Cirsium vulgare: Difference between revisions
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The plant provides a great deal of [[nectar]] for [[pollinators]]. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a [[UK]] plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.<ref name=Pollinators>{{cite web |title=Which flowers are the best source of nectar? |publisher=Conservation Grade |url=http://www.conservationgrade.org/2014/10/which_flowers_best_source_nectar/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |date=15 October 2014 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214024659/http://www.conservationgrade.org/2014/10/which_flowers_best_source_nectar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marsh thistle, ''[[Cirsium palustre]]'', was ranked in first place while this thistle was ranked in sixth place. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2300 ± 400 μg).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hicks|first1=DM|last2=Ouvrard|first2=P|last3=Baldock|first3=KCR|title=Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6|pages=e0158117|date=2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158117|pmid=27341588|pmc=4920406|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158117H|doi-access=free}}</ref> | The plant provides a great deal of [[nectar]] for [[pollinators]]. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a [[UK]] plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.<ref name=Pollinators>{{cite web |title=Which flowers are the best source of nectar? |publisher=Conservation Grade |url=http://www.conservationgrade.org/2014/10/which_flowers_best_source_nectar/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |date=15 October 2014 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214024659/http://www.conservationgrade.org/2014/10/which_flowers_best_source_nectar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marsh thistle, ''[[Cirsium palustre]]'', was ranked in first place while this thistle was ranked in sixth place. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2300 ± 400 μg).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hicks|first1=DM|last2=Ouvrard|first2=P|last3=Baldock|first3=KCR|title=Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=6|pages=e0158117|date=2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158117|pmid=27341588|pmc=4920406|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1158117H|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
==Description== | == Description == | ||
It is a tall [[biennial plant|biennial]] or short-lived [[monocarpic]] [[thistle]], forming a [[rosette (botany)|rosette]] of [[leaf|leaves]] and a [[taproot]] up to 70 cm (28 in) long in the first year, and a [[flower]]ing stem 1–1.5 m (3 ft 4 in | It is a tall [[biennial plant|biennial]] or short-lived [[monocarpic]] [[thistle]], forming a [[rosette (botany)|rosette]] of [[leaf|leaves]] and a [[taproot]] up to 70 cm (28 in) long in the first year, and a [[flower]]ing stem 1–1.5 m (3 ft 4 in – 4 ft 11 in) tall in the second (rarely third or fourth) year. It can grow up to {{Convert|1.8|m}} tall.<ref name="Elias-2009" /> It sometimes will function as an annual, flowering in the first year. The stem is winged, with numerous longitudinal spine-tipped wings along its full length. The leaves are stoutly spined, grey-green, deeply lobed; the basal leaves grow up to {{Convert|30|cm}} long,<ref name="Elias-2009" /> with smaller leaves on the upper part of the flower stem; the leaf lobes are spear-shaped (from which the English name derives). The [[inflorescence]] is {{Convert|2.5-5|cm}} diameter, pink-purple, with all the [[floret]]s of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The [[seed]]s are {{convert|5|mm}} long, with a downy [[Pappus (flower structure)|pappus]], which assists in wind dispersal. As in other species of ''Cirsium'' (but unlike species in the related genus ''[[Carduus]]''), the pappus hairs are feathery with fine side hairs.<ref name=blamey>Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. {{ISBN|0-340-40170-2}}</ref><ref name=Organic>Bond, W., Davies, G., & Turner, R. J. (2007). [https://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/sites/www.gardenorganic.org.uk/files/organic-weeds/cirsium-vulgare.pdf The biology and non-chemical control Spear Thistle (''Cirsium vulgare'').] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235925/https://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/sites/www.gardenorganic.org.uk/files/organic-weeds/cirsium-vulgare.pdf |date=7 November 2020 }} 6pp. HDRA the organic organisation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830211100/http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds/downloads/cirsium%20vulgare.pdf 2006 Version]</ref> | ||
==Ecology== | == Ecology == | ||
Spear thistle is often a [[ruderal species]], colonising bare [[disturbed ground]], but also persists well on heavily [[grazing|grazed]] land as it is unpalatable to most grazing animals.<ref name=Organic/> Nitrogen-rich soils help increase its proliferation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwma.org/BullThistle.html|title=Bull thistle|publisher=Colorado Weed Management Association|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929010217/http://www.cwma.org/BullThistle.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The flowers are a rich nectar source used by numerous pollinating insects, including [[honey bee]]s, [[Anthidium manicatum|wool-carder bees]], and many [[butterfly|butterflies]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.|url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7937|work=Department of Environment and Conservation|publisher=Government of Western Australia|access-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322180027/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7937|archive-date=22 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The seeds are eaten by [[European goldfinch|goldfinches]], [[linnet]]s and [[European greenfinch|greenfinches]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Spear thistle – Cirsium vulgare|url=http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o799-spearthistle.php|work=Natural England|publisher=The Plant Press|access-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929085200/http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o799-spearthistle.php|archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> The seeds are dispersed by wind, mud, water, and possibly also by [[ant]]s; they do not show significant long-term dormancy, most germinating soon after dispersal and only a few lasting up to four years in the [[soil seed bank]].<ref name=weedaus>{{cite web|title=Spear thistle|url=http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H71|work=Weed Australia|publisher=Australian Weeds Committee National Initiative|access-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171539/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H71|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Seed is also often spread by human activity such as [[hay]] bales.<ref name=Organic/> | Spear thistle is often a [[ruderal species]], colonising bare [[disturbed ground]], but also persists well on heavily [[grazing|grazed]] land as it is unpalatable to most grazing animals.<ref name=Organic/> Nitrogen-rich soils help increase its proliferation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwma.org/BullThistle.html|title=Bull thistle|publisher=Colorado Weed Management Association|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929010217/http://www.cwma.org/BullThistle.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The flowers are a rich nectar source used by numerous pollinating insects, including [[honey bee]]s, [[Anthidium manicatum|wool-carder bees]], and many [[butterfly|butterflies]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.|url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7937|work=Department of Environment and Conservation|publisher=Government of Western Australia|access-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322180027/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7937|archive-date=22 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The seeds are eaten by [[European goldfinch|goldfinches]], [[linnet]]s and [[European greenfinch|greenfinches]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Spear thistle – Cirsium vulgare|url=http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o799-spearthistle.php|work=Natural England|publisher=The Plant Press|access-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929085200/http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o799-spearthistle.php|archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> The seeds are dispersed by wind, mud, water, and possibly also by [[ant]]s; they do not show significant long-term dormancy, most germinating soon after dispersal and only a few lasting up to four years in the [[soil seed bank]].<ref name=weedaus>{{cite web|title=Spear thistle|url=http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H71|work=Weed Australia|publisher=Australian Weeds Committee National Initiative|access-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171539/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H71|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Seed is also often spread by human activity such as [[hay]] bales.<ref name=Organic/> | ||
===Weed status=== | === Weed status === | ||
Spear thistle is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK [[Weeds Act 1959]],<ref>Defra, UK – Farming – Wildlife and plants [http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/wildlife/weeds/index.htm Ragwort and injurious weeds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430174831/http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/wildlife/weeds/index.htm |date=30 April 2007 }}</ref> and a [[noxious weed]] in Australia<ref name=weedaus/><ref>{{cite web|title=Spear Thistle|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_spear_thistle|work=Department of Primary Industries|publisher=Victorian Government|access-date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=PIRSA>{{cite web|title=Declared Plant Policy|url=http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/_media/pdf/pirsa_internet/biosecurity/nrm_biosecurity/pest_weed_policies/declared_plants_2/spear_thistle_policy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315061128/http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/_media/pdf/pirsa_internet/biosecurity/nrm_biosecurity/pest_weed_policies/declared_plants_2/spear_thistle_policy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2011|work=Primary Industries and Resources SA|publisher=Government of South Australia|access-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> and in nine US states.<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |title=USDA Plants Profile for ''Cirsium vulgare'' |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CIVU |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=USDA Plant Database |publisher=USDA}}</ref> Spread is only by seed, not by root fragments as in the related [[Cirsium arvense|creeping thistle]] ''C. arvense''. It is best cleared from land by hoeing and deep cutting of the taproot before seeds mature; regular cultivation also prevents its establishment.<ref name=Organic/> | Spear thistle is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK [[Weeds Act 1959]],<ref>Defra, UK – Farming – Wildlife and plants [http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/wildlife/weeds/index.htm Ragwort and injurious weeds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430174831/http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/wildlife/weeds/index.htm |date=30 April 2007 }}</ref> and a [[noxious weed]] in Australia<ref name=weedaus/><ref>{{cite web|title=Spear Thistle|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_spear_thistle|work=Department of Primary Industries|publisher=Victorian Government|access-date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=PIRSA>{{cite web|title=Declared Plant Policy|url=http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/_media/pdf/pirsa_internet/biosecurity/nrm_biosecurity/pest_weed_policies/declared_plants_2/spear_thistle_policy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315061128/http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/_media/pdf/pirsa_internet/biosecurity/nrm_biosecurity/pest_weed_policies/declared_plants_2/spear_thistle_policy.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2011|work=Primary Industries and Resources SA|publisher=Government of South Australia|access-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> and in nine US states.<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |title=USDA Plants Profile for ''Cirsium vulgare'' |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CIVU |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=USDA Plant Database |publisher=USDA}}</ref> Spread is only by seed, not by root fragments as in the related [[Cirsium arvense|creeping thistle]] ''C. arvense''. It is best cleared from land by hoeing and deep cutting of the taproot before seeds mature; regular cultivation also prevents its establishment.<ref name=Organic/> | ||
Despite this label, the plant has beneficial qualities beyond its very high [[nectar]] production. It produces seeds eaten by the [[American goldfinch]], down from seed pods that is used by those birds for [[nest]]ing material. However, despite this serving [[Generalist species|generalist]] pollinators and animals, it is highly recommended to plant [[Native species|native]] thistles and other plants as it can wreak havoc on natural ecosystems. | Despite this label, the plant has beneficial qualities beyond its very high [[nectar]] production. It produces seeds eaten by the [[American goldfinch]], down from seed pods that is used by those birds for [[nest]]ing material. However, despite this serving [[Generalist species|generalist]] pollinators and animals, it is highly recommended to plant [[Native species|native]] thistles and other plants as it can wreak havoc on natural ecosystems. | ||
==Other names== | == Other names == | ||
Common names include bull thistle,<ref name=Organic/><ref name=USDA2>{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> Scots, Scottish, or Scotch thistle, and common thistle.<ref name=USDA2/> | Common names include bull thistle,<ref name=Organic/><ref name=USDA2>{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> Scots, Scottish, or Scotch thistle, and common thistle.<ref name=USDA2/> | ||
==Uses== | == Uses == | ||
The stems can be peeled (removing their spiny surfaces) and then steamed or boiled.<ref name="Elias-2009">{{ | The stems can be peeled (removing their spiny surfaces) and then steamed or boiled.<ref name="Elias-2009">{{cite book|last1=Elias|first1=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=115|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}}</ref> The tap roots can be eaten raw or cooked, but are only palatable on young thistles that have not yet flowered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cirsium |url=http://www.survival.org.au/bf_cirsium.php |work=Survival and Self Sufficiency |access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> The dried florets steeped in water are used in rural Italy for curdling goats' milk in preparation for making cheese.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}. In Iran, cleaned stems are used in the dish Khoresh-e-Kangar (thistle stem stew).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daryabandari |first=Najaf |title=از سیر تا پیاز آشپزی |isbn=9789644310126}}</ref> | ||
==In culture== | == In culture == | ||
The plant features in some Scottish ceremonies such as the "Riding of the Marches", held annually in [[Langholm]] in July. The 1992 specimen measured six feet in length.<ref name = "Mabey">Mabey R. (1996). ''Flora Britannica''. Sinclair-Stevenson. {{ISBN|1-85619-377-2}}.</ref> | The plant features in some Scottish ceremonies such as the "Riding of the Marches", held annually in [[Langholm]] in July. The 1992 specimen measured six feet in length.<ref name = "Mabey">Mabey R. (1996). ''Flora Britannica''. Sinclair-Stevenson. {{ISBN|1-85619-377-2}}.</ref> | ||
| Line 89: | Line 89: | ||
Cirsium vulgare Flower language<ref>{{Cite web |title=엉겅퀴 꽃말 (Cirsium vulgare flower language) |url=https://helpful.kr/%EC%97%89%EA%B2%85%ED%80%B4-%EA%BD%83%EB%A7%90-4%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80-%EC%83%89%EA%B9%94%EB%B3%84%EB%A1%9C-%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%EB%B4%85%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%A4/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=helpful.kr}}</ref> | Cirsium vulgare Flower language<ref>{{Cite web |title=엉겅퀴 꽃말 (Cirsium vulgare flower language) |url=https://helpful.kr/%EC%97%89%EA%B2%85%ED%80%B4-%EA%BD%83%EB%A7%90-4%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80-%EC%83%89%EA%B9%94%EB%B3%84%EB%A1%9C-%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%EB%B4%85%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%A4/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=helpful.kr}}</ref> | ||
* Purple Flower | * Purple Flower – 'Independence, Strictness, Austerity, Do Not Touch' | ||
* Pink Flower | * Pink Flower – 'Dignity, Strictness, Friendship, Joy, Romance' | ||
* White Flower | * White Flower – 'Purity, Spirituality, New Beginning' | ||
* Blue Flower | * Blue Flower – 'Rarity, Originality' | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{ | {{reflist}} | ||
==External links== | == External links == | ||
{{Commons category|Cirsium vulgare|''Cirsium vulgare''}} | {{Commons category|Cirsium vulgare|''Cirsium vulgare''}} | ||
{{Wikispecies|Cirsium vulgare|''Cirsium vulgare''}} | {{Wikispecies|Cirsium vulgare|''Cirsium vulgare''}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:40, 12 June 2025
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Hatnote". Template:Speciesbox
Cirsium vulgare, commonly known as spear thistle, bull thistle, or common thistle, is a species of the Asteraceae genus Cirsium, native throughout most of Europe (north to 66°N, locally 68°N), Western Asia (east to the Yenisei Valley), and northwestern Africa (Atlas Mountains).[1][2][3][4] It is also naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia and is an invasive weed in several regions.[5][6][7] It is the national flower of Scotland.
The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 10 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.[8] Marsh thistle, Cirsium palustre, was ranked in first place while this thistle was ranked in sixth place. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2300 ± 400 μg).[9]
Description
It is a tall biennial or short-lived monocarpic thistle, forming a rosette of leaves and a taproot up to 70 cm (28 in) long in the first year, and a flowering stem 1–1.5 m (3 ft 4 in – 4 ft 11 in) tall in the second (rarely third or fourth) year. It can grow up to Template:Convert tall.[10] It sometimes will function as an annual, flowering in the first year. The stem is winged, with numerous longitudinal spine-tipped wings along its full length. The leaves are stoutly spined, grey-green, deeply lobed; the basal leaves grow up to Template:Convert long,[10] with smaller leaves on the upper part of the flower stem; the leaf lobes are spear-shaped (from which the English name derives). The inflorescence is Template:Convert diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The seeds are Template:Convert long, with a downy pappus, which assists in wind dispersal. As in other species of Cirsium (but unlike species in the related genus Carduus), the pappus hairs are feathery with fine side hairs.[11][12]
Ecology
Spear thistle is often a ruderal species, colonising bare disturbed ground, but also persists well on heavily grazed land as it is unpalatable to most grazing animals.[12] Nitrogen-rich soils help increase its proliferation.[13] The flowers are a rich nectar source used by numerous pollinating insects, including honey bees, wool-carder bees, and many butterflies.[14] The seeds are eaten by goldfinches, linnets and greenfinches.[15] The seeds are dispersed by wind, mud, water, and possibly also by ants; they do not show significant long-term dormancy, most germinating soon after dispersal and only a few lasting up to four years in the soil seed bank.[16] Seed is also often spread by human activity such as hay bales.[12]
Weed status
Spear thistle is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK Weeds Act 1959,[17] and a noxious weed in Australia[16][18][19] and in nine US states.[20] Spread is only by seed, not by root fragments as in the related creeping thistle C. arvense. It is best cleared from land by hoeing and deep cutting of the taproot before seeds mature; regular cultivation also prevents its establishment.[12]
Despite this label, the plant has beneficial qualities beyond its very high nectar production. It produces seeds eaten by the American goldfinch, down from seed pods that is used by those birds for nesting material. However, despite this serving generalist pollinators and animals, it is highly recommended to plant native thistles and other plants as it can wreak havoc on natural ecosystems.
Other names
Common names include bull thistle,[12][21] Scots, Scottish, or Scotch thistle, and common thistle.[21]
Uses
The stems can be peeled (removing their spiny surfaces) and then steamed or boiled.[10] The tap roots can be eaten raw or cooked, but are only palatable on young thistles that have not yet flowered.[22] The dried florets steeped in water are used in rural Italy for curdling goats' milk in preparation for making cheese.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".. In Iran, cleaned stems are used in the dish Khoresh-e-Kangar (thistle stem stew).[23]
In culture
The plant features in some Scottish ceremonies such as the "Riding of the Marches", held annually in Langholm in July. The 1992 specimen measured six feet in length.[24]
Spear thistle is also the emblem of Newton Regis in England.[24]
Flower language
Cirsium vulgare Flower language[25]
- Purple Flower – 'Independence, Strictness, Austerity, Do Not Touch'
- Pink Flower – 'Dignity, Strictness, Friendship, Joy, Romance'
- White Flower – 'Purity, Spirituality, New Beginning'
- Blue Flower – 'Rarity, Originality'
References
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Wikiversity-bc
- ↑ Flora Europaea: Cirsium vulgare
- ↑ Den Virtuella Floran: Cirsium vulgare (in Swedish, with maps)
- ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo asinino, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
- ↑ Flora of China, 翼蓟 yi ji, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
- ↑ Flora of North America, Bull or common or spear thistle, gros chardon, chardon vulgaire ou lancéolé, piqueux, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
- ↑ Atlas of Living Australia, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten., Black Thistle
- ↑ Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute, African Plant Database, Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Template:ISBN
- ↑ a b c d e Bond, W., Davies, G., & Turner, R. J. (2007). The biology and non-chemical control Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare). Template:Webarchive 6pp. HDRA the organic organisation. 2006 Version
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Defra, UK – Farming – Wildlife and plants Ragwort and injurious weeds Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Template:GRIN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Mabey R. (1996). Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".