Mackerel: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>GroundclothDilemma No edit summary |
imported>Cattenion m current cite 4 link journal - publisher |
||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "[[tiger]]-like" stripes on their backs with an [[Iridescence|iridescent]] green-blue quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/marine/fish-sharks-skates-and-rays/mackerel| title=Mackerel. Scientific name: Scomber scombrus| website=[[The Wildlife Trusts]]| access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msc.org/uk/media-centre/blog/news/2019/04/10/mackerel-to-fish-or-not-to-fish| title=Mackerel: to fish or not to fish?| website=[[Marine Stewardship Council]]| access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref> Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations or [[Fish stocks|fish stock]]s based on geography. Some stocks [[Fish migration|migrate]] in large [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] along the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area of [[upwelling]]. From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans. | Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "[[tiger]]-like" stripes on their backs with an [[Iridescence|iridescent]] green-blue quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/marine/fish-sharks-skates-and-rays/mackerel| title=Mackerel. Scientific name: Scomber scombrus| website=[[The Wildlife Trusts]]| access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msc.org/uk/media-centre/blog/news/2019/04/10/mackerel-to-fish-or-not-to-fish| title=Mackerel: to fish or not to fish?| website=[[Marine Stewardship Council]]| access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref> Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations or [[Fish stocks|fish stock]]s based on geography. Some stocks [[Fish migration|migrate]] in large [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] along the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area of [[upwelling]]. From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans. | ||
Smaller mackerel are [[forage fish]] for larger predators, including larger mackerel and [[Atlantic cod]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daan|first=N.|title=A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|date=December 1973|volume=6|issue=4|pages=479–517|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(73)90002-1|bibcode=1973NJSR....6..479D}}</ref> Flocks of seabirds, [[Whale|whales]], dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such as [[tuna]] and [[marlin]] follow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high in [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 oils]] and is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen.<ref name="FAOdata"/> Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of the [[king mackerel]].<ref>{{cite book | year = 2008 | title = King mackerel | edition = 11th | work = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | publisher = Merriam Webster | isbn = | Smaller mackerel are [[forage fish]] for larger predators, including larger mackerel and [[Atlantic cod]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daan|first=N.|title=A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua|journal=[[Netherlands Journal of Sea Research]]|publisher=[[Elsevier B.V.]]|date=December 1973|volume=6|issue=4|pages=479–517|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(73)90002-1|bibcode=1973NJSR....6..479D}}</ref> Flocks of seabirds, [[Whale|whales]], dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such as [[tuna]] and [[marlin]] follow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high in [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 oils]] and is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen.<ref name="FAOdata"/> Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of the [[king mackerel]].<ref>{{cite book | year = 2008 | title = King mackerel | edition = 11th | work = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | publisher = Merriam Webster | isbn = 978-0-87779-809-5 | page = 688 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&pg=PA688 }}</ref> | ||
==Species== | ==Species== | ||
| Line 65: | Line 65: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Rastrelliger | species = brachysoma | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Rastrelliger | species = brachysoma | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Rastrelliger brachysoma'' (Bleeker, 1851) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2477/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181018194549/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2477/en | archive-date = 2018-10-18 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Rastrelliger brachysoma'' (Bleeker, 1851) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2477/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181018194549/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2477/en | archive-date = 2018-10-18 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| [[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg|VU IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Vulnerable</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Rastrelliger brachysoma"| | | [[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg|VU IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Vulnerable</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Rastrelliger brachysoma"|article-number=e.T170318A170085723|last=Collette, B.|year=2022|volume=2023|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Pollard, D.A}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Island mackerel]] | | [[Island mackerel]] | ||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Rastrelliger | species = faughni | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Rastrelliger | species = faughni | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg|VU IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Vulnerable</small><ref>{{Cite IUCN|title="Rastrelliger faughni"| | | [[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg|VU IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Vulnerable</small><ref>{{Cite IUCN|title="Rastrelliger faughni"|article-number=e.T170324A170086625|last=Collette, B.|year=2023|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Pollard, D.A.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Indian mackerel]] | | [[Indian mackerel]] | ||
| Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Rastrelliger | species = kanagurta | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Rastrelliger | species = kanagurta | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Rastrelliger kanagurta'' (Cuvier, 1817) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2478/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180806051043/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2478/en | archive-date = 2018-08-06 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Rastrelliger kanagurta'' (Cuvier, 1817) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2478/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180806051043/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2478/en | archive-date = 2018-08-06 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Rastrelliger kanagurta"| | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Rastrelliger kanagurta"|article-number=e.T170328A46648232|last=Collette, B.|year=2023|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Pollard, D.A.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Blue mackerel]] | | [[Blue mackerel]] | ||
| Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = australasicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = australasicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNaustralasicus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Canales Ramirez, C. |author4=Cardenas, G. |author5=Carpenter, K.E. |author6=Chang, S.-K. |author7=Chiang, W. |author8=Di Natale, A. |author9=Fox, W. |author10=Guzman-Mora, A. |author11=Juan Jorda, M. |author12=Miyabe, N. |author13=Montano Cruz, R. |author14=Nelson, R. |author15=Salas, E. |author16=Schaefer, K. |author17=Serra, R. |author18=Sun, C. |author19=Uozumi, Y. |author20=Wang, S. |author21=Wu, J. |author22=Yanez, E. |author23=Yeh, S. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber australasicus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNaustralasicus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Canales Ramirez, C. |author4=Cardenas, G. |author5=Carpenter, K.E. |author6=Chang, S.-K. |author7=Chiang, W. |author8=Di Natale, A. |author9=Fox, W. |author10=Guzman-Mora, A. |author11=Juan Jorda, M. |author12=Miyabe, N. |author13=Montano Cruz, R. |author14=Nelson, R. |author15=Salas, E. |author16=Schaefer, K. |author17=Serra, R. |author18=Sun, C. |author19=Uozumi, Y. |author20=Wang, S. |author21=Wu, J. |author22=Yanez, E. |author23=Yeh, S. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber australasicus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170329A6750490 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170329A6750490.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Atlantic chub mackerel]] | | [[Atlantic chub mackerel]] | ||
| Line 109: | Line 109: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = colias | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maximum size of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) in the Northeast Atlantic {{!}} French Ichthyological Society - Cybium |url=https://sfi-cybium.fr/en/node/76#:~:text=The%20most%20recent%20(2000-2005,these%20species%20in%20this%20area. |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=sfi-cybium.fr}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = colias | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maximum size of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) in the Northeast Atlantic {{!}} French Ichthyological Society - Cybium |url=https://sfi-cybium.fr/en/node/76#:~:text=The%20most%20recent%20(2000-2005,these%20species%20in%20this%20area. |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=sfi-cybium.fr}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNcolias>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Kada, O. |author14=Minte Vera, C. |author15=Miyabe, N. |author16=Nelson, R. |author17=Oxenford, H. |author18=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author19=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber colias'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNcolias>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Kada, O. |author14=Minte Vera, C. |author15=Miyabe, N. |author16=Nelson, R. |author17=Oxenford, H. |author18=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author19=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber colias'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170357A6767497 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170357A6767497.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Chub mackerel]] | | [[Chub mackerel]] | ||
| Line 120: | Line 120: | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FishBasejaponicus>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = japonicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FishBasejaponicus>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = japonicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FAOjaponicus>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomber japonicus'' (Houttuyn, 1782) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3277/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221172602/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3277/en | archive-date = 2018-12-21 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FAOjaponicus>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomber japonicus'' (Houttuyn, 1782) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3277/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221172602/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3277/en | archive-date = 2018-12-21 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNSjaponicus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Canales Ramirez, C. |author4=Cardenas, G. |author5=Carpenter, K.E. |author6=Chang, S.-K. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Guzman-Mora, A. |author10=Juan Jorda, M. |author11=Miyabe, N. |author12=Montano Cruz, R. |author13=Nelson, R. |author14=Salas, E. |author15=Schaefer, K. |author16=Serra, R. |author17=Sun, C. |author18=Uozumi, Y. |author19=Wang, S. |author20=Wu, J. |author21=Yeh, S. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber japonicus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNSjaponicus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Canales Ramirez, C. |author4=Cardenas, G. |author5=Carpenter, K.E. |author6=Chang, S.-K. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Guzman-Mora, A. |author10=Juan Jorda, M. |author11=Miyabe, N. |author12=Montano Cruz, R. |author13=Nelson, R. |author14=Salas, E. |author15=Schaefer, K. |author16=Serra, R. |author17=Sun, C. |author18=Uozumi, Y. |author19=Wang, S. |author20=Wu, J. |author21=Yeh, S. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber japonicus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170306A6737373 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170306A6737373.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Atlantic mackerel]] | | [[Atlantic mackerel]] | ||
| Line 131: | Line 131: | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FishBasescombrus>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = scombrus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FishBasescombrus>{{FishBase | genus = Scomber | species = scombrus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FAOscombrus>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomber scombrus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2473/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001326/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2473/en | archive-date = 2019-05-02 | url-status = live }}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FAOscombrus>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomber scombrus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2473/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001326/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2473/en | archive-date = 2019-05-02 | url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNscombrus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Boustany, A. |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author4=Di Natale, A. |author5=Fox, W. |author6=Graves, J. |author7=Juan Jorda, M. |author8=Kada, O. |author9=Nelson, R. |author10=Oxenford, H. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber scombrus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNscombrus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Boustany, A. |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author4=Di Natale, A. |author5=Fox, W. |author6=Graves, J. |author7=Juan Jorda, M. |author8=Kada, O. |author9=Nelson, R. |author10=Oxenford, H. |date=2011 |title=''Scomber scombrus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170354A6764313 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170354A6764313.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 163: | Line 163: | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=":1">{{FishBase | genus = Acanthocybium | species = solandri | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=":1">{{FishBase | genus = Acanthocybium | species = solandri | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNwahoo>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Amorim, A.F. |author4=Boustany, A. |author5=Canales Ramirez, C. |author6=Cardenas, G. |author7=Carpenter, K.E. |author8=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author9=N. |author10=Di Natale, A. |author11=Die, D. |author12=Fox, W. |author13=Fredou, F.L. |author14=Graves, J. |author15=Guzman-Mora, A. |author16=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author17=Hinton, M. |author18=Juan Jorda, M. |author19=Kada, O. |author20=Minte Vera, C. |author21=Miyabe, N. |author22=Montano Cruz, R. |author23=Nelson, R. |author24=Oxenford, H. |author25=Restrepo, V. |author26=Salas, E. |author27=Schaefer, K. |author28=Schratwieser, J. |author29=Serra, R. |author30=Sun, C. |author31=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author32=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |author33=Uozumi, Y. |author34=Yanez, E. |date=2011 |title=''Acanthocybium solandri'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNwahoo>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Acero, A. |author3=Amorim, A.F. |author4=Boustany, A. |author5=Canales Ramirez, C. |author6=Cardenas, G. |author7=Carpenter, K.E. |author8=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author9=N. |author10=Di Natale, A. |author11=Die, D. |author12=Fox, W. |author13=Fredou, F.L. |author14=Graves, J. |author15=Guzman-Mora, A. |author16=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author17=Hinton, M. |author18=Juan Jorda, M. |author19=Kada, O. |author20=Minte Vera, C. |author21=Miyabe, N. |author22=Montano Cruz, R. |author23=Nelson, R. |author24=Oxenford, H. |author25=Restrepo, V. |author26=Salas, E. |author27=Schaefer, K. |author28=Schratwieser, J. |author29=Serra, R. |author30=Sun, C. |author31=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author32=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |author33=Uozumi, Y. |author34=Yanez, E. |date=2011 |title=''Acanthocybium solandri'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170331A6750961 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170331A6750961.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Shark mackerel]] | | [[Shark mackerel]] | ||
| Line 174: | Line 174: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Grammatorcynus | species = bicarinatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Grammatorcynus | species = bicarinatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNbicarinatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Fox, W. |author3=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Grammatorcynus bicarinatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNbicarinatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Fox, W. |author3=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Grammatorcynus bicarinatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170308A6738658 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170308A6738658.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Double-lined mackerel]] | | [[Double-lined mackerel]] | ||
| Line 185: | Line 185: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Grammatorcynus | species = bilineatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Grammatorcynus | species = bilineatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNbilineatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Chiang, W. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Grammatorcynus bilineatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNbilineatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Chiang, W. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Grammatorcynus bilineatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170358A6768577 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170358A6768577.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Serra Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Serra Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = brasiliensis | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = brasiliensis | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNbrasiliensis>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus brasiliensis'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNbrasiliensis>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus brasiliensis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170335A6753567 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170335A6753567.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[King mackerel]] | | [[King mackerel]] | ||
| Line 207: | Line 207: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = cavalla | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = cavalla | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FAOcavalla>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus cavalla'' (Cuvier, 1829) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2483/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181015151018/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2483/en | archive-date = 2018-10-15 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FAOcavalla>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus cavalla'' (Cuvier, 1829) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2483/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181015151018/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2483/en | archive-date = 2018-10-15 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNcavalla>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus cavalla'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNcavalla>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus cavalla'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170339A6755835 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170339A6755835.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 218: | Line 218: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = commerson | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = commerson | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus commerson'' (Lacepède, 1800) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3280/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181016014535/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3280/en | archive-date = 2018-10-16 | url-status = live }}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus commerson'' (Lacepède, 1800) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3280/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181016014535/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3280/en | archive-date = 2018-10-16 | url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
| [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name=IUCNcommerson>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Chang, S.-K. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Miyabe, N. |author7=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus commerson'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name=IUCNcommerson>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Chang, S.-K. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Miyabe, N. |author7=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus commerson'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170316A6745396 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170316A6745396.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Monterrey Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Monterrey Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 229: | Line 229: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = concolor | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf Sierra {{!}} Mexican Fish.com |url=https://mexican-fish.com/gulf-sierra/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = concolor | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf Sierra {{!}} Mexican Fish.com |url=https://mexican-fish.com/gulf-sierra/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name="IUCNconcolor">{{Cite IUCN|title="Scomberomorus concolor"| | | [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name="IUCNconcolor">{{Cite IUCN|title="Scomberomorus concolor"|article-number=e.T20047A170082489|last=Collette, B.|year=2024|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Hastings, P.A.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Indo-Pacific king mackerel]] | | [[Indo-Pacific king mackerel]] | ||
| Line 240: | Line 240: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = guttatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = guttatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus guttatus'' (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3281/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181009102312/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3281/en | archive-date = 2018-10-09 | url-status = live }}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus guttatus'' (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3281/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181009102312/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3281/en | archive-date = 2018-10-09 | url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
| [[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svg|DD IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Data deficient</small><ref name=IUCNguttatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus guttatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svg|DD IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Data deficient</small><ref name=IUCNguttatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus guttatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170311A6742170 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170311A6742170.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Korean mackerel]] | | [[Korean mackerel]] | ||
| Line 251: | Line 251: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = koreanus | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Big Macks: Eleven monster mackerel from the IGFA World Record vault – International Game Fish Association |url=https://igfa.org/2020/10/30/big-macks-eleven-monster-mackerel-igfa-world-records-from-around-the-globe/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = koreanus | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Big Macks: Eleven monster mackerel from the IGFA World Record vault – International Game Fish Association |url=https://igfa.org/2020/10/30/big-macks-eleven-monster-mackerel-igfa-world-records-from-around-the-globe/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNkoreanus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus koreanus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNkoreanus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus koreanus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170343A6757043 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170343A6757043.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Streaked Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Streaked Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 262: | Line 262: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = lineolatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = lineolatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNlineolatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus lineolatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNlineolatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus lineolatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170353A6764121 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170353A6764121.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Atlantic Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Atlantic Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 273: | Line 273: | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FishBasemaculatus>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = maculatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FishBasemaculatus>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = maculatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref name=FAOmaculatus>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus maculatus'' (Mitchill, 1815) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3282/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180724053321/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3282/en | archive-date = 2018-07-24 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref name=FAOmaculatus>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus maculatus'' (Mitchill, 1815) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3282/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180724053321/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3282/en | archive-date = 2018-07-24 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNmaculatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Boustany, A. |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Graves, J. |author6=Juan Jorda, M. |author7=Nelson, R. |author8=Oxenford, H. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus maculatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNmaculatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Boustany, A. |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Graves, J. |author6=Juan Jorda, M. |author7=Nelson, R. |author8=Oxenford, H. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus maculatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170323A6748550 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170323A6748550.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Papuan seerfish|Papuan Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Papuan seerfish|Papuan Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 284: | Line 284: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = multiradiatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = multiradiatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNmultiradiatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Carpenter, K.E. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus multiradiatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNmultiradiatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Carpenter, K.E. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus multiradiatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170347A6760831 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170347A6760831.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Australian spotted mackerel]] | | [[Australian spotted mackerel]] | ||
| Line 295: | Line 295: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = munroi | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = munroi | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name=IUCNmunroi>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus munroi'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name=IUCNmunroi>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus munroi'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170330A6750789 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170330A6750789.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Japanese Spanish mackerel]] | | [[Japanese Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 306: | Line 306: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = niphonius | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = niphonius | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus niphonius'' (Cuvier, 1831) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3285/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180112140508/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3285/en | archive-date = 2018-01-12 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Scomberomorus niphonius'' (Cuvier, 1831) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3285/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180112140508/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3285/en | archive-date = 2018-01-12 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref>{{Cite IUCN|title="Scomberomorus niphonius"| | | [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref>{{Cite IUCN|title="Scomberomorus niphonius"|article-number=e.T170356A170090130|last=Collette, B.|year=2023|last2=Chang, S.-K}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Queen mackerel]] | | [[Queen mackerel]] | ||
| Line 317: | Line 317: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = plurilineatus | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = plurilineatus | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svg|DD IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Data deficient</small><ref name=IUCNplurilineatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus plurilineatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svg|DD IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Data deficient</small><ref name=IUCNplurilineatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Fox, W. |author4=Juan Jorda, M. |author5=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus plurilineatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170348A6760962 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170348A6760962.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Queensland school mackerel]] | | [[Queensland school mackerel]] | ||
| Line 328: | Line 328: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = queenslandicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = queenslandicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNqueenslandicus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Dooley, J. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Fritzsche, R. |author6=Juan Jorda, M. |author7=Matsuura, K. |author8=Nelson, J. |author9=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus queenslandicus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNqueenslandicus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Di Natale, A. |author3=Dooley, J. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Fritzsche, R. |author6=Juan Jorda, M. |author7=Matsuura, K. |author8=Nelson, J. |author9=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus queenslandicus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T154946A4674361 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T154946A4674361.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Cero (fish)|Cero mackerel]] | | [[Cero (fish)|Cero mackerel]] | ||
| Line 339: | Line 339: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = regalis | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = regalis | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNregalis>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus regalis'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNregalis>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Graves, J. |author11=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author12=Juan Jorda, M. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus regalis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170327A6749725 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170327A6749725.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Broadbarred king mackerel]] | | [[Broadbarred king mackerel]] | ||
| Line 350: | Line 350: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = semifasciatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = semifasciatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNsemifasciatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Carpenter, K.E. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus semifasciatus'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNsemifasciatus>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Carpenter, K.E. |author3=Di Natale, A. |author4=Fox, W. |author5=Juan Jorda, M. |author6=Nelson, R. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus semifasciatus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170337A6754351 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170337A6754351.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Pacific sierra]] | | [[Pacific sierra]] | ||
| Line 361: | Line 361: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = sierra | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = sierra | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNsierra">{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author11=Juan Jorda, M. |author12=Kada, O. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus tritor'' |volume=2011 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNsierra">{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Amorim, A.F. |author3=Boustany, A. |author4=Carpenter, K.E. |author5=de Oliveira Leite Jr. |author6=N. |author7=Di Natale, A. |author8=Fox, W. |author9=Fredou, F.L. |author10=Viera Hazin, F.H. |author11=Juan Jorda, M. |author12=Kada, O. |author13=Minte Vera, C. |author14=Miyabe, N. |author15=Nelson, R. |author16=Oxenford, H. |author17=Teixeira Lessa, R.P. |author18=Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. |date=2011 |title=''Scomberomorus tritor'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170326A6749128 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170326A6749128.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Chinese mackerel]] | | [[Chinese mackerel]] | ||
| Line 372: | Line 372: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = sinensis | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Scomberomorus | species = sinensis | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Scomberomorus sinensis"| | | [[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Scomberomorus sinensis"|article-number=e.T170346A170088828|last=Collette, B.|year=2022|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Chang, S.-K.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[West African Spanish mackerel]] | | [[West African Spanish mackerel]] | ||
| Line 415: | Line 415: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Gasterochisma | species = melampus | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Gasterochisma | species = melampus | month = December | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| align="center" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNgasterochisma>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Boustany, A. |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author4=Di Natale, A. |author5=Fox, W. |author6=Graves, J. |author7=Juan Jorda, M. |author8=Miyabe, N. |author9=Nelson, R. |author10=Oxenford, H. |author11=Uozumi, Y. |date=2011 |title=''Gasterochisma melampus'' |volume=2011 | | | align="center" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNgasterochisma>{{cite iucn |author=Collette, B. |author2=Boustany, A. |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author4=Di Natale, A. |author5=Fox, W. |author6=Graves, J. |author7=Juan Jorda, M. |author8=Miyabe, N. |author9=Nelson, R. |author10=Oxenford, H. |author11=Uozumi, Y. |date=2011 |title=''Gasterochisma melampus'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T170340A6756181 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170340A6756181.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="11" align="center" |[[Carangidae]]<br /><small>Jack mackerel</small><!-- Just species with mackerel in common name, not all in trachurus genus. Maybe make visible comment? --> | | rowspan="11" align="center" |[[Carangidae]]<br /><small>Jack mackerel</small><!-- Just species with mackerel in common name, not all in trachurus genus. Maybe make visible comment? --> | ||
| Line 427: | Line 427: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decapterus macarellus summary page |url=https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Decapterus_macarellus.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=FishBase |language=en}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decapterus macarellus summary page |url=https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Decapterus_macarellus.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=FishBase |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| align="center" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Decapterus macarellus"| | | align="center" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Decapterus macarellus"|article-number=e.T190117A115308983|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|year=2015|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Williams, J.T.|last3=Pina Amargos, F.|last4=Curtis, M.|last5=Brown, J.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Atlantic horse mackerel]] | |[[Atlantic horse mackerel]] | ||
| Line 438: | Line 438: | ||
| align="center"| <ref>{{FishBase|genus=Trachurus|species=trachurus|month=March|year=2012}}</ref> | | align="center"| <ref>{{FishBase|genus=Trachurus|species=trachurus|month=March|year=2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus trachurus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2306/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716221543/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2306/en |archive-date=2018-07-16 |access-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=[[FAO]]}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus trachurus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2306/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716221543/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2306/en |archive-date=2018-07-16 |access-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=[[FAO]]}}</ref> | ||
|<small>[[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg|VU IUCN 3 1.svg]] Vulnerable</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus trachurus"| | |<small>[[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg|VU IUCN 3 1.svg]] Vulnerable</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus trachurus"|article-number=e.T198647A43157137|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F|year=2015|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Sidibe, A.|last3=Nunoo, F.|last4=Lindeman, K.|last5=Williams, A.B|last6=Quartey, R.|last7=Camara, K.|last8=Carpenter, K.E., Montiero, V., de Morais, L., Djiman, R., Sylla, M. & Sagna, A}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Blue jack mackerel]] | | [[Blue jack mackerel]] | ||
| Line 449: | Line 449: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = picturatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = picturatus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNmurphyi">{{Cite IUCN|title="Trachurus picturatus"| | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNmurphyi">{{Cite IUCN|title="Trachurus picturatus"|article-number=e.T198646A43156817|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|year=2025|access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Cape horse mackerel]] | | [[Cape horse mackerel]] | ||
| Line 460: | Line 460: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = capensis | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = capensis | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus capensis'' (Castelnau, 1861) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3105/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111348/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3105/en | archive-date = 2017-11-26 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus capensis'' (Castelnau, 1861) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3105/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111348/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3105/en | archive-date = 2017-11-26 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus capensis"| | | align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus capensis"|article-number=e.T21113101A43156455|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|year=2018|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Carpenter, K.E|last3=Borsa, P.|last4=Obata, C.|last5=Yahya, S.|last6=Jiddawi, N.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Chilean jack mackerel]] | | [[Chilean jack mackerel]] | ||
| Line 482: | Line 482: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = trecae | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = trecae | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus trecae'' (Cadenat, 1949) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3106/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180724042410/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3106/en | archive-date = 2018-07-24 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus trecae'' (Cadenat, 1949) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3106/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180724042410/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3106/en | archive-date = 2018-07-24 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus trecae"| | | align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus trecae"|article-number=e.T21113110A43157620|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|year=2015|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Montiero, V.|last3=Camara, K.|last4=Sidibe, A.|last5=Sylla, M.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Greenback horse mackerel]] | | [[Greenback horse mackerel]] | ||
| Line 493: | Line 493: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = declivis | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = declivis | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus declivis'' (Jenyns, 1841) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2313/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330125236/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2313/en | archive-date = 2018-03-30 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus declivis'' (Jenyns, 1841) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2313/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330125236/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2313/en | archive-date = 2018-03-30 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus declivis"| | | align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus declivis"|article-number=e.T20437665A67871520|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|year=2018|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Carpenter, K.E.|last3=Borsa, P.|last4=Jiddawi, N.|last5=Obota, C.|last6=Yahya, S.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Japanese horse mackerel]] | | [[Japanese horse mackerel]] | ||
| Line 504: | Line 504: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = japonicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = japonicus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus japonicus'' (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2308/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170730140855/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2308/en | archive-date = 2017-07-30 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus japonicus'' (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2308/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170730140855/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2308/en | archive-date = 2017-07-30 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus japonicus"| | | align="center" | <small>[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus japonicus"|article-number=e.T20437783A67871570|last=Carpenter, K.E.|year=2018|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Jiddawi, N.|last3=Borsa, P.|last4=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|last5=Yahya, S.|last6=Obota, C.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Mediterranean horse mackerel]] | | [[Mediterranean horse mackerel]] | ||
| Line 516: | Line 516: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus mediterraneus'' (Steindachner, 1868) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2311/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231000/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2311/en | archive-date = 2019-03-28 | url-status = live}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title = Species Fact Sheet: ''Trachurus mediterraneus'' (Steindachner, 1868) | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2311/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231000/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2311/en | archive-date = 2019-03-28 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=William F. Smith-Vaniz (??) |date=2013-05-10 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Trachurus mediterraneus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/198645/43156470 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url= | | align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=William F. Smith-Vaniz (??) |date=2013-05-10 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Trachurus mediterraneus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/198645/43156470 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219185414/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/198645/43156470 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Pacific jack mackerel]] | | [[Pacific jack mackerel]] | ||
| Line 527: | Line 527: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = symmetricus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = symmetricus | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNsymmetricus>{{cite iucn |author=Smith-Vaniz, B. |author2=Robertson, R. |author3=Dominici-Arosemena, A. |date=2010 |title=''Trachurus symmetricus'' |volume=2010 | | | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name=IUCNsymmetricus>{{cite iucn |author=Smith-Vaniz, B. |author2=Robertson, R. |author3=Dominici-Arosemena, A. |date=2010 |title=''Trachurus symmetricus'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T183729A8166054 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183729A8166054.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Yellowtail horse mackerel]] | | [[Yellowtail horse mackerel]] | ||
| Line 538: | Line 538: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = novaezelandiae | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Trachurus | species = novaezelandiae | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus novaezelandiae"| | | align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite iucn|title="Trachurus novaezelandiae"|article-number=e.T20437921A65928000|last=Smith-Vaniz, W.F.|year=2018|access-date=7 May 2025|last2=Borsa, P.|last3=Carpenter, K.E.|last4=Jiddawi, N.|last5=Obota, C.|last6=Yahya, S.}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" rowspan=5 |[[Gempylidae]]<br /><small>Snake mackerel</small> | | align="center" rowspan=5 |[[Gempylidae]]<br /><small>Snake mackerel</small> | ||
| Line 550: | Line 550: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Nealotus | species = tripes | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Nealotus | species = tripes | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| align="center" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruce Collette (Smithsonian, USA) |last2=William F. Smith-Vaniz (??) |last3=Jeffrey Williams (National Museum of Natural History) |last4=Monique Curtis (National Environment & Planning Agency (Jamaica)) |last5=Lyda Marcela Grijalba Bendeck (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Programa de Biología Marina, GIPECA (Colombia)) |last6=Fabian Pina Amargos (Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros (CIEC) (Cuba)) |date=2012-08-22 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nealotus tripes |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16509242/16510887 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url= | | align="center" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruce Collette (Smithsonian, USA) |last2=William F. Smith-Vaniz (??) |last3=Jeffrey Williams (National Museum of Natural History) |last4=Monique Curtis (National Environment & Planning Agency (Jamaica)) |last5=Lyda Marcela Grijalba Bendeck (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Programa de Biología Marina, GIPECA (Colombia)) |last6=Fabian Pina Amargos (Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros (CIEC) (Cuba)) |date=2012-08-22 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nealotus tripes |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16509242/16510887 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129172510/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16509242/16510887 |archive-date=29 January 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Blacksail snake mackerel]] | | [[Blacksail snake mackerel]] | ||
| Line 572: | Line 572: | ||
| align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Gempylus | species = serpens | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | | align="center" |<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Gempylus | species = serpens | month = March | year = 2012}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruce Collette (Smithsonian, USA) |last2=William F. Smith-Vaniz (??) |last3=Jeffrey Williams (National Museum of Natural History) |last4=Monique Curtis (National Environment & Planning Agency (Jamaica)) |last5=Lyda Marcela Grijalba Bendeck (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Programa de Biología Marina, GIPECA (Colombia)) |last6=Fabian Pina Amargos (Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros (CIEC) (Cuba)) |date=2012-08-23 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gempylus serpens |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16509126/16510882 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url= | | align="center" | <small>[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bruce Collette (Smithsonian, USA) |last2=William F. Smith-Vaniz (??) |last3=Jeffrey Williams (National Museum of Natural History) |last4=Monique Curtis (National Environment & Planning Agency (Jamaica)) |last5=Lyda Marcela Grijalba Bendeck (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Programa de Biología Marina, GIPECA (Colombia)) |last6=Fabian Pina Amargos (Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros (CIEC) (Cuba)) |date=2012-08-23 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gempylus serpens |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16509126/16510882 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228081803/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16509126/16510882 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=24 April 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Violet snake mackerel]] | | [[Violet snake mackerel]] | ||
| Line 631: | Line 631: | ||
* [[Tamasaba|Mackerel tail goldfish]]—''Carassius auratus'' | * [[Tamasaba|Mackerel tail goldfish]]—''Carassius auratus'' | ||
By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as the [[Tabby cat#Mackerel tabby|mackerel tabby cat]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Glossary of definitions of cat terms for the breeder | url = http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/glossary.shtml#M | publisher = Cats online | access-date = 2012-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190109122235/http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/glossary.shtml#M | archive-date = 2019-01-09 | url-status = live}}</ref> and to inanimate objects such as the [[altocumulus mackerel sky]] cloud formation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iazUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT154|page=154|title=Metereology of Clouds|author=Downing, L. L.|year=2013|publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn= | By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as the [[Tabby cat#Mackerel tabby|mackerel tabby cat]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Glossary of definitions of cat terms for the breeder | url = http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/glossary.shtml#M | publisher = Cats online | access-date = 2012-04-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190109122235/http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/glossary.shtml#M | archive-date = 2019-01-09 | url-status = live}}</ref> and to inanimate objects such as the [[altocumulus mackerel sky]] cloud formation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iazUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT154|page=154|title=Metereology of Clouds|author=Downing, L. L.|year=2013|publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4918-0433-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Metereology Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Dx-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT153|first1=C. Donald |last1=Ahrens|first2= Robert|last2= Henson|year=2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=153|isbn = 978-1-305-48062-9}}</ref> | ||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
==Characteristics (Scombridae)== | ==Characteristics (Scombridae)== | ||
[[File:Scomber scombrus illustration.png|thumb|400px|Like other scombroids, mackerel such as this [[Atlantic mackerel]] are superb swimmers, and can retract their fins into grooves on their bodies for streamlining. They have deeply forked tails and are smaller and slimmer than [[tuna]].<ref name=FAOTuna /><ref>{{cite web | date = 2007-05-01 | title = Species Fact Sheet: Atlantic mackerel ''(Scomber scombrus)'' | url = http://www.gov.ns.ca/fish/sportfishing/species/atlmack.shtml | [[File:Scomber scombrus illustration.png|thumb|400px|Like other scombroids, mackerel such as this [[Atlantic mackerel]] are superb swimmers, and can retract their fins into grooves on their bodies for streamlining. They have deeply forked tails and are smaller and slimmer than [[tuna]].<ref name=FAOTuna /><ref>{{cite web | date = 2007-05-01 | title = Species Fact Sheet: Atlantic mackerel ''(Scomber scombrus)'' | url = http://www.gov.ns.ca/fish/sportfishing/species/atlmack.shtml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120314152001/http://www.gov.ns.ca/fish/sportfishing/species/atlmack.shtml | archive-date = 2012-03-14 | publisher = Nova Scotia Fisheries and Aquaculture }}</ref>]] | ||
Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includes [[tuna]] and [[bonito]]. Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Their [[Fish scale|scales]], if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, they lack a [[swim bladder]], and their bodies are cylindrical with numerous [[Fish fin|finlets]] on the [[dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] and [[ventral]] sides behind the [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s, but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim.<ref name=FAOTuna /> | Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includes [[tuna]] and [[bonito]]. Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Their [[Fish scale|scales]], if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, they lack a [[swim bladder]], and their bodies are cylindrical with numerous [[Fish fin|finlets]] on the [[dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] and [[ventral]] sides behind the [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s, but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim.<ref name=FAOTuna /> | ||
The [[type species]] for scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus''. These fish are [[iridescence|iridescent]] blue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies.<ref name=FishBasescombrus /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/mackerel/species_pages/atlantic_mackerel.htm | title = Atlantic mackerel | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | work = FishWatch | access-date = 2012-03-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320184708/http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/mackerel/species_pages/atlantic_mackerel.htm | archive-date = 2012-03-20 | The [[type species]] for scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus''. These fish are [[iridescence|iridescent]] blue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies.<ref name=FishBasescombrus /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/mackerel/species_pages/atlantic_mackerel.htm | title = Atlantic mackerel | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | work = FishWatch | access-date = 2012-03-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320184708/http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/mackerel/species_pages/atlantic_mackerel.htm | archive-date = 2012-03-20 }}</ref>{{Failed verification | date = May 2019 | reason = Both references don't say anything about type species, colors, or stripes, i.e., don't say anything about what these two sentences say at all.}} | ||
The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background.<ref name=Denton1998>{{cite journal | last1 = Denton | first1 = EJ | last2 = Rowe | first2 = DM | year = 1998 | title = Bands against stripes on the backs of mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus'' L. | journal = Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 265 | issue = 1401 | pages = 1051–1058 | pmc = 1689176 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1998.0398 }}</ref> However, fish have an [[optokinetic reflex]] in their [[Vision in fish|visual systems]] that can be sensitive to moving stripes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shaw | first1 = E | last2 = Tucker | first2 = A | year = 1965 | title = The optomotor reaction of schooling carangid fishes | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 13 | issue = 2–3| pages = 330–336 | doi=10.1016/0003-3472(65)90052-7| pmid = 5835850 }}</ref> For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position.<ref name=Denton1998 /><ref name="Bone">{{cite book | last1 = Bone | first1 = Q | last2 = Moore | first2 = RH | year = 2008 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sLoqT_xWaqoC&q=%22Biology+of+fishes%22++Bone+Moore | title = Biology of Fishes | publisher = Taylor & Francis Group | pages = 418–422 | isbn = 978-0-415-37562-7}}</ref> The [[lateral line]] also helps with orderly [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terpstra |first=Styze |date=September 27, 2010 |title=The role of the lateral line in schooling |url=https://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/9477/1/Biol_BC_2010_Sytzeterpstra.pdf |website=University of Groningen}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Tidswell |first1=Ben K. |title=Different functions for the lateral line in schooling behavior in three fish species |date=2025-01-25 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634378v1 |access-date=2025-04-24 |publisher=bioRxiv |language=en |doi=10.1101/2025.01.24.634378 |last2=Tytell |first2=Eric D.|doi-access=free }}</ref> | The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background.<ref name=Denton1998>{{cite journal | last1 = Denton | first1 = EJ | last2 = Rowe | first2 = DM | year = 1998 | title = Bands against stripes on the backs of mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus'' L. | journal = Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 265 | issue = 1401 | pages = 1051–1058 | pmc = 1689176 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1998.0398 }}</ref> However, fish have an [[optokinetic reflex]] in their [[Vision in fish|visual systems]] that can be sensitive to moving stripes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shaw | first1 = E | last2 = Tucker | first2 = A | year = 1965 | title = The optomotor reaction of schooling carangid fishes | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 13 | issue = 2–3| pages = 330–336 | doi=10.1016/0003-3472(65)90052-7| pmid = 5835850 }}</ref> For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position.<ref name=Denton1998 /><ref name="Bone">{{cite book | last1 = Bone | first1 = Q | last2 = Moore | first2 = RH | year = 2008 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sLoqT_xWaqoC&q=%22Biology+of+fishes%22++Bone+Moore | title = Biology of Fishes | publisher = Taylor & Francis Group | pages = 418–422 | isbn = 978-0-415-37562-7}}</ref> The [[lateral line]] also helps with orderly [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terpstra |first=Styze |date=September 27, 2010 |title=The role of the lateral line in schooling |url=https://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/9477/1/Biol_BC_2010_Sytzeterpstra.pdf |website=University of Groningen}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Tidswell |first1=Ben K. |title=Different functions for the lateral line in schooling behavior in three fish species |date=2025-01-25 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634378v1 |access-date=2025-04-24 |publisher=bioRxiv |language=en |doi=10.1101/2025.01.24.634378 |last2=Tytell |first2=Eric D.|doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
| Line 650: | Line 650: | ||
A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998, [[Eric James Denton|E J Denton]] and D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rowe | first1 = DM | last2 = Denton | first2 = EJ | author-link2= Eric James Denton|year = 1997 | title = The physical basis of reflective communication between fish, with special reference to the horse mackerel, ''Trachurus trachurus'' | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 352 | issue = 1353| pages = 531–549 | pmc=1691948 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1997.0037| bibcode = 1997RSPTB.352..531R }}</ref> | A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998, [[Eric James Denton|E J Denton]] and D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rowe | first1 = DM | last2 = Denton | first2 = EJ | author-link2= Eric James Denton|year = 1997 | title = The physical basis of reflective communication between fish, with special reference to the horse mackerel, ''Trachurus trachurus'' | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 352 | issue = 1353| pages = 531–549 | pmc=1691948 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1997.0037| bibcode = 1997RSPTB.352..531R }}</ref> | ||
Mackerel range in size from small [[forage fish]] to larger [[game fish]]. Coastal mackerel tend to be small.<ref name="Lal8">{{cite book | last1 = Lal | first1 = BV | last2 = Fortune | first2 = K | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&q=%22Pelagic+fish%22&pg=PA8 | title = The Pacific Islands: An encyclopedia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | | Mackerel range in size from small [[forage fish]] to larger [[game fish]]. Coastal mackerel tend to be small.<ref name="Lal8">{{cite book | last1 = Lal | first1 = BV | last2 = Fortune | first2 = K | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T5pPpJl8E5wC&q=%22Pelagic+fish%22&pg=PA8 | title = The Pacific Islands: An encyclopedia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | page = 8 | isbn = 978-0-8248-2265-1 }}</ref> The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are [[Ectothermic|cold-blooded]], but exceptions exist. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. [[Warm-blooded|Endothermic]] [[bony fish]]es are all in the suborder [[Scombroidei]] and include the [[butterfly mackerel]], a species of [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|primitive]] mackerel.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Block | first1 = BA | last2 = Finnerty | first2 = JR | year = 1993 | title = Endothermy in fishes: a phylogenetic analysis of constraints, predispositions, and selection pressures | journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–302 | doi = 10.1007/BF00002518 | s2cid = 28644501 }}</ref> | ||
Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wardle | first1 = CS | last2 = He | first2 = P | year = 1988 | title = Burst swimming speeds of mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus'' | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 471–478 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05382.x| bibcode = 1988JFBio..32..471W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wardle | first1 = CS | last2 = He | first2 = P | year = 1988 | title = Endurance at intermediate swimming speeds of Atlantic mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus'' L., herring, ''Clupea harengus'' L., and saithe, ''Pollachius virens'' L | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 33 | issue = 2| pages = 255–266 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05468.x| bibcode = 1988JFBio..33..255H }}</ref> while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec.<ref name=FAOTuna>{{cite web | title = FAO Fact Sheet: Biological characteristics of tuna | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en | access-date = 2012-03-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205223834/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en | archive-date = 2019-02-05 | url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Wahoo]] (''Acanthocybium solandri'') has been known to reach speeds of up to {{Convert|78|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 Fastest Fish in the Ocean {{!}} The Speedsters of the Sea |url=https://danawharf.com/blog/top-5-fastest-fish-in-the-ocean/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Dana Wharf |language=en-US}}</ref> | Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wardle | first1 = CS | last2 = He | first2 = P | year = 1988 | title = Burst swimming speeds of mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus'' | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 471–478 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05382.x| bibcode = 1988JFBio..32..471W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wardle | first1 = CS | last2 = He | first2 = P | year = 1988 | title = Endurance at intermediate swimming speeds of Atlantic mackerel, ''Scomber scombrus'' L., herring, ''Clupea harengus'' L., and saithe, ''Pollachius virens'' L | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 33 | issue = 2| pages = 255–266 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05468.x| bibcode = 1988JFBio..33..255H }}</ref> while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec.<ref name=FAOTuna>{{cite web | title = FAO Fact Sheet: Biological characteristics of tuna | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en | access-date = 2012-03-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190205223834/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082/en | archive-date = 2019-02-05 | url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Wahoo]] (''Acanthocybium solandri'') has been known to reach speeds of up to {{Convert|78|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 Fastest Fish in the Ocean {{!}} The Speedsters of the Sea |url=https://danawharf.com/blog/top-5-fastest-fish-in-the-ocean/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Dana Wharf |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| Line 675: | Line 675: | ||
| alt2 = | | alt2 = | ||
| caption2 = [[King mackerel]]s (Scomberomorus cavalla) cruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph).<ref name="pfa"> | | caption2 = [[King mackerel]]s (Scomberomorus cavalla) cruise on long migrations at 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph).<ref name="pfa"> | ||
{{cite web | title = Pelagic species | url = http://www.pfa-frozenfish.com/pfa2/fish1.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211174604/http://www.pfa-frozenfish.com/pfa2/fish1.html | archive-date = 2012-02-11 | {{cite web | title = Pelagic species | url = http://www.pfa-frozenfish.com/pfa2/fish1.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211174604/http://www.pfa-frozenfish.com/pfa2/fish1.html | archive-date = 2012-02-11 | publisher = Pelagic Freezer-trawler Association | access-date = 2009-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="Mackerel"> | ||
{{cite web | title = Mackerel | url = http://www.imr.no/temasider/fisk/makrell/makrell/en | {{cite web | title = Mackerel | url = http://www.imr.no/temasider/fisk/makrell/makrell/en | publisher = [[Institute of Marine Research]] | access-date = 2009-07-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170811181544/http://www.imr.no/temasider/fisk/makrell/makrell/en | archive-date = 2017-08-11 }}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 683: | Line 683: | ||
In combination, these fish (Scombroids) can be found worldwide in all oceans of the world, excluding the [[Southern Ocean|Southern]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic Oceans]]. However, the [[Atlantic chub mackerel]] has been spotted near [[Greenland]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] on rare occasions as [[Climate change|global warming]] makes the Arctic more habitable for them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Cheryl |date=May 10, 2018 |title=Alien Waters: Neighboring Seas Are Flowing into a Warming Arctic Ocean |url=https://e360.yale.edu:8443/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean |website=Yale Environment 360}}</ref> | In combination, these fish (Scombroids) can be found worldwide in all oceans of the world, excluding the [[Southern Ocean|Southern]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic Oceans]]. However, the [[Atlantic chub mackerel]] has been spotted near [[Greenland]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]] on rare occasions as [[Climate change|global warming]] makes the Arctic more habitable for them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Cheryl |date=May 10, 2018 |title=Alien Waters: Neighboring Seas Are Flowing into a Warming Arctic Ocean |url=https://e360.yale.edu:8443/features/alien-waters-neighboring-seas-are-flowing-into-a-warming-arctic-ocean |website=Yale Environment 360}}</ref> | ||
Some mackerel species, especially [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] and [[Filter feeder|filter feeding]] one such as chub mackerel, migrate vertically, staying at certain depths depending on the time of day and food availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yasuda |first1=Tohya |last2=Kinoshita |first2=Junji |last3=Niino |first3=Yohei |last4=Okuyama |first4=Junichi |date=2023-04-01 |title=Vertical migration patterns linked to body and environmental temperatures in chub mackerel |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661123000605#:~:text=Mackerel%20showed%20a%20normal%20pattern,ambiguous%20in%20the%20spawning%20season. |journal=Progress in Oceanography |volume=213 | | Some mackerel species, especially [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] and [[Filter feeder|filter feeding]] one such as chub mackerel, migrate vertically, staying at certain depths depending on the time of day and food availability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yasuda |first1=Tohya |last2=Kinoshita |first2=Junji |last3=Niino |first3=Yohei |last4=Okuyama |first4=Junichi |date=2023-04-01 |title=Vertical migration patterns linked to body and environmental temperatures in chub mackerel |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661123000605#:~:text=Mackerel%20showed%20a%20normal%20pattern,ambiguous%20in%20the%20spawning%20season. |journal=Progress in Oceanography |volume=213 |article-number=103017 |doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103017 |bibcode=2023PrOce.21303017Y |issn=0079-6611|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
For example, adult [[snake mackerel]], conduct a [[diel vertical migration]], staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.<ref name="burton">{{cite book |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia |author=Burton, R. |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7614-7266-7}}</ref> | For example, adult [[snake mackerel]], conduct a [[diel vertical migration]], staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.<ref name="burton">{{cite book |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia |author=Burton, R. |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7614-7266-7}}</ref> | ||
| Line 694: | Line 694: | ||
Mackerel are prolific [[broadcast spawner]]s, and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs.<ref name=FAOTuna /> Their [[Fish egg|eggs]] and [[Ichthyoplankton|larvae]] are [[pelagic]], that is, they float free in the open sea. The larvae and juvenile mackerel feed on [[zooplankton]]. As adults, they have sharp teeth, and hunt small crustaceans such as [[copepod]]s, [[forage fish]], [[shrimp]], and [[squid]]. In turn, they are hunted by larger pelagic animals such as tuna, [[billfish]], [[Sea lion|sea lions]], [[shark]]s, and [[pelican]]s.<ref name=FAOjaponicus /><ref name=FAOcavalla /><ref>{{cite web | title = Forage species | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4290/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2019-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041523/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4290/en | archive-date = 2018-12-21 | url-status = live }}</ref> | Mackerel are prolific [[broadcast spawner]]s, and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs.<ref name=FAOTuna /> Their [[Fish egg|eggs]] and [[Ichthyoplankton|larvae]] are [[pelagic]], that is, they float free in the open sea. The larvae and juvenile mackerel feed on [[zooplankton]]. As adults, they have sharp teeth, and hunt small crustaceans such as [[copepod]]s, [[forage fish]], [[shrimp]], and [[squid]]. In turn, they are hunted by larger pelagic animals such as tuna, [[billfish]], [[Sea lion|sea lions]], [[shark]]s, and [[pelican]]s.<ref name=FAOjaponicus /><ref name=FAOcavalla /><ref>{{cite web | title = Forage species | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4290/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2019-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041523/http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4290/en | archive-date = 2018-12-21 | url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
Off [[Madagascar]], [[Spinner shark|spinner sharks]] follow migrating schools of mackerel.<ref name="compagno">{{cite book |author=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=1984 |title=Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date |place=Rome |publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization |isbn=978-92-5-101384-7 |pages=466–468}}</ref> [[Bryde's whale]]s feed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, including [[Ram feeding|skimming the surface]], [[Lunge feeding|lunging]], and [[bubble net]]s.<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web | title = Bryde's Whale ''(Balaenoptera edeni)'' | url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/brydeswhale.htm | publisher = Noaa Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources | access-date = 2009-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619094748/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/brydeswhale.htm | archive-date = 2010-06-19 | Off [[Madagascar]], [[Spinner shark|spinner sharks]] follow migrating schools of mackerel.<ref name="compagno">{{cite book |author=Compagno, L.J.V. |year=1984 |title=Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date |place=Rome |publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization |isbn=978-92-5-101384-7 |pages=466–468}}</ref> [[Bryde's whale]]s feed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, including [[Ram feeding|skimming the surface]], [[Lunge feeding|lunging]], and [[bubble net]]s.<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web | title = Bryde's Whale ''(Balaenoptera edeni)'' | url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/brydeswhale.htm | publisher = Noaa Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources | access-date = 2009-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619094748/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/brydeswhale.htm | archive-date = 2010-06-19 }}</ref> | ||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
| Line 742: | Line 742: | ||
[[File:A bunch of Mackerel freshly caught on a African beach.jpg|thumb|A fresh catch from an African beach]] | [[File:A bunch of Mackerel freshly caught on a African beach.jpg|thumb|A fresh catch from an African beach]] | ||
Chub mackerel, ''Scomber japonicus'', are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels.<ref name=FAOdata /> As a species, they are easily confused with Atlantic mackerel. Chub mackerel migrate long distances in oceans and across the Mediterranean. They can be caught with [[drift net]]s and suitable [[trawl]]s, but are most usually caught with [[surround net]]s at night by attracting them with lampara lamps.<ref>{{cite web | title = Chub mackerel | url = http://www.sicilianfishontheroad.com/en/il-pescato-siciliano/il-pesce-azzurro/lanzardo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130313192422/http://www.sicilianfishontheroad.com/en/il-pescato-siciliano/il-pesce-azzurro/lanzardo | archive-date = 2013-03-13 | Chub mackerel, ''Scomber japonicus'', are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels.<ref name=FAOdata /> As a species, they are easily confused with Atlantic mackerel. Chub mackerel migrate long distances in oceans and across the Mediterranean. They can be caught with [[drift net]]s and suitable [[trawl]]s, but are most usually caught with [[surround net]]s at night by attracting them with lampara lamps.<ref>{{cite web | title = Chub mackerel | url = http://www.sicilianfishontheroad.com/en/il-pescato-siciliano/il-pesce-azzurro/lanzardo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130313192422/http://www.sicilianfishontheroad.com/en/il-pescato-siciliano/il-pesce-azzurro/lanzardo | archive-date = 2013-03-13 | publisher = Sicilian Fish on the Road | access-date = 2012-04-06 }}</ref> | ||
The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. | The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. | ||
| Line 749: | Line 749: | ||
Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished non-scombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel.<ref name=FAOdata /><ref name=FAOmurphyi /> The species has been [[Overfishing|overfished]], and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.<ref name=nytimes> | Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished non-scombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel.<ref name=FAOdata /><ref name=FAOmurphyi /> The species has been [[Overfishing|overfished]], and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.<ref name=nytimes> | ||
{{cite news | title = In mackerel's plunder, hints of epic fish collapse | date = 2012-01-25 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | work = The New York Times | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043313/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | archive-date = 2018-12-21 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=iWatch2> | {{cite news | title = In mackerel's plunder, hints of epic fish collapse | date = 2012-01-25 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | work = The New York Times | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221043313/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/science/earth/in-mackerels-plunder-hints-of-epic-fish-collapse.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | archive-date = 2018-12-21 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=iWatch2> | ||
{{cite news | title = Lords of the fish | date = 2012-01-25 | url = http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/01/25/7914/lords-fish | {{cite news | title = Lords of the fish | date = 2012-01-25 | url = http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/01/25/7914/lords-fish | work = iWatch News | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194143/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/01/25/7914/lords-fish | archive-date = 2012-03-20 }}</ref> | ||
Smaller mackerel behave like [[herring]]s, and are captured in similar ways.<ref name=Clapham1941 /> Fish species like these, which [[Shoaling and schooling|school]] near the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school.<ref> | Smaller mackerel behave like [[herring]]s, and are captured in similar ways.<ref name=Clapham1941 /> Fish species like these, which [[Shoaling and schooling|school]] near the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school.<ref> | ||
{{cite web | title = Fishing vessel types: Purse seiners | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2019-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190506095459/http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en | archive-date = 2019-05-06 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref> | {{cite web | title = Fishing vessel types: Purse seiners | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | access-date = 2019-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190506095459/http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en | archive-date = 2019-05-06 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref> | ||
{{cite book | last1 = Gabriel | first1 = O | last2 = von Brandt | first2 = A | last3 = Lange | first3 = K | last4 = Dahm | first4 = E | last5 = Wendt | first5 = T | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC&pg=PA444 | title = Seining in fresh and sea water | work = Fish catching methods of the world | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = | {{cite book | last1 = Gabriel | first1 = O | last2 = von Brandt | first2 = A | last3 = Lange | first3 = K | last4 = Dahm | first4 = E | last5 = Wendt | first5 = T | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC&pg=PA444 | title = Seining in fresh and sea water | work = Fish catching methods of the world | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 978-0-85238-280-6 | pages = 431–448 }}</ref> | ||
Suitably designed [[Trolling (fishing)|trollers]] can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels.<ref>{{cite web | title = Fishing Vessel type: Trollers | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403212959/http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en | archive-date = 2019-04-03 | url-status = live}}</ref> [[Fish aggregating device]]s are also used to target mackerel.<ref name=hi>{{cite web | url = http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/FADS/ | title = The FAD FAQ | access-date = 2019-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181029004642/http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/FADS/ | archive-date = 2018-10-29 | url-status = live}}</ref> | Suitably designed [[Trolling (fishing)|trollers]] can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels.<ref>{{cite web | title = Fishing Vessel type: Trollers | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en | publisher = [[FAO]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403212959/http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en | archive-date = 2019-04-03 | url-status = live}}</ref> [[Fish aggregating device]]s are also used to target mackerel.<ref name=hi>{{cite web | url = http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/FADS/ | title = The FAD FAQ | access-date = 2019-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181029004642/http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/FADS/ | archive-date = 2018-10-29 | url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
| Line 791: | Line 791: | ||
The [[North Sea]] has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Clover | first1 = Charles | year = 2004 | title = The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat | location = London | publisher = Ebury Press | isbn = 0-09-189780-7 }}</ref> | The [[North Sea]] has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Clover | first1 = Charles | year = 2004 | title = The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat | location = London | publisher = Ebury Press | isbn = 0-09-189780-7 }}</ref> | ||
The Southeast US region spans the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Caribbean Sea]], and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing of [[king mackerel|king]] and [[Atlantic Spanish mackerel|Spanish mackerel]] occurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers. [[Gillnet]]s were banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had recovered.<ref name="FAO Profile">{{cite web | title = FISHERY COUNTRY PROFILE: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170518220246/ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf | archive-date = 2017-05-18 | The Southeast US region spans the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Caribbean Sea]], and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing of [[king mackerel|king]] and [[Atlantic Spanish mackerel|Spanish mackerel]] occurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers. [[Gillnet]]s were banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had recovered.<ref name="FAO Profile">{{cite web | title = FISHERY COUNTRY PROFILE: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170518220246/ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_US.pdf | archive-date = 2017-05-18 | publisher = [[FAO]] }}</ref> | ||
==As food== | ==As food== | ||
| Line 809: | Line 809: | ||
== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ahlstrom | first1 = EH | year = 1956 | title = Eggs and larvae of anchovy, jack mackerel, and Pacific mackerel | url = http://www.calcofi.org/publications/calcofireports/v05/Vol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf | journal = CalCOFI Reports | volume = 5 | pages = 33–42 | access-date = 17 March 2012 | archive-date = 3 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190803033010/http://www.calcofi.org/publications/calcofireports/v05/Vol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf | * {{cite journal | last1 = Ahlstrom | first1 = EH | year = 1956 | title = Eggs and larvae of anchovy, jack mackerel, and Pacific mackerel | url = http://www.calcofi.org/publications/calcofireports/v05/Vol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf | journal = CalCOFI Reports | volume = 5 | pages = 33–42 | access-date = 17 March 2012 | archive-date = 3 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190803033010/http://www.calcofi.org/publications/calcofireports/v05/Vol_05_Eggs___Larvae_Ahlstrom.pdf }} | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Bertrand | first1 = A | last2 = Barbieri | first2 = MA | last3 = Gerlotto | first3 = F | last4 = Leiva | first4 = F | last5 = Cordova | first5 = J | year = 2006 | title = Determinism and plasticity of fish schooling behaviour as exemplified by the South Pacific jack mackerel ''Trachurus murphyi'' | url = https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/311/m311p145.pdf | journal = Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume = 311 | pages = 145–156 | doi = 10.3354/meps311145 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190427041047/https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/311/m311p145.pdf | archive-date = 2019-04-27 | url-status = live | bibcode = 2006MEPS..311..145B | doi-access = free }} | * {{cite journal | last1 = Bertrand | first1 = A | last2 = Barbieri | first2 = MA | last3 = Gerlotto | first3 = F | last4 = Leiva | first4 = F | last5 = Cordova | first5 = J | year = 2006 | title = Determinism and plasticity of fish schooling behaviour as exemplified by the South Pacific jack mackerel ''Trachurus murphyi'' | url = https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/311/m311p145.pdf | journal = Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume = 311 | pages = 145–156 | doi = 10.3354/meps311145 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190427041047/https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/311/m311p145.pdf | archive-date = 2019-04-27 | url-status = live | bibcode = 2006MEPS..311..145B | doi-access = free }} | ||
* Bigelow HB and Schroeder WC (1953) [http://www.gma.org/fogm/Scomber_scombrus.htm Fishes of the Gulf of Maine: Mackerel] ''Fisheries Bulletin'', Volume 53, Number 74, [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]. | * Bigelow HB and Schroeder WC (1953) [http://www.gma.org/fogm/Scomber_scombrus.htm Fishes of the Gulf of Maine: Mackerel] ''Fisheries Bulletin'', Volume 53, Number 74, [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]. | ||
* Burton M and Burton R (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=wWQw11SLvVwC&dq=Mackerel&pg=PA1517 ''International Wildlife Encyclopedia''] Marshall Cavendish, pp. 1517–1518. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7266-7}}. | * Burton M and Burton R (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=wWQw11SLvVwC&dq=Mackerel&pg=PA1517 ''International Wildlife Encyclopedia''] Marshall Cavendish, pp. 1517–1518. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7266-7}}. | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hays | first1 = GC | year = 1996 | title = Large-scale patterns of diel vertical migration in the North Atlantic | url = http://www.swansea.ac.uk/bs/turtle/reprints/hays_dsr1996.pdf | journal = Deep-Sea Research Part I | volume = 43 | issue = 10 | pages = 1601–1615 | doi = 10.1016/s0967-0637(96)00078-7 | bibcode = 1996DSRI...43.1601H | author1-link = Graeme Hays | access-date = 8 March 2012 | archive-date = 27 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127170319/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/bs/turtle/reprints/hays_dsr1996.pdf | * {{cite journal | last1 = Hays | first1 = GC | year = 1996 | title = Large-scale patterns of diel vertical migration in the North Atlantic | url = http://www.swansea.ac.uk/bs/turtle/reprints/hays_dsr1996.pdf | journal = Deep-Sea Research Part I | volume = 43 | issue = 10 | pages = 1601–1615 | doi = 10.1016/s0967-0637(96)00078-7 | bibcode = 1996DSRI...43.1601H | author1-link = Graeme Hays | access-date = 8 March 2012 | archive-date = 27 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127170319/https://www.swansea.ac.uk/bs/turtle/reprints/hays_dsr1996.pdf }} | ||
* Keay JN (2001) [http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5938e/x5938e00.htm#Contents Handling and processing mackerel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010135/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5938e/x5938e00.htm#Contents |date=11 December 2018 }} Torry advisory note 66. | * Keay JN (2001) [http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5938e/x5938e00.htm#Contents Handling and processing mackerel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010135/http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5938e/x5938e00.htm#Contents |date=11 December 2018 }} Torry advisory note 66. | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Masuda | first1 = R | last2 = Shoji | first2 = J | last3 = Nakatama Sand | first3 = Tanaka T | year = 2003 | title = Development of schooling behavior in Spanish mackerel ''Scomberomorus niphonius'' during early ontogeny | url = http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0671.pdf | journal = Fisheries Science | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 772–776 | doi = 10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00685.x | bibcode = 2003FisSc..69..772M | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033305/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0671.pdf | * {{cite journal | last1 = Masuda | first1 = R | last2 = Shoji | first2 = J | last3 = Nakatama Sand | first3 = Tanaka T | year = 2003 | title = Development of schooling behavior in Spanish mackerel ''Scomberomorus niphonius'' during early ontogeny | url = http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0671.pdf | journal = Fisheries Science | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 772–776 | doi = 10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00685.x | bibcode = 2003FisSc..69..772M | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033305/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0671.pdf }} | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Nakayama | first1 = S | last2 = Masuda | first2 = R | last3 = Tanaka | first3 = M | year = 2007 | title = ''Onsets of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus | url = http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0099.pdf | journal = Behav Ecol Sociobiol | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 1383–1390 | doi = 10.1007/s00265-007-0368-4 | bibcode = 2007BEcoS..61.1383N | s2cid = 56667 | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033307/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0099.pdf | * {{cite journal | last1 = Nakayama | first1 = S | last2 = Masuda | first2 = R | last3 = Tanaka | first3 = M | year = 2007 | title = ''Onsets of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus | url = http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0099.pdf | journal = Behav Ecol Sociobiol | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 1383–1390 | doi = 10.1007/s00265-007-0368-4 | bibcode = 2007BEcoS..61.1383N | s2cid = 56667 | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033307/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0099.pdf }} | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Nakayama | first1 = A | last2 = Masuda | first2 = R | last3 = Shoji | first3 = J | last4 = Takeuchi | first4 = T | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = M | year = 2003 | title = Effect of prey items on the development of schooling behavior in chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus'' in the laboratory | url = http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0365.pdf | journal = Fisheries Science | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 670–676 | doi = 10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00673.x | bibcode = 2003FisSc..69..670N | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033302/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0365.pdf | * {{cite journal | last1 = Nakayama | first1 = A | last2 = Masuda | first2 = R | last3 = Shoji | first3 = J | last4 = Takeuchi | first4 = T | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = M | year = 2003 | title = Effect of prey items on the development of schooling behavior in chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus'' in the laboratory | url = http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0365.pdf | journal = Fisheries Science | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 670–676 | doi = 10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00673.x | bibcode = 2003FisSc..69..670N | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809033302/http://www.shinnakayama.com/publications/0365.pdf }} | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Nakayama | first1 = S | last2 = Masuda | first2 = R | last3 = Tanaka | first3 = M | year = 2007 | title = Onsets of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus'' | journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 1383–1390 | jstor = 27823518 | doi = 10.1007/s00265-007-0368-4 | bibcode = 2007BEcoS..61.1383N | s2cid = 56667 }} | * {{cite journal | last1 = Nakayama | first1 = S | last2 = Masuda | first2 = R | last3 = Tanaka | first3 = M | year = 2007 | title = Onsets of schooling behavior and social transmission in chub mackerel ''Scomber japonicus'' | journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | volume = 61 | issue = 9 | pages = 1383–1390 | jstor = 27823518 | doi = 10.1007/s00265-007-0368-4 | bibcode = 2007BEcoS..61.1383N | s2cid = 56667 }} | ||
* ''SPRFMO''(2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074709/http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/7th-Meeting-May-2009-Lima/JM-Subgroup-VII/SP-07-SWG-JM-02-jackmackerel-speciesprofile-20090430.doc Information describing Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) fisheries relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation] Working draft. | * ''SPRFMO''(2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074709/http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/7th-Meeting-May-2009-Lima/JM-Subgroup-VII/SP-07-SWG-JM-02-jackmackerel-speciesprofile-20090430.doc Information describing Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) fisheries relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation] Working draft. | ||
Latest revision as of 01:14, 16 November 2025
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Multiple image Template:Common fish
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.
Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "tiger-like" stripes on their backs with an iridescent green-blue quality.[1][2] Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations or fish stocks based on geography. Some stocks migrate in large schools along the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area of upwelling. From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans.
Smaller mackerel are forage fish for larger predators, including larger mackerel and Atlantic cod.[3] Flocks of seabirds, whales, dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such as tuna and marlin follow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high in omega-3 oils and is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen.[4] Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of the king mackerel.[5]
Species
Over 30 different species, principally belonging to the family Scombridae, are commonly referred to as mackerel. The term "mackerel" is derived from Old French and may have originally meant either "marked, spotted" or "pimp, procurer". The latter connection is not altogether clear, but mackerel spawn enthusiastically in shoals near the coast, and medieval ideas on animal procreation were creative.[6]
Scombroid mackerels
About 21 species in the family Scombridae are commonly called mackerel. The type species for the scombroid mackerel is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. Until recently, Atlantic chub mackerel and Indo-Pacific chub mackerel were thought to be subspecies of the same species. In 1999, Collette established, on molecular and morphological considerations, that these are separate species.[7] Mackerel are smaller with shorter lifecycles than their close relatives, the tuna, which are also members of the same family.[8][9]
Scombrini, the true mackerels
Script error: No such module "anchor".
The true mackerels belong to the tribe Scombrini.[10] The tribe consists of seven species, each belonging to one of two genera: Scomber or Rastrelliger.[11][12]
Script error: No such module "anchor".
Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels
The Spanish mackerels belong to the tribe Scomberomorini, which is the "cousin tribe" of the true mackerels.[31] This tribe consists of 21 species in all—18 of those are classified into the genus Scomberomorus,[32] two into Grammatorcynus,[33] and a single species into the monotypic genus Acanthocybium.[34]
Other mackerel
In addition, a number of species with mackerel-like characteristics in the families Carangidae, Hexagrammidae and Gempylidae are commonly referred to as mackerel. Some confusion had occurred between the Pacific jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) and the heavily harvested Chilean jack mackerel (T. murphyi). These have been thought at times to be the same species, but are now recognized as separate species.[83]
The term "mackerel" is also used as a modifier in the common names of other fish, sometimes indicating the fish has vertical stripes similar to a scombroid mackerel:
- Mackerel icefish—Champsocephalus gunnari
- Mackerel pike—Cololabis saira
- Mackerel shark—several species
- Shortfin mako shark—Isurus oxyrinchus
- Mackerel tuna—Euthynnus affinis
- Mackerel tail goldfish—Carassius auratus
By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as the mackerel tabby cat,[125] and to inanimate objects such as the altocumulus mackerel sky cloud formation.[126][127]
Characteristics (Scombridae)
Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includes tuna and bonito. Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Their scales, if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, they lack a swim bladder, and their bodies are cylindrical with numerous finlets on the dorsal and ventral sides behind the dorsal and anal fins, but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim.[128]
The type species for scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. These fish are iridescent blue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies.[29][130]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background.[131] However, fish have an optokinetic reflex in their visual systems that can be sensitive to moving stripes.[132] For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position.[131][133] The lateral line also helps with orderly schooling.[134][135]
A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998, E J Denton and D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding."[136]
Mackerel range in size from small forage fish to larger game fish. Coastal mackerel tend to be small.[137] The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are cold-blooded, but exceptions exist. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic bony fishes are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the butterfly mackerel, a species of primitive mackerel.[138]
Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec,[139][140] while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec.[128] The Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) has been known to reach speeds of up to Template:Convert.[141]
Distribution
Most mackerel species have restricted distribution ranges,[128] while others, like the Wahoo, are found in all oceans between 59°N and 48°S.[35]
In combination, these fish (Scombroids) can be found worldwide in all oceans of the world, excluding the Southern and Arctic Oceans. However, the Atlantic chub mackerel has been spotted near Greenland in the Arctic Ocean on rare occasions as global warming makes the Arctic more habitable for them.[142]
Some mackerel species, especially pelagic and filter feeding one such as chub mackerel, migrate vertically, staying at certain depths depending on the time of day and food availability.[143]
For example, adult snake mackerel, conduct a diel vertical migration, staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.[144]
Lifecycle and ecology (Scombroids)
Mackerel are prolific broadcast spawners, and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs.[128] Their eggs and larvae are pelagic, that is, they float free in the open sea. The larvae and juvenile mackerel feed on zooplankton. As adults, they have sharp teeth, and hunt small crustaceans such as copepods, forage fish, shrimp, and squid. In turn, they are hunted by larger pelagic animals such as tuna, billfish, sea lions, sharks, and pelicans.[27][44][145]
Off Madagascar, spinner sharks follow migrating schools of mackerel.[146] Bryde's whales feed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets.[147]
Fisheries
Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels.[4] As a species, they are easily confused with Atlantic mackerel. Chub mackerel migrate long distances in oceans and across the Mediterranean. They can be caught with drift nets and suitable trawls, but are most usually caught with surround nets at night by attracting them with lampara lamps.[148]
The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. Just these two species (Chub mackerel and Atlantic mackerel) account for about 75% of the total catch of scombroid mackerels.[4]
Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished non-scombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel.[4][97] The species has been overfished, and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.[149][150]
Smaller mackerel behave like herrings, and are captured in similar ways.[151] Fish species like these, which school near the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school.[152][153]
Suitably designed trollers can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels.[154] Fish aggregating devices are also used to target mackerel.[155]
| Images and videos | |
|---|---|
| Template:Multiple image | Template:External media |
Management and conservation
The North Sea has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost.[156]
The Southeast US region spans the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing of king and Spanish mackerel occurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers. Gillnets were banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had recovered.[157]
As food
Atlantic mackerel on ice at a fish store
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Mackerel is an important food fish that is consumed worldwide.[158] As an oily fish, it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids.[159] The flesh of mackerel spoils quickly, especially in the tropics, and can cause scombroid food poisoning. Accordingly, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless properly refrigerated or cured.[160]
Mackerel preservation is not simple. Before the 19th-century development of canning and the widespread availability of refrigeration, salting and smoking were the principal preservation methods available.[161] Historically in England, this fish was not preserved, but was consumed only in its fresh form. However, spoilage was common, leading the authors of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe to remark: "There are more references to stinking mackerel in English literature than to any other fish!"[151] In France, mackerel was traditionally pickled with large amounts of salt, which allowed it to be sold widely across the country.[151]
For many years mackerel was regarded as 'unclean' in the UK and other places due to folklore which suggested that the fish fed on the corpses of dead sailors.[162] A 1976 survey of housewives in Britain undertaken by the White Fish Authority indicated a reluctance to departing from buying the traditional staples of cod, haddock or salmon. Less than 10% of the survey's 1,931 respondents had ever bought mackerel, and only 3% did so regularly. As a result of this trend, many UK fishmongers during the 1970s did not display or even stock mackerel.[162]
References
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Bigelow HB and Schroeder WC (1953) Fishes of the Gulf of Maine: Mackerel Fisheries Bulletin, Volume 53, Number 74, United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
- Burton M and Burton R (2002) International Wildlife Encyclopedia Marshall Cavendish, pp. 1517–1518. Template:ISBN.
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Keay JN (2001) Handling and processing mackerel Template:Webarchive Torry advisory note 66.
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- SPRFMO(2009) Information describing Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) fisheries relating to the South Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation Working draft.
External links
- Atlantic Mackerel British Marine Life Study Society. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- Mackerel nutrition facts
- Fishing for mackerel
- Template:Cite NIE
Template:Mackerel Template:Commercial fish topics
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFAOdata - ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite dictionary
- ↑ a b Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite IUCN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite IUCN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite IUCN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ a b Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ a b Template:Cite IUCN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Template:Cite iucn
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Harvp
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".