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==Origin==
==Origin==
The Turul is probably based on a large [[falcon]]. The [[Hungarian language]]  word ''turul'' meant one kind of falcon and the origin of the word is currently thought to be most likely [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (''Clauson 1972: 472''.<ref>Clauson, Sir Gerard. 1972. ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref>) (''[[Róna-Tas et al. 2011:2: 954-56)]]''<ref>Róna-Tas, András, Árpád Berta, with the assistance of László Károly (eds). 2011. ''West Old Turkic'', I-II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</ref>), which is the language of origin of over 10% of words in modern Hungarian lexicon and the exonym "Hungarian" and the word "Hun".{{efn|The Magyars had an extensive Turkic genetic and cultural influence, which accounts for the Turkic contribution to their lexicon, and Byzantines authors ([[De Administrando Imperio|Constantine]]) even mistakenly referred to them as Turks. Many Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names,<ref name="Ranki">{{cite book |editor=Gy Ránki, György Ránki|title=Hungarian History--world History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YNRnAAAAMAAJ|date=1984 |publisher=Akadémiai K VIII |isbn=978-963-05-3997-5|page=10}}</ref> are of Turkic origin. The majority of Hungarian tribal names were of Turkic origin.<ref name="aurel">{{cite book |last1=Pop|first1=Ioan Aurel|last2=Csorvási|first2=Veronica|title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xDwMAQAAMAAJ|date=1996 |publisher=[[Romanian Cultural Foundation|Fundația Culturală Română]]; [[:ro:Centrul de Studii Transilvane|Centrul de Studii Transilvane]]|isbn=978-973-577-037-2|page=62|quote=The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.}}</ref> However, in spite of all this influence, and although they were long in contact with them, the Magyars are not a Turkic people.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=New, revised|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=978-0-88402-021-9|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly James Heald|title=De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae|year=1967|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|access-date=28 August 2013}} According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (c. AD 950), "Patzinakia, the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg realm]], stretches west as far as the [[Siret River]] (or even the [[Carpathian Mountains|Eastern Carpathian Mountains]]), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."</ref><ref name="PrinzingSalamon1999">{{cite book|author1=Günter Prinzing|author2=Maciej Salamon|title=Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC&pg=PA46|access-date=9 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04146-1|page=46}}</ref><ref name="Howorth2008">{{cite book|author=Henry Hoyle Howorth|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3|access-date=15 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-134-4|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Köpeczi |first1=Béla |last2=Makkai |first2=László |last3=Mócsy |first3=András |last4=Kiralý |first4=Béla K. |last5=Kovrig |first5=Bennett |last6=Szász |first6=Zoltán |last7=Barta |first7=Gábor |title=Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) |date=2001 |publisher=Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs |location=New York |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |pages=415–416 |edition=Volume 1 of History of Transylvania}}</ref><ref>A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [http://nadasdymuzeum.hu/pdf/269.pdf]</ref>}} ''Toġrïl'' or ''toğrul'' means a medium to large [[bird of prey]] of the family [[Accipitridae]], [[Northern goshawk|goshawk]] or [[red kite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&ayn=bas&kelime=togr%FDl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715231143/http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&ayn=bas&kelime=togr%FDl  |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Great Turkish Dictionary |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |access-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref>  In Hungarian the word ''sólyom'' means falcon, and there are three ancient words describing different kinds of falcons: ''kerecsen'' [Greek κερχνηίς] ([[saker falcon]]), ''zongor'' [Turkish ''sungur'' = [[gyrfalcon]]] (which survives in the male name ''Csongor'') and ''turul''.
The Turul is probably based on a large [[falcon]]. The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]  word ''turul'' meant one kind of falcon and the origin of the word is currently thought to be most likely [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (''Clauson 1972: 472''.<ref>Clauson, Sir Gerard. 1972. ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref>) (''[[Róna-Tas et al. 2011:2: 954-56)]]''<ref>Róna-Tas, András, Árpád Berta, with the assistance of László Károly (eds). 2011. ''West Old Turkic'', I-II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</ref>), which is the language of origin of over 10% of words in modern Hungarian lexicon and the exonym "Hungarian" and the word "Hun".{{efn|The Magyars had an extensive Turkic genetic and cultural influence, which accounts for the Turkic contribution to their lexicon, and Byzantines authors ([[De Administrando Imperio|Constantine]]) even mistakenly referred to them as Turks. Many Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names,<ref name="Ranki">{{cite book |editor=Gy Ránki, György Ránki|title=Hungarian History--world History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YNRnAAAAMAAJ|date=1984 |publisher=Akadémiai K VIII |isbn=978-963-05-3997-5|page=10}}</ref> are of Turkic origin. The majority of Hungarian tribal names were of Turkic origin.<ref name="aurel">{{cite book |last1=Pop|first1=Ioan Aurel|last2=Csorvási|first2=Veronica|title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xDwMAQAAMAAJ|date=1996 |publisher=[[Romanian Cultural Foundation|Fundația Culturală Română]]; [[:ro:Centrul de Studii Transilvane|Centrul de Studii Transilvane]]|isbn=978-973-577-037-2|page=62|quote=The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.}}</ref> However, in spite of all this influence, and although they were long in contact with them, the Magyars are not a Turkic people.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=New, revised|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=978-0-88402-021-9|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly James Heald|title=De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae|year=1967|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|access-date=28 August 2013}} According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (c. AD 950), "Patzinakia, the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg realm]], stretches west as far as the [[Siret River]] (or even the [[Carpathian Mountains|Eastern Carpathian Mountains]]), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."</ref><ref name="PrinzingSalamon1999">{{cite book|author1=Günter Prinzing|author2=Maciej Salamon|title=Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC&pg=PA46|access-date=9 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04146-1|page=46}}</ref><ref name="Howorth2008">{{cite book|author=Henry Hoyle Howorth|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3|access-date=15 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-134-4|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Köpeczi |first1=Béla |last2=Makkai |first2=László |last3=Mócsy |first3=András |last4=Kiralý |first4=Béla K. |last5=Kovrig |first5=Bennett |last6=Szász |first6=Zoltán |last7=Barta |first7=Gábor |title=Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) |date=2001 |publisher=Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs |location=New York |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |pages=415–416 |edition=Volume 1 of History of Transylvania}}</ref><ref>A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [http://nadasdymuzeum.hu/pdf/269.pdf]</ref>}} ''Toġrïl'' or ''toğrul'' means a medium to large [[bird of prey]] of the family [[Accipitridae]], [[Northern goshawk|goshawk]] or [[red kite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&ayn=bas&kelime=togr%FDl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715231143/http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&ayn=bas&kelime=togr%FDl  |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Great Turkish Dictionary |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |access-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref>  In Hungarian the word ''sólyom'' means falcon, and there are three ancient words describing different kinds of falcons: ''kerecsen'' [Greek κερχνηίς] ([[saker falcon]]), ''zongor'' [Turkish ''sungur'' = [[gyrfalcon]]] (which survives in the male name ''Csongor'') and ''turul''.


In the legend of [[Emese]], recorded in the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' and the ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'', the ''turul'' is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant.<ref name="oszk" />
In the legend of [[Emese]], recorded in the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' and the ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'', the ''turul'' is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant.<ref name="oszk" />

Latest revision as of 22:44, 6 June 2025

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File:Turul buda castle1.jpg
Turul bird on the Royal Castle, Budapest, Hungary

The Turul is a mythological bird of prey, mostly depicted as a falcon, in Hungarian tradition and Turkic tradition, and a national symbol of Hungarians.

Origin

The Turul is probably based on a large falcon. The Hungarian word turul meant one kind of falcon and the origin of the word is currently thought to be most likely Turkic (Clauson 1972: 472.[1]) (Róna-Tas et al. 2011:2: 954-56)[2]), which is the language of origin of over 10% of words in modern Hungarian lexicon and the exonym "Hungarian" and the word "Hun".Template:Efn Toġrïl or toğrul means a medium to large bird of prey of the family Accipitridae, goshawk or red kite.[3] In Hungarian the word sólyom means falcon, and there are three ancient words describing different kinds of falcons: kerecsen [Greek κερχνηίς] (saker falcon), zongor [Turkish sungur = gyrfalcon] (which survives in the male name Csongor) and turul.

In the legend of Emese, recorded in the Gesta Hungarorum and the Chronicon Pictum, the turul is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant.[4] In older literature, this was interpreted as "impregnation", but the text is clear.[5] The Turul's role is one of a protector spirit, that protects the infant Álmos, from harm. This is a very similar motif to the role of the Simurgh in the Iranian epic Shahnameh. In a second dream by the leader of the Hungarian tribes, in which eagles (the emblem of the Pechenegs, enemies of the HungariansScript error: No such module "Unsubst".) attacked their horses and the Turul came and saved them. The image of the Turul and its role is similar to that of the Norse Vedfolnir, which like it perched on the tree of life.[6]Template:Efn The Huns reportedly also used the image of the eagle, which for them symbolized the leader.[7] The image of a bird of prey was extremely popular in Saka-Scythian culture.[8] More broadly, this image was common among the nomads of Central Asia.[8] Rather than belonging to a specific ethnic group, it was widespread across the steppe, and the union of a falcon and a woman is "firmly located in a shamanic religio-mythical universe."[6] A prominent example among similar legends is that of the Mongols, contained in The Secret History of the Mongols, where Genghis Khan's mother-in-law dreams that an eagle holding the sun and the moon in its claws lands on her hand, in anticipation of the birth of the Mongolian royal dynasty.[6] In some parts of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz carry falcons inside the yurt during childbirth, because their eyes are said to stave off demons that attack pregnant women during childbirth.[6] Macdonald calls it a "practical use" of the falcons' association with fertility.[6]

A pair of silver disk with Turul motive was found in Rakamaz, Hungary from a 10th century Hungarian cemetery. The most beautiful ornament of noble Hungarian women was a pair of decorative disks hanging from the end of the hair braid.

Turul dynasty

In Hungarian tradition, it originated as the clan symbol used in the 9th and 10th centuries by the ruling Árpád dynasty.[9] The Árpád dynasty was the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The Árpád dynasty is also referred to as the Turul dynasty.[10][11][12][13]

The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum mentioned that the Árpád dynasty descended from the gens (clan) Turul,[10][14][15] and the Gesta Hungarorum recorded that the Árpád's totemic ancestor was the Turul.[16]

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

And among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos, son of Előd, son of Ügyek, from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Duke Géza from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism.

— Template:Comma separated entries

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".In the legend of Emese, recorded in the Gesta Hungarorum and the Chronicon Pictum, the Turul is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant.[4]

File:Emese álma.jpg
Emese, mother of Álmos

Template:Quote<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Ügyek's son Előd, fathered a son by the daughter of Eunodubilia in Scythian land, whose name was Álmos, because a bird in the shape of a falcon appeared in his mother's dream when she was pregnant, a rushing stream sprang from her womb, it grew, but not in its own land, and from this it was prophesied that glorious kings would come from her loins. Because dream is "álom" in our language, and the birth of that boy was prophesied by a dream, that's why he was called Álmos.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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According to the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, King Attila had the Turul bird on his shield and it was the military badge of the Hungarians until the time of Prince Géza. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

King Attila's coat of arms, which he used on his own shield, depicted a bird with a crown, which is called "Turul" in Hungarian. This coat of arms was carried by the Hungarians in the wars of the communities as long as the communities governed themselves, until the time of Prince Géza, the son of Taksony.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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King Attila himself was feared by his own subjects because of his innate strictness and gloomy look, but he behaved with a noble spirit towards the peoples subject to him. As a military insignia, a crowned falcon was painted on both his shield and his flag. This military badge was worn by the Huns, namely the Hungarians, until the time of the son of Prince Taksony, Prince Géza. His title was like this: Attila son of Bendegúz, grandson of the great Nimrod who was raised in Engaddi, by the grace of God, King of the Huns, Medes, Goths and Danes, the Fear of the World, the Scourge of God.

— Template:Comma separated entries

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Coat of arms of Transylvania

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the Union of the Three Nations in Transylvania's coat of arms. It depicted a black eagle, a Turul on a blue background, representing the Hungarians, the Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons.[23] The flag and coat of arms of Transylvania were granted by Queen Maria Theresa in 1765, when she established a Grand Principality within the Habsburg monarchy.

Modern use

File:1904 Sasd 60filler.jpg
Kingdom of Hungary first issue (1900) with image of Turul

The Turul is used as in the design of coats of arms of the Hungarian Defence Forces, the Counter Terrorism Centre and the Office of National Security.[24][25][26] The central element of the emblem of the Hungarian Defence Forces is the Turul bird with extended wings holding the sword of King Saint Stephen in its claws.[24]

There were 3 large Turul statues, each with a wingspan of 15 metres, in Kingdom of Hungary (before the country had its borders reconfigured by the Treaty of Trianon). The last of the three stands on a mountain near Tatabánya, Hungary, but the other two were destroyed. It is the largest bird statue in Europe, and the largest bronze statue in Central Europe.[27] There remain at least 195 Turul statues in Hungary, as well as 48 in Romania (32 in Transylvania and 16 in Partium), 8 in Slovakia, 7 in Serbia, 5 in Ukraine, 1 in Austria and 1 in Croatia. One of the most recently erected, Template:As of, on St Michael the Archangel's Day, is in Hungary's Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park.[28]

Some of the Kingdom of Hungary postage stamps issued after 1900 feature the Turul.

Gallery

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Notes

Template:Notelist

External links

Template:Birds in culture Template:National symbols of Hungary

  1. ↑ Clauson, Sir Gerard. 1972. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  2. ↑ Róna-Tas, András, Árpád Berta, with the assistance of László Károly (eds). 2011. West Old Turkic, I-II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ For further details: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Chronicon Pictum, Gesta Hungarorum.Template:Clarify Arnold Ipolyi, "Magyar mitológia" (Hungarian Mythology) 1854; Gáspár Heltai, Hungarian Mythology. "[...] the hawk or turul, which in shamanistic lore rested upon the tree of life connecting the earth with the netherworld and the skies, persevered for longer [than other clan totems] as a device belonging to the ruling house. But even this was soon eclipsed by the symbol of the double cross and, around 1200, by the striped shield coloured in the red and white of Christ's Passion." Martyn C. Rady, Nobility, land and service in medieval Hungary, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p.12
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693.
  17. ↑ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  18. ↑ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  19. ↑ Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum https://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/10642.htm
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  22. ↑ Johannes Thuróczy: Chronica Hungarorum http://thuroczykronika.atw.hu/pdf/Thuroczy.pdf
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Tom Warhol, Birdwatcher's Daily Companion: 365 Days of Advice, Insight, and Information for Enthusiastic Birders, Marcus Schneck, Quarry Books, 2010, p. 158
  26. ↑ István Dienes, The Hungarians cross the Carpathians, Corvina Press, 1972, p. 71
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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