongo2|ずっと}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|zutto}} – all the time
-* {{nihongo2|切符（きっぷ）}}: ''kippu'' – ticket
+* {{nihongo2|切符（きっぷ）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kippu}} – ticket
-* {{nihongo2|雑誌（ざっし）}}: ''zasshi'' – magazine
+* {{nihongo2|雑誌（ざっし）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|zasshi}} – magazine
-* {{nihongo2|一緒（いっしょ）}}: ''issho'' – together
+* {{nihongo2|一緒（いっしょ）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|issho}} – together
-* {{nihongo2|こっち}}: ''kotchi'' (not ''kocchi'') – this way
+* {{nihongo2|こっち}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kotchi}} (not {{transliteration|ja|kocchi}}) – this way
-* {{nihongo2|抹茶（まっちゃ）}}: ''matcha'' (not ''maccha'') – [[matcha]]
+* {{nihongo2|抹茶（まっちゃ）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|matcha}} (not {{transliteration|ja|maccha}}) – [[matcha]]
-* {{nihongo2|三つ（みっつ）}}: ''mittsu'' – three
+* {{nihongo2|三つ（みっつ）}}: {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mittsu}} – three
 == Romanization charts ==
-{| border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px" style="width:100%;" class="wikitable" lang="ja"
+{| border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px" class="wikitable" lang="ja"
 |-
 ! colspan="5"  style="background:#becfeb; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; width:50%;"| [[Gojūon]]
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="2"  style="text-align:center; background:#d4d4d4; width:50%;"| [[Yōon]]
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#becfeb; text-align:center;"
-|あ ア ''a''||い イ ''i''||う ウ ''u''||え エ ''e''||お オ ''o''
+|あ ア {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|a}}||い イ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|i}}||う ウ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|u}}||え エ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|e}}||お オ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|o}}
 |-
 |colspan="8"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|か カ ''ka''||き キ ''ki''||く ク ''ku''||け ケ ''ke''||こ コ ''ko''
+|か カ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ka}}||き キ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ki}}||く ク {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ku}}||け ケ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ke}}||こ コ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ko}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|きゃ キャ ''kya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|きゃ キャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|きゅ キュ ''kyu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|きゅ キュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kyu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|きょ キョ ''kyo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|きょ キョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kyo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|さ サ ''sa''||し シ ''shi''||す ス ''su''||せ セ ''se''||そ ソ ''so''
+|さ サ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sa}}||し シ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|shi}}||す ス {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|su}}||せ セ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|se}}||そ ソ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|so}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|しゃ シャ ''sha''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|しゃ シャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sha}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|しゅ シュ ''shu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|しゅ シュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|shu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|しょ ショ ''sho''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|しょ ショ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|sho}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|た タ ''ta''||ち チ ''chi''||つ ツ ''tsu''||て テ ''te''||と ト ''to''
+|た タ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ta}}||ち チ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|chi}}||つ ツ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tsu}}||て テ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|te}}||と ト {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|to}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ちゃ チャ ''cha''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ちゃ チャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|cha}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ちゅ チュ ''chu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ちゅ チュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|chu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ちょ チョ ''cho''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ちょ チョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|cho}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|な ナ ''na''||に ニ ''ni''||ぬ ヌ ''nu''||ね ネ ''ne''||の ノ ''no''
+|な ナ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|na}}||に ニ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ni}}||ぬ ヌ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nu}}||ね ネ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ne}}||の ノ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|no}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|にゃ ニャ ''nya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|にゃ ニャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|にゅ ニュ ''nyu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|にゅ ニュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nyu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|にょ ニョ ''nyo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|にょ ニョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nyo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|は ハ ''ha''||ひ ヒ ''hi''||ふ フ ''fu''||へ ヘ ''he''||ほ ホ ''ho''
+|は ハ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ha}}||ひ ヒ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hi}}||ふ フ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fu}}||へ ヘ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|he}}||ほ ホ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ho}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ひゃ ヒャ ''hya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ひゃ ヒャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ひゅ ヒュ ''hyu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ひゅ ヒュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hyu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ひょ ヒョ ''hyo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ひょ ヒョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hyo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|ま マ ''ma''||み ミ ''mi''||む ム ''mu''||め メ ''me''||も モ ''mo''
+|ま マ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ma}}||み ミ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mi}}||む ム {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mu}}||め メ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|me}}||も モ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mo}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|みゃ ミャ ''mya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|みゃ ミャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|みゅ ミュ ''myu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|みゅ ミュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|myu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|みょ ミョ ''myo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|みょ ミョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|myo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|や ヤ ''ya''|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"| ||ゆ ユ ''yu''|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"| ||よ ヨ ''yo''
+|や ヤ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ya}}|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"| ||ゆ ユ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|yu}}|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"| ||よ ヨ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|yo}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="3"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|ら ラ ''ra''||り リ ''ri''||る ル ''ru''||れ レ ''re''||ろ ロ ''ro''
+|ら ラ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ra}}||り リ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ri}}||る ル {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ru}}||れ レ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|re}}||ろ ロ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ro}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|りゃ リャ ''rya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|りゃ リャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|rya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|りゅ リュ ''ryu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|りゅ リュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ryu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|りょ リョ ''ryo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|りょ リョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ryo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|わ ワ ''wa''||{{red|ゐ ヰ ''i''}}&nbsp;†|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"| ||{{red|ゑ ヱ ''e''}}&nbsp;†||{{blue|を ヲ ''o''}}&nbsp;‡
+|わ ワ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wa}}||{{red|ゐ ヰ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|i}}}}&nbsp;†|| style="background:#e9e9e9;"| ||{{red|ゑ ヱ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|e}}}}&nbsp;†||{{blue|を ヲ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|o}}}}&nbsp;‡
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="3"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-| style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="4"| ||ん ン ''n''&nbsp;/''n{{'}}''
+| style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="4"| ||ん ン {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|n}}&nbsp;/{{transliteration|ja|hepburn|n'}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="3"|
 |-
 |colspan="8"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|が ガ ''ga''||ぎ ギ ''gi''||ぐ グ ''gu''||げ ゲ ''ge''||ご ゴ ''go''
+|が ガ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ga}}||ぎ ギ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gi}}||ぐ グ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gu}}||げ ゲ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ge}}||ご ゴ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|go}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぎゃ ギャ ''gya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぎゃ ギャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぎゅ ギュ ''gyu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぎゅ ギュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gyu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぎょ ギョ ''gyo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぎょ ギョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gyo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|ざ ザ ''za''||じ ジ ''ji''||ず ズ ''zu''||ぜ ゼ ''ze''||ぞ ゾ ''zo''
+|ざ ザ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|za}}||じ ジ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ji}}||ず ズ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|zu}}||ぜ ゼ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ze}}||ぞ ゾ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|zo}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|じゃ ジャ ''ja''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|じゃ ジャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ja}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|じゅ ジュ ''ju''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|じゅ ジュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ju}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|じょ ジョ ''jo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|じょ ジョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|jo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|だ ダ ''da''||ぢ ヂ ''ji''||づ ヅ ''zu''||で デ ''de''||ど ド ''do''
+|だ ダ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|da}}||ぢ ヂ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ji}}||づ ヅ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|zu}}||で デ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|de}}||ど ド {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|do}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぢゃ ヂャ ''ja''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぢゃ ヂャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ja}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぢゅ ヂュ ''ju''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぢゅ ヂュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ju}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぢょ ヂョ ''jo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぢょ ヂョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|jo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|ば バ ''ba''||び ビ ''bi''||ぶ ブ ''bu''||べ ベ ''be''||ぼ ボ ''bo''
+|ば バ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ba}}||び ビ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|bi}}||ぶ ブ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|bu}}||べ ベ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|be}}||ぼ ボ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|bo}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|びゃ ビャ ''bya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|びゃ ビャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|bya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|びゅ ビュ ''byu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|びゅ ビュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|byu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|びょ ビョ ''byo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|びょ ビョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|byo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
-|ぱ パ ''pa''||ぴ ピ ''pi''||ぷ プ ''pu''||ぺ ペ ''pe''||ぽ ポ ''po''
+|ぱ パ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pa}}||ぴ ピ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pi}}||ぷ プ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pu}}||ぺ ペ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pe}}||ぽ ポ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|po}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぴゃ ピャ ''pya''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぴゃ ピャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pya}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぴゅ ピュ ''pyu''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぴゅ ピュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pyu}}
-| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぴょ ピョ ''pyo''
+| style="background:#f3f5de;"|ぴょ ピョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pyo}}
 |}
@@ Line 278: / Line 279: @@
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|イィ ''yi''
+| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|イィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|yi}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-|イェ ''ye''
+|イェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ye}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ウァ ''wa''*
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ウァ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wa}}*
-|ウィ ''wi''
+|ウィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wi}}
-| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|ウゥ ''wu''*
+| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|ウゥ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wu}}*
-|ウェ ''we''
+|ウェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|we}}
-|ウォ ''wo''
+|ウォ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ウュ ''wyu''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ウュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|wyu}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
-|ヴァ ''va''
+|ヴァ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|va}}
-|ヴィ ''vi''
+|ヴィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vi}}
-|ヴ ''vu''⁑
+|ヴ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vu}}⁑
-|ヴェ ''ve''
+|ヴェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ve}}
-|ヴォ ''vo''
+|ヴォ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"
-|ヴャ ''vya''
+|ヴャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vya}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-| style="background:#9cf;"|ヴュ ''vyu''
+| style="background:#9cf;"|ヴュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vyu}}
-|ヴィェ ''vye''
+|ヴィェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vye}}
-|ヴョ ''vyo''
+|ヴョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vyo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|キェ ''kye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|キェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ギェ ''gye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ギェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
-|クァ ''kwa''
+|クァ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kwa}}
-|クィ ''kwi''
+|クィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kwi}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-|クェ ''kwe''
+|クェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kwe}}
-|クォ ''kwo''
+|クォ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kwo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|クヮ ''kwa''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|クヮ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|kwa}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="4"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"
-| style="background:#9cf;"|グァ ''gwa''
+| style="background:#9cf;"|グァ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gwa}}
-|グィ ''gwi''
+|グィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gwi}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-|グェ ''gwe''
+|グェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gwe}}
-|グォ ''gwo''
+|グォ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gwo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|グヮ ''gwa''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|グヮ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|gwa}}
 |colspan="4"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#fc9;"|シェ ''she''
+| style="background:#fc9;"|シェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|she}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#fc9;"|ジェ ''je''
+| style="background:#fc9;"|ジェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|je}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |
-| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|スィ ''si''
+| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|スィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|si}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |
-| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|ズィ ''zi''
+| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|ズィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|zi}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#fc9;"|チェ ''che''
+| style="background:#fc9;"|チェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|che}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc9; text-align:center;"
-|ツァ ''tsa''
+|ツァ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tsa}}
-| style="background:#9cf;"|ツィ ''tsi''
+| style="background:#9cf;"|ツィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tsi}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-|ツェ ''tse''
+|ツェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tse}}
-|ツォ ''tso''
+|ツォ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tso}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ツュ ''tsyu''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ツュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tsyu}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-| style="background:#fc9;"|ティ ''ti''
+| style="background:#fc9;"|ティ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ti}}
-| style="background:#9cf;"|トゥ ''tu''
+| style="background:#9cf;"|トゥ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tu}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
-|テュ ''tyu''
+|テュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|tyu}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-| style="background:#fc9;"|ディ ''di''
+| style="background:#fc9;"|ディ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|di}}
-| style="background:#9cf;"|ドゥ ''du''
+| style="background:#9cf;"|ドゥ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|du}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc9; text-align:center;"
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
-|デュ ''dyu''
+|デュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|dyu}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ニェ ''nye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ニェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|nye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ヒェ ''hye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ヒェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ビェ ''bye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ビェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|bye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ピェ ''pye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ピェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|pye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc9; text-align:center;"
-|ファ ''fa''
+|ファ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fa}}
-|フィ ''fi''
+|フィ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fi}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-|フェ ''fe''
+|フェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fe}}
-|フォ ''fo''
+|フォ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"
-|フャ ''fya''
+|フャ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fya}}
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-| style="background:#9cf;"|フュ ''fyu''
+| style="background:#9cf;"|フュ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fyu}}
-|フィェ ''fye''
+|フィェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fye}}
-|フョ ''fyo''
+|フョ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|fyo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="2"|
-| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|ホゥ ''hu''
+| style="background:#e1a1ff;"|ホゥ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|hu}}
 |colspan="2"|
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ミェ ''mye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|ミェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|mye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"
 |colspan="3"|
-| style="background:#eee8aa;"|リェ ''rye''
+| style="background:#eee8aa;"|リェ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|rye}}
 |
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#e1a1ff; text-align:center;"
-|ラ゚ ''la''
+|ラ゚ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|la}}
-|リ゚ ''li''
+|リ゚ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|li}}
-|ル゚ ''lu''
+|ル゚ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|lu}}
-|レ゚ ''le''
+|レ゚ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|le}}
-|ロ゚ ''lo''
+|ロ゚ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|lo}}
 |-  style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"
-|{{green|ヷ ''va''}}⁂
+|{{green|ヷ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|va}}}}⁂
-|{{green|ヸ ''vi''}}⁂
+|{{green|ヸ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vi}}}}⁂
 | style="background:#e9e9e9;"|
-|{{green|ヹ ''ve''}}⁂
+|{{green|ヹ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|ve}}}}⁂
-|{{green|ヺ ''vo''}}⁂
+|{{green|ヺ {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vo}}}}⁂
 |}
-* * — The use of {{nihongo2|ウ}} in these two cases to represent ''w'' is rare in modern Japanese except for Internet slang and transcription of the Latin sound {{IPA|[w]}} into katakana. E.g.: [[w:ja:ミネルウァ|ミネル'''ウァ''']] (''Mineru'''wa''''' "[[Minerva]]", from Latin ''MINER'''VA''''' {{IPA|[mɪˈnɛr'''wa''']}}); [[w:ja:ウゥルカーヌス|'''ウゥ'''ルカーヌス]] ('''''Wu'''rukānusu'' "[[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]]", from Latin '''''VV'''LCANVS'', '''''Vu'''lcānus'' {{IPA|['''wʊ'''lˈkaːnʊs]}}). The ''wa''-type of foreign sounds (as in ''watt'' or ''white'') is usually transcribed to ワ (''wa''), while the ''wu''-type (as in ''wood'' or ''woman'') is usually to ウ (''u'') or ウー (''ū'').
+* * — The use of {{nihongo2|ウ}} in these two cases to represent ''w'' is rare in modern Japanese except for Internet slang and transcription of the Latin sound {{IPA|[w]}} into katakana. E.g.: [[w:ja:ミネルウァ|ミネル'''ウァ''']] (''Mineru'''wa''''' "[[Minerva]]", from Latin ''MINER'''VA''''' {{IPA|[mɪˈnɛr'''wa''']}}); [[w:ja:ウゥルカーヌス|'''ウゥ'''ルカーヌス]] ('''''Wu'''rukānusu'' "[[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]]", from Latin '''''VV'''LCANVS'', '''''Vu'''lcānus'' {{IPA|['''wʊ'''lˈkaːnʊs]}}). The ''wa''-type of foreign sounds (as in ''watt'' or ''wipe'') is usually transcribed to ワ (''wa''), while the ''wu''-type (as in ''wood'' or ''woman'') is usually to ウ ({{transliteration|ja|u}}) or ウー ({{transliteration|ja|ū}}).
-* ⁑ — {{nihongo2|ヴ}} has a rarely used [[hiragana]] form in {{nihongo2|ゔ}} that is also ''vu'' in Hepburn romanization systems.
+* ⁑ — {{nihongo2|ヴ}} has a rarely used [[hiragana]] form in {{nihongo2|ゔ}} that is also {{transliteration|ja|hepburn|vu}} in Hepburn romanization systems.
-* ⁂ — The characters in {{green|green}} are obsolete in modern Japanese and very rarely used.<ref name="usage1946"/><ref name="usage1986"/>
+* ⁂ — The characters in {{green|green}} are obsolete (out of date) in modern Japanese and very rarely used.<ref name="usage1946"/><ref name="usage1986"/>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 444: / Line 445: @@
 == External links ==
-* [http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep1.html Preface of first edition of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization]
+* Preface of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization: [http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep1.html First edition], [http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html Third edition]
-* [http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html Preface of third edition of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization]
 {{Japanese romanization}}

Hepburn romanization: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:27, 16 November 2025

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Second version

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