Gutob language: Difference between revisions

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==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Gutob is spoken across southern [[Odisha]] and adjacent districts of northern [[Andhra Pradesh]], and is concentrated primarily in Lamptaput block, [[Koraput district]], southern [[Odisha]] (Griffiths 2008:634). In recent centuries, Gutob speakers have also migrated to the plains of Andhra Pradesh as well as [[Rayagada District]], including near the town Majiguda (close to Kalyansinghpur) where they live alongside the [[Kui language (India)|Dravidian]]-speaking [[Kondhs]].
Gutob is spoken across southern [[Odisha]] and adjacent districts of northern [[Andhra Pradesh]], and is concentrated primarily in Lamptaput block, [[Koraput district]], southern [[Odisha]].<ref>Griffiths (2008:634)</ref> In recent centuries, Gutob speakers have also migrated to the plains of Andhra Pradesh as well as [[Rayagada District]], including near the town Majiguda (close to Kalyansinghpur) where they live alongside the [[Kui language (India)|Dravidian]]-speaking [[Kondhs]].


''Ethnologue'' reports the following locations.
''Ethnologue'' reports the following locations.
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*Khoirput block, [[Malkangiri district]], southern [[Odisha]]
*Khoirput block, [[Malkangiri district]], southern [[Odisha]]
*[[Visakhapatnam district]], northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Visakhapatnam district]], northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]
==Dialects==
Although there are some speculation, Griffiths (2008) states "at least two dialects of Gutob exist": Koraput Gutob and Andhra Gutob. The author assumes that the former is the standard variety. The degree of mutual intelligibility of the two dialect is unknown, though differences in phonology and lexicons were reported by Subba Rao (1992) and Bhaskara Rao (1969), and the Andhra dialect has been strongly influenced by [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>Griffiths (2008:636)</ref>


==Language status==
==Language status==
The Gutob language is considered to be either [[endangered language|endangered]] or [[moribund language|moribund]], due in part to several hydroelectric projects that have displaced Gutob people from their traditional villages and forced them to live as minorities in primarily [[Desiya language|Desiya]]-speaking villages. Anderson (2008) estimates the number of speakers at around 10 to 15,000, while the Asha Kiran society, which works in Koraput, estimates the number at less than 5,000. The 2011 census most likely counts Gutob and Ollari as the same language, since they are both called Gadaba by outsiders. Although Gutob-language education has been attempted, it has faced stiff resistance and most parents still want their children to learn Desiya only due to being in mixed villages.<ref>[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/herold_rajan.pdf "Literature development in minority language: Case study of Gutob–Gadaba Language Revitalization Project in India"] (in .pdf format)</ref>
The Gutob language is considered to be either [[endangered language|endangered]] or [[moribund language|moribund]], due in part to several hydroelectric projects that have displaced Gutob people from their traditional villages and forced them to live as minorities in primarily [[Desiya language|Desiya]]-speaking villages. Anderson (2008) estimates the number of speakers at around 10 to 15,000, while the Asha Kiran society, which works in Koraput, estimates the number at less than 5,000. Virtually there are no Gutob monolinguals. The 2011 census most likely counts Gutob and Ollari as the same language, since they are both called Gadaba by outsiders. Although Gutob-language education has been attempted, it has faced stiff resistance and most parents still want their children to learn Desiya only due to being in mixed villages.<ref>[http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/herold_rajan.pdf "Literature development in minority language: Case study of Gutob–Gadaba Language Revitalization Project in India"] (in .pdf format)</ref>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
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|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
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|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|dz}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
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|
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|ts}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
|{{IPA link|dz}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|
|({{IPA link|ɽ}})
|
|
|
|
|
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|{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|({{IPA link|ɽ}})
|
|
|
|
|
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| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ai, ia, au, ao, oi, io, ou, ei, ie, eu/}}
| colspan="3" |{{IPA|/ai, ia, au, ao, oi, io, ou, ei, ie, eu/}}
|}
|}
===Prosody===
According to Voß, L-H word pattern is found across all Gutob words. Stress usually falls in the second syllable of Gutob disyllables and final syllable in other words. This pattern is already well-exhibited in the ethnonyms of the Gutob people: Dravidian-[[Desia language|Desia]] ˈgābadā vs Gutob guˈtob, Dravianized [[Ollari language|Ollari]] ˈtugoːlu vs Gutob tuˈgɔl ('yesterday'). However, in verbal forms with trisyllables, the patterns may be unpredictable.<ref name="OUP WP 17">{{cite book|last1=Hildebrandt|first1=Kristine|last2=Anderson|first2=Gregory D. S.|editor-last1=Hulst|editor-first1=Harry van der|editor-link1=Harry van der Hulst|editor-last2=Bogomolets|editor-first2=Ksenia|title=Word Prominence in Languages with Complex Morphologies|chapter=Word Prominence in Languages of Southern Asia|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2023|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198840589.003.0017|pages=520–564|isbn=978-0-19-884058-9 }}</ref>
==Morphology==
===Nouns and NPs===
====Number====
Gutob distinguish two numbers: singular (''-Ø'') and plural (''-nen''). The plural is not obligatorily marked.
====Person====
Kinship terms in Gutob are marked for inalienable possession by third possessives ''-ɖei/ɖoi''.
====Case====
[[Case marking]] in Gutob is not an overtly component in the nominal morphology. According to Griffiths, there are three postpositions (suffixes) that always attach to pronouns and NPs to show cases: the unmarked subjective, the genitive/attributive/possessive ''-nu'', and objective/oblique ''-pulai'' on nominals and pronouns, and ''o-'' on pronouns. In some cases, if the indirect object and the direct object in the same clause are both animate, the former will be marked.
===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
!  !! singular !! plural
|-
! 1st person
| niŋ || nei/naj
|-
! 2nd person
| nom || pen
|-
! 3rd person
| maj || majnen
|}
===Verbs===
====Pronominal markers====
Like Kherwarian languages (such as [[Santali language|Santali]]), [[Kharia language|Kharia]], and [[Bonda language|Remo]], person indexation (subject) in Gutob verb (TAM/person-syntagma) is achieved solely through enclitics. The first and second person clitics are basically the same with pronouns
{| class="wikitable"
!  !! singular !! plural
|-
! 1st person
| =niŋ || =nei/=naj
|-
! 2nd person
| =nom || =pen
|-
! 3rd person
| =Ø || =nen
|}
The placement of subject enclitics in Gutob predicates is extremely variable, unlike fixed positions in Kharia, Remo, and Kherwarian. It seems that the subject markers in Gutob are not explicitly parts of the verbal system. Study by Just & Voß (2023) found that subject enclitics are highly sensitive to discourse; they are often placed wherever the topic is the most prominent. These atypical characteristics sets Gutob person indexation system apart from the normal clines of Munda indexation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Just|first1=Erika|last2=Voß|first2=Judith|date=2023|title=Variable index placement in Gutob from a typological perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21042.jus|via=University of Zurich|journal= Studies in Language|volume=47|issue=4|pages=870–899|doi=10.1075/sl.21042.jus|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
In complex predicates with the presence of an [[auxiliary verb]], the person markers are repeated not only for the lexical verb but also for the auxiliary. However the AVC double marking pattern in Gutob may have considerable variation regarding the placement of the subject enclitics due to pragmatic discourse-oriented factors.
{{Interlinear|indent=3|sobu paiʈi niŋ ɖem{{=}}oʔ{{=}}niŋ beɽbeʔ{{=}}niŋ|all work I do{{=}}MID.PST{{=}}1SG AUX{{=}}1SG|'I did all the work.'}}
{{Interlinear|indent=3|loʈei{{=}}oʔ{{=}}niŋ beɽ{{=}}oʔ{{=}}su|have.sex.with.woman{{=}}MID.PST{{=}}1 AUX{{=}}MID.PST{{=}}SS|'After I had sex with her.'}}
====Tense-mood-aspect-aktionsart====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gutob TAM paradigm
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
|-
! Valency
! Transitive
! Intransitive
! Transitive
! Intransitive
|-
! Imperfective
| ''=loŋ''
| ''=tu''
| ''=a''
| ''=Ø''
|-
! Past
| ''=gV''
| ''=oʔ''
| colspan="2" |''=to''
|-
! Imperative
| ''=a''
| ''=Ø''
| ''=gV''
| ''=oʔ''
|-
! Habitual
| colspan="2" |''=to''
| colspan="2" | –
|-
! Optative
| colspan="2" |''=e''
| colspan="2" |''=e''
|}
====Voice====
In Gutob as well as other Munda languages, the active and the [[middle voice]]s are morphologically fused with TAM markers (''per transitivity'' of the TAM/person-syntagma showed in the above table, respectively).
====Noun incorporation====
Gutob, like Remo, has fossilized and unproductive lexical [[noun incorporation]] with the head verb is always placed in the initial position, then followed by nouns (mostly body parts).
{{Interlinear|indent=2|iŋ'''moʔ'''|shut.'''eye'''|'eye-closing'}}
==Syntax==
The general [[word order]] in Gutob is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]]. Areally, Gutob NPs have all modifiers and [[demonstratives]] put before the noun, but there is evidence pertaining a different NP structure in an earlier stage of this language.<ref>Griffiths (2008:665)</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 04:19, 1 July 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

The Gutob or Bodo Gadaba language is a south Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family of India, with the greatest concentrations of speakers being found in Koraput district of Odisha and Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. It is also known simply as the Gadaba language, but it is different from the Dravidian Gadaba language. Other names for the Bodo Gadaba language include Gadba, Gutop, Gudwa, Godwa, Gadwa, and Boi Gadaba.

Classification

The Gutob language belongs to the South Munda subgroup of the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family. It is most closely related to the Bondo language.[1]

Distribution

Gutob is spoken across southern Odisha and adjacent districts of northern Andhra Pradesh, and is concentrated primarily in Lamptaput block, Koraput district, southern Odisha.[2] In recent centuries, Gutob speakers have also migrated to the plains of Andhra Pradesh as well as Rayagada District, including near the town Majiguda (close to Kalyansinghpur) where they live alongside the Dravidian-speaking Kondhs.

Ethnologue reports the following locations.

Dialects

Although there are some speculation, Griffiths (2008) states "at least two dialects of Gutob exist": Koraput Gutob and Andhra Gutob. The author assumes that the former is the standard variety. The degree of mutual intelligibility of the two dialect is unknown, though differences in phonology and lexicons were reported by Subba Rao (1992) and Bhaskara Rao (1969), and the Andhra dialect has been strongly influenced by Telugu.[3]

Language status

The Gutob language is considered to be either endangered or moribund, due in part to several hydroelectric projects that have displaced Gutob people from their traditional villages and forced them to live as minorities in primarily Desiya-speaking villages. Anderson (2008) estimates the number of speakers at around 10 to 15,000, while the Asha Kiran society, which works in Koraput, estimates the number at less than 5,000. Virtually there are no Gutob monolinguals. The 2011 census most likely counts Gutob and Ollari as the same language, since they are both called Gadaba by outsiders. Although Gutob-language education has been attempted, it has faced stiff resistance and most parents still want their children to learn Desiya only due to being in mixed villages.[4]

Phonology

Consonant

Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link
Affricate voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Flap (Template:IPA link)
Trill Template:IPA link
  • /p/ can be fricativized in initial position to near that of /ɸ/ and /f/.
  • In intervocalic position, labial phonemes may be realized as /b/; /ɖ/ as /ɽ/, velars as /g/ and optionally Ø.
  • Intervocalic /ŋ/ is dropped in utterance if the following phoneme is a vowel.

Vowels

Gutob vowels[5]
Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link [i, ɪ] Template:IPA link [u]
Mid Template:IPA link [e, ɛ] Template:IPA link [o, ɔ]
Open Template:IPA link [a, ʌ, ɑ]
Diphthong Script error: No such module "IPA".

Prosody

According to Voß, L-H word pattern is found across all Gutob words. Stress usually falls in the second syllable of Gutob disyllables and final syllable in other words. This pattern is already well-exhibited in the ethnonyms of the Gutob people: Dravidian-Desia ˈgābadā vs Gutob guˈtob, Dravianized Ollari ˈtugoːlu vs Gutob tuˈgɔl ('yesterday'). However, in verbal forms with trisyllables, the patterns may be unpredictable.[6]

Morphology

Nouns and NPs

Number

Gutob distinguish two numbers: singular (-Ø) and plural (-nen). The plural is not obligatorily marked.

Person

Kinship terms in Gutob are marked for inalienable possession by third possessives -ɖei/ɖoi.

Case

Case marking in Gutob is not an overtly component in the nominal morphology. According to Griffiths, there are three postpositions (suffixes) that always attach to pronouns and NPs to show cases: the unmarked subjective, the genitive/attributive/possessive -nu, and objective/oblique -pulai on nominals and pronouns, and o- on pronouns. In some cases, if the indirect object and the direct object in the same clause are both animate, the former will be marked.

Pronouns

singular plural
1st person niŋ nei/naj
2nd person nom pen
3rd person maj majnen

Verbs

Pronominal markers

Like Kherwarian languages (such as Santali), Kharia, and Remo, person indexation (subject) in Gutob verb (TAM/person-syntagma) is achieved solely through enclitics. The first and second person clitics are basically the same with pronouns

singular plural
1st person =niŋ =nei/=naj
2nd person =nom =pen
3rd person =Ø =nen

The placement of subject enclitics in Gutob predicates is extremely variable, unlike fixed positions in Kharia, Remo, and Kherwarian. It seems that the subject markers in Gutob are not explicitly parts of the verbal system. Study by Just & Voß (2023) found that subject enclitics are highly sensitive to discourse; they are often placed wherever the topic is the most prominent. These atypical characteristics sets Gutob person indexation system apart from the normal clines of Munda indexation.[7]

In complex predicates with the presence of an auxiliary verb, the person markers are repeated not only for the lexical verb but also for the auxiliary. However the AVC double marking pattern in Gutob may have considerable variation regarding the placement of the subject enclitics due to pragmatic discourse-oriented factors.

Template:Interlinear

Template:Interlinear

Tense-mood-aspect-aktionsart

Gutob TAM paradigm Affirmative Negative
Valency Transitive Intransitive Transitive Intransitive
Imperfective =loŋ =tu =a =Ø
Past =gV =oʔ =to
Imperative =a =Ø =gV =oʔ
Habitual =to –
Optative =e =e

Voice

In Gutob as well as other Munda languages, the active and the middle voices are morphologically fused with TAM markers (per transitivity of the TAM/person-syntagma showed in the above table, respectively).

Noun incorporation

Gutob, like Remo, has fossilized and unproductive lexical noun incorporation with the head verb is always placed in the initial position, then followed by nouns (mostly body parts).

Template:Interlinear

Syntax

The general word order in Gutob is SOV. Areally, Gutob NPs have all modifiers and demonstratives put before the noun, but there is evidence pertaining a different NP structure in an earlier stage of this language.[8]

References

Template:Reflist

  • Griffiths, Arlo. 2008. In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 633–681. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. Template:ISBN.

Template:Austroasiatic languages


Template:AustroAsiatic-lang-stub

br:Gadabeg

  1. ↑ Ethnologue report on the Bodo Gadaba language
  2. ↑ Griffiths (2008:634)
  3. ↑ Griffiths (2008:636)
  4. ↑ "Literature development in minority language: Case study of Gutob–Gadaba Language Revitalization Project in India" (in .pdf format)
  5. ↑ Griffiths (2008:638)
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Griffiths (2008:665)
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