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'''Ultranationalism''', or '''extreme nationalism''', is an [[extremist]] form of [[nationalism]] in which a country asserts or maintains [[hegemony]], supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021746/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ultranationalism/ Ultranationalism]. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ultranationalism Ultranationalism]. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref name="Griffin"/> Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of [[political violence]] even during peacetime.<ref name="Holy"/>
'''Ultranationalism''', or '''extreme nationalism''', is an [[extremist]] form of [[nationalism]] in which a country asserts or maintains [[hegemony]], supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021746/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ultranationalism/ Ultranationalism]. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ultranationalism Ultranationalism]. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref name="Griffin"/> Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of [[political violence]] even during peacetime.<ref name="Holy"/>


In [[ideological]] terms, scholars such as the British political theorist [[Roger Griffin]] found that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern [[nation state]]s as living [[organism]]s. In stark [[mythological]] ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those that are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those perceived as having great [[cultural]] destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of [[fascism]], with historic governments such as the regimes of [[Fascist Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]] building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.<ref name="Griffin"/> Another major example was the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime in [[Democratic Kampuchea]] ([[Cambodia]]) that promoted ultranationalism.<ref name="Dunst 2018">{{cite news |last=Dunst|first=Charles|date=2018-11-16 |title=Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2173574/khmer-rouge-leaders-convicted-genocide-landmark-court |access-date=2023-01-18 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>
In [[ideological]] terms the British political theorist [[Roger Griffin]] said that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern [[nation state]]s as living [[organism]]s, and that in stark [[mythological]] ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those that are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those perceived as having great [[cultural]] destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of [[fascism]], with historic governments such as the regimes of [[Fascist Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]] building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.<ref name="Griffin"/> Another major example was the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime in [[Democratic Kampuchea]] ([[Cambodia]]) that promoted ultranationalism.<ref name="Dunst 2018">{{cite news |last=Dunst|first=Charles|date=2018-11-16 |title=Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2173574/khmer-rouge-leaders-convicted-genocide-landmark-court |access-date=2023-01-18 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>


==Background concepts and broader context==
==Background concepts and broader context==
[[File:Chernosotenzy v odessa.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Monarchist ultranationalists within the [[Black Hundreds]] movement marched in [[Odesa]], then inside of Russia, after the [[October Manifesto]] came out in 1905.]]
[[File:Chernosotenzy v odessa.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Monarchist ultranationalists within the [[Black Hundreds]] movement marched in [[Odesa]], at the time part of Russia's empire, after the [[October Manifesto]] came out in 1905.]]
[[File:19270508 Défilé Jeanne d'Arc Action française.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Charles Maurras]] with members of ''[[Action Française]]'', a monarchist and ultranationalist political party in France, in 1927]]
[[File:19270508 Défilé Jeanne d'Arc Action française.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Charles Maurras]] with members of ''[[Action Française]]'', a monarchist and ultranationalist political party in France, in 1927]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-065-24, Münchener Abkommen, Ankunft Mussolini.jpg|thumb|Germany's ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] (right) beside Italy's ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] (left)]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-065-24, Münchener Abkommen, Ankunft Mussolini.jpg|thumb|Germany's ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] (right) beside Italy's ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] (left)]]
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In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist [[Gideon Levy]] wrote that the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades. He wrote:
In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist [[Gideon Levy]] wrote that the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades. He wrote:
{{blockquote|"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal – the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution – they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-religious-zionists-have-won-israel-1.5381210|title=Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel|date=25 December 2015|first=Gideon|last=Levy|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=[[Haaretz]]|authorlink=Gideon Levy}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal – the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution – they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-religious-zionists-have-won-israel-1.5381210|title=Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel|date=25 December 2015|first=Gideon|last=Levy|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=[[Haaretz]]|authorlink=Gideon Levy}}</ref>}}
[[File:Meir_Kahane,_seated_(3x4_cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Meir Kahane]], founder and leader of the ultranationalist [[Kach]] movement in Israel.]]


[[Russian irredentism]], in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', with the aggressive actions of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] being credited as an evolution of political arguments made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Aleksandr Dugin]] (the author of 1997's ''[[The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia]]''), [[Lev Gumilyov]], and [[Ivan Ilyin]]. The newspaper highlighted the justifications given in support of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies", created by the United States in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jaweed|last=Kaleem|date=28 March 2022|accessdate=16 June 2022|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-28/putin-ultranationalism-ideology-russia-ukraine|title=A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism|journal=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>
[[Russian irredentism]], in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', with the aggressive actions of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] being credited as an evolution of political arguments made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Aleksandr Dugin]] (the author of 1997's ''[[The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia]]''), [[Lev Gumilyov]], and [[Ivan Ilyin]]. The newspaper highlighted the justifications given in support of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies", created by the United States in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jaweed|last=Kaleem|date=28 March 2022|accessdate=16 June 2022|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-28/putin-ultranationalism-ideology-russia-ukraine|title=A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism|journal=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>
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*'''{{flag|Armenia}}''': [[Republican Party of Armenia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenian Nationalism and the Struggle against Intolerance|first=Yelena|last=Osipova|quote=The Republican Party has openly adopted this ideology, the core concept of which is ethnocentric racism and ultranationalism, along with an unquestioning allegiance to the Armenian Church.|journal=Scholar Forum|issue=15|date=1 September 2012|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/314fb736-6f2d-4dab-a188-a9dbfe9dcdd1/scholarforum-15-20130514.pdf|page=5}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Armenia}}''': [[Republican Party of Armenia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenian Nationalism and the Struggle against Intolerance|first=Yelena|last=Osipova|quote=The Republican Party has openly adopted this ideology, the core concept of which is ethnocentric racism and ultranationalism, along with an unquestioning allegiance to the Armenian Church.|journal=Scholar Forum|issue=15|date=1 September 2012|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/314fb736-6f2d-4dab-a188-a9dbfe9dcdd1/scholarforum-15-20130514.pdf|page=5}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Anti-Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia|last=Stewart|first=James|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|date=2 November 2019|volume=54|issue=4|pages=418–435|doi=10.1002/ajs4.83|s2cid=211418443}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Anti-Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia|last=Stewart|first=James|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|date=2 November 2019|volume=54|issue=4|pages=418–435|doi=10.1002/ajs4.83|s2cid=211418443}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Austria}}''': [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/south-tyrol-distorting-mirror-for-vienna-rome-and-liberal-lond/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/weird-news/2016/09/13/even-austria-s-far-right/24189754007/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jarausch |first=Konrad Hugo |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/954000237 |title=Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-8347-9 |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=742 |oclc=954000237}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Austria}}''': [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/south-tyrol-distorting-mirror-for-vienna-rome-and-liberal-lond/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/weird-news/2016/09/13/even-austria-s-far-right/24189754007/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jarausch |first=Konrad Hugo |title=Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-8347-9 |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=742 |oclc=954000237}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': [[Vlaams Belang]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elman |first=R. Amy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/897814752 |title=The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8032-6693-3 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=120 |oclc=897814752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fotheringham |first=Alasdair |date=2021-02-03 |title=In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/far-right-europe-pandemic |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': [[Vlaams Belang]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elman |first=R. Amy |title=The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8032-6693-3 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=120 |oclc=897814752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fotheringham |first=Alasdair |date=2021-02-03 |title=In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/far-right-europe-pandemic |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Revival (Bulgarian political party)|Revival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-covid-omicron-record/31650413.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2021 |title=Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making |url=https://www.unicreditbulbank.bg/media/filer_public/af/1d/af1d10e0-03e0-4dc6-9d3b-ce7777a8b3dc/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_181696.pdf |journal=UniCredit Research |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140002/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Revival (Bulgarian political party)|Revival]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-covid-omicron-record/31650413.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2021 |title=Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making |url=https://www.unicreditbulbank.bg/media/filer_public/af/1d/af1d10e0-03e0-4dc6-9d3b-ce7777a8b3dc/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_181696.pdf |journal=UniCredit Research |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140002/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Velichie]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Euronews|title=Velichie party joins Bulgarian parliament, coalition majority now at risk|quote=the ultranationalist and pro-Russian Velichie party|date=14 March 2025|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/03/14/vote-recount-changes-political-landscape-in-bulgaria}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|Republican Party]]<ref>{{cite web|work=Euronews|title=Partido oposto a reforma conduzirá processo de revisão constitucional|quote=Ultranacionalistas do Partido Republicano venceram eleições deste domingo no Chile|date=8 May 2023|url=https://pt.euronews.com/2023/05/08/partido-oposto-a-reforma-conduzira-processo-de-revisao-constitucional}}</ref>   
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|Republican Party]]<ref>{{cite web|work=Euronews|title=Partido oposto a reforma conduzirá processo de revisão constitucional|quote=Ultranacionalistas do Partido Republicano venceram eleições deste domingo no Chile|date=8 May 2023|url=https://pt.euronews.com/2023/05/08/partido-oposto-a-reforma-conduzira-processo-de-revisao-constitucional}}</ref>   
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Homeland Movement (Croatia)|Homeland Movement]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections |publisher=International Foundation for Electoral Systems |date=July 2020 |location=Arlington, Virginia |pages=3}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Homeland Movement (Croatia)|Homeland Movement]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections |publisher=International Foundation for Electoral Systems |date=July 2020 |location=Arlington, Virginia |pages=3}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': [[ELAM (Cyprus)|ELAM]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1096219393 |title=Journalism and ethics : breakthroughs in research and practice |date=2019 |publisher=IGI Global |editor=Information Resources Management Association |isbn=978-1-5225-8360-8 |location=Hershey, Pennsylvania |pages=585 |oclc=1096219393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043865663 |title=Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict |date=2018 |editor1=Michális S. Michael |editor2=Yücel Vural |isbn=978-1-78643-049-6 |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=87 |oclc=1043865663}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': [[ELAM (Cyprus)|ELAM]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Journalism and ethics : breakthroughs in research and practice |date=2019 |publisher=IGI Global |editor=Information Resources Management Association |isbn=978-1-5225-8360-8 |location=Hershey, Pennsylvania |pages=585 |oclc=1096219393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict |date=2018 |editor1=Michális S. Michael |editor2=Yücel Vural |isbn=978-1-78643-049-6 |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=87 |oclc=1043865663}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Freedom and Direct Democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-mp-who-compared-muslim-immigrants-to-invasive-species-will-not-be-stripped-of-immunity-from-prosecution |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=romea.cz|date=3 June 2020 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Freedom and Direct Democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-mp-who-compared-muslim-immigrants-to-invasive-species-will-not-be-stripped-of-immunity-from-prosecution |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=romea.cz|date=3 June 2020 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': [[Danish People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48233321 |title=Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Transaction Pub |author=Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team |isbn=0-7658-0101-9 |location=Piscataway, N.J. |pages=171 |oclc=48233321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Martin A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861623 |title=The beast reawakens |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-28124-3 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=46 |oclc=858861623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52312447 |title=Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |author1=Samuel L. Myers |author2=Bruce P. Corrie |isbn=0-8204-5656-X |location=New York |pages=205 |oclc=52312447}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': [[Danish People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Transaction Pub |author=Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team |isbn=0-7658-0101-9 |location=Piscataway, N.J. |pages=171 |oclc=48233321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Martin A. |title=The beast reawakens |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-28124-3 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=46 |oclc=858861623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |author1=Samuel L. Myers |author2=Bruce P. Corrie |isbn=0-8204-5656-X |location=New York |pages=205 |oclc=52312447}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/liberal-estonia-right-wing-populists-are-making-their-mark|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Freedom House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics" {{!}} Baltic Rim Economies|url=https://sites.utu.fi/bre/the-east-europeanization-of-estonian-politics/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=sites.utu.fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Europe's far right has stalled|url=https://www.afr.com/world/europe/europes-far-right-has-stalled-20200101-p53nzr|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/liberal-estonia-right-wing-populists-are-making-their-mark|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Freedom House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics" {{!}} Baltic Rim Economies|url=https://sites.utu.fi/bre/the-east-europeanization-of-estonian-politics/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=sites.utu.fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Europe's far right has stalled|url=https://www.afr.com/world/europe/europes-far-right-has-stalled-20200101-p53nzr|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|France}}''': [[National Rally]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=de Freytas-Tamura|first2=Kimiko|title=E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 December 2016|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|France}}''': [[National Rally]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=de Freytas-Tamura|first2=Kimiko|title=E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 December 2016|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Finland}}''': [[Finns Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morden |first=Tony |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/847526846 |title=Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership |date=2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4094-3279-1 |location=Farnham, Surrey |oclc=847526846}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Finland}}''': [[Finns Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morden |first=Tony |title=Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership |date=2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4094-3279-1 |location=Farnham, Surrey |oclc=847526846}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Georgia}}''': [[People's Power (Georgia)|People's Power]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Eunews.it|title=Georgia: Mikheil Kavelashvili has been elected president|date=16 December 2024|url=https://www.eunews.it/en/2024/12/16/georgia-mikheil-kavelashvili-has-been-elected-president/|quote=candidate of the ultranationalist Power of the People party}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Georgia}}''': [[People's Power (Georgia)|People's Power]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Eunews.it|title=Georgia: Mikheil Kavelashvili has been elected president|date=16 December 2024|url=https://www.eunews.it/en/2024/12/16/georgia-mikheil-kavelashvili-has-been-elected-president/|quote=candidate of the ultranationalist Power of the People party}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Alternative for Germany]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/|title=The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history|quote=A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/frankenstein-pact-puts-afd-in-coalition-rcs0bp2lw|title=Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition|quote=A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel's party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.|work=[[The Times]]|date=23 July 2019|last1=Berlin|first1=Oliver Moody}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Alternative for Germany]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/|title=The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history|quote=A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/frankenstein-pact-puts-afd-in-coalition-rcs0bp2lw|title=Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition|quote=A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel's party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.|work=[[The Times]]|date=23 July 2019|last1=Berlin|first1=Oliver Moody}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Greece}}''': [[Spartans (Greek political party)|Spartans]],<ref>{{cite news|quote=a previously little-known ultranationalist group called the Spartans|work=Vice News|title=The Far-Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece|date=27 June 2023|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/greece-spartans-golden-dawn/}}</ref> [[Greek Solution]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/greeks-choose-between-beach-and-ballot-in-first-post-debt-bailout-poll|title=Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party|quote=Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.|work=The Guardian|date=7 July 2019}}</ref> [[Victory (Greek political party)|Victory]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Germany's AfD reflects Europe's shift to the right|date=26 June 2023|quote=the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki (Victory)|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-afd-reflects-europes-shift-to-the-right/a-66039658}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Greece}}''': [[Spartans (Greek political party)|Spartans]],<ref>{{cite news|quote=a previously little-known ultranationalist group called the Spartans|work=Vice News|title=The Far-Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece|date=27 June 2023|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/greece-spartans-golden-dawn/}}</ref> [[Greek Solution]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/greeks-choose-between-beach-and-ballot-in-first-post-debt-bailout-poll|title=Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party|quote=Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.|work=The Guardian|date=7 July 2019}}</ref> [[Victory (Greek political party)|Victory]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Germany's AfD reflects Europe's shift to the right|date=26 June 2023|quote=the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki (Victory)|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-afd-reflects-europes-shift-to-the-right/a-66039658}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Our Homeland Movement]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | title=Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship | date=18 November 2019 | access-date=3 June 2022 | archive-date=19 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031633/https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Our Homeland Movement]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | title=Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship | date=18 November 2019 | access-date=3 June 2022 | archive-date=19 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031633/https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2012 |first=Mark |last=Magnier |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-mar-08-la-fg-india-temple-20120309-story.html |title=In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2012 |first=Mark |last=Magnier |work=Los Angeles Times, [[Maharashtra navnirman sena]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-mar-08-la-fg-india-temple-20120309-story.html |title=In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref>
 
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Otzma Yehudit]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Axios|title=U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial|date=11 November 2022|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/11/11/ultranationalist-ben-gvir-meir-kahane-israel-price}}</ref> [[Mafdal–Religious Zionism]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Jewish Chronicle|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/smotrich-and-ben-gvir-threaten-to-topple-coalition-if-netanyahu-backs-hostage-ceasefire-deal-xvo30afb|quote=The heads of the two ultranationalist parties, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich of Religious Zionism|title=Smotrich and Ben-Gvir threaten to topple coalition if Netanyahu backs hostage-ceasefire deal|date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Otzma Yehudit]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Axios|title=U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial|date=11 November 2022|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/11/11/ultranationalist-ben-gvir-meir-kahane-israel-price}}</ref> [[Mafdal–Religious Zionism]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Jewish Chronicle|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/smotrich-and-ben-gvir-threaten-to-topple-coalition-if-netanyahu-backs-hostage-ceasefire-deal-xvo30afb|quote=The heads of the two ultranationalist parties, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich of Religious Zionism|title=Smotrich and Ben-Gvir threaten to topple coalition if Netanyahu backs hostage-ceasefire deal|date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Brothers of Italy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-21 |title=Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2019/0821/Political-turmoil-in-Italy-as-far-right-reaches-for-the-reins |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put |url=https://euobserver.com/democracy/154256 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Brothers of Italy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-21 |title=Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2019/0821/Political-turmoil-in-Italy-as-far-right-reaches-for-the-reins |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put |url=https://euobserver.com/democracy/154256 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Conservative Party of Japan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Defeated in the polls, Ishiba seeks path to minority government |quote=for the first time the Conservative Party of Japan, an ultranationalist force that is openly xenophobic and prone to revisionist rhetoric on the country's history, will enter the Japanese parliament with three seats. |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Defeated-in-the-polls%2C-Ishiba-seeks-path-to-minority-government-61797.html#google_vignette |agency=AsiaNews |date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Conservative Party of Japan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Defeated in the polls, Ishiba seeks path to minority government |quote=for the first time the Conservative Party of Japan, an ultranationalist force that is openly xenophobic and prone to revisionist rhetoric on the country's history, will enter the Japanese parliament with three seats. |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Defeated-in-the-polls%2C-Ishiba-seeks-path-to-minority-government-61797.html#google_vignette |agency=AsiaNews |date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Awakened conservatives' in Japan targeting foreigners |quote=Like Sanseito, a right-wing anti-immigration party founded in 2020, the ultranationalist Conservative Party of Japan led by novelist Naoki Hyakuta has been edging toward a harder line. |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20250627/p2g/00m/0na/039000c |agency=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |date=June 28, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2025}}</ref> [[Sanseitō]]<ref>{{cite news|work=UnHerd|title=Japan's Right-wing populists are on the march|date=24 June 2025|url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/japans-right-wing-populists-are-on-the-march/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|quote=Sanseitō, an ultranationalist populist party.|work=The Conversation|title=Rightwing populist Sanseitō party shakes Japan with election surge|date=21 July 2025|url=https://theconversation.com/rightwing-populist-sanseito-party-shakes-japan-with-election-surge-261303}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': [[National Alliance (Latvia)|National Alliance]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|publisher=SAGE|year=2012|page=815}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': [[National Alliance (Latvia)|National Alliance]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|publisher=SAGE|year=2012|page=815}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/far-right-buddhist-nationalist-candidates-among-biggest-losers-in-2020-election|title=Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election |author=Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai|date=20 November 2020|agency=Myanmar Now|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|last=Internal Crisis Group|date=5 September 2017|title=Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power-myanmar}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/far-right-buddhist-nationalist-candidates-among-biggest-losers-in-2020-election|title=Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election |author=Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai|date=20 November 2020|agency=Myanmar Now|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|last=Internal Crisis Group|date=5 September 2017|title=Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power-myanmar}}</ref>
Line 78: Line 77:
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130221/179612948/Ultranationalists-Move-to-Slap-Fines-on-Use-of-Foreign-Words.html|title=Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> [[Rodina (political party)|Rodina]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Herpen|first=Marcel H.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|title=Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy|page=34|year=2015}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130221/179612948/Ultranationalists-Move-to-Slap-Fines-on-Use-of-Foreign-Words.html|title=Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> [[Rodina (political party)|Rodina]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Herpen|first=Marcel H.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|title=Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy|page=34|year=2015}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<ref name="ultranationalism">{{cite web |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-zavetnici-oath-keepers-ultranationalism-russia-lavrov/29094995.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Balkan Insight|quote=As expected, Milica Djurdjevic Stamenkovski, the leader of far-right party Zavetnici (Oathkeepers), which did not make it into parliament in December’s elections, was given a post in the government, leading the Ministry for Demography and Family Care.|date=30 April 2024|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/04/30/serbia-names-us-sanctioned-pro-russian-politicians-as-ministers/|title=Serbia Names US-Sanctioned, Pro-Russian Politicians as Ministers}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<ref name="ultranationalism">{{cite web |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-zavetnici-oath-keepers-ultranationalism-russia-lavrov/29094995.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Balkan Insight|quote=As expected, Milica Djurdjevic Stamenkovski, the leader of far-right party Zavetnici (Oathkeepers), which did not make it into parliament in December’s elections, was given a post in the government, leading the Ministry for Demography and Family Care.|date=30 April 2024|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/04/30/serbia-names-us-sanctioned-pro-russian-politicians-as-ministers/|title=Serbia Names US-Sanctioned, Pro-Russian Politicians as Ministers}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''': [[Economic Freedom Fighters]], [[uMkhonto weSizwe (political party)|uMkhonto weSizwe]]<ref>[http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 The Turn of the Fascist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412152256/http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 |date=12 April 2015 }}, Jane Duncan, ''SACSIS'' (2011).</ref><ref>Imraan Baccus,[http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa "Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170505/http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa/ |date=6 October 2013 }}, ''City Press'' (2013).</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Buccus |first1=Imraan |title=Reevaluating the EFF and MK: Authoritarian nationalism versus leftism |url=https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/2024-06-19-reevaluating-the-eff-and-mk-authoritarian-nationalism-versus-leftism/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=The Mail & Guardian |date=19 June 2024 |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/politics/2024-01-14-jacob-zuma-campaigns-on-ticket-using-race-land-same-sex-laws-as-flashpoints/|title=Jacob Zuma campaigns on ticket using race, land, same-sex laws as flashpoints|website=TimesLIVE}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''': [[Economic Freedom Fighters]], [[uMkhonto weSizwe (political party)|uMkhonto weSizwe]]<ref>[http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 The Turn of the Fascist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412152256/http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 |date=12 April 2015 }}, Jane Duncan, ''SACSIS'' (2011).</ref><ref>Imraan Baccus,[http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa "Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170505/http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa/ |date=6 October 2013 }}, ''City Press'' (2013).</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Buccus |first1=Imraan |title=Reevaluating the EFF and MK: Authoritarian nationalism versus leftism |url=https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/2024-06-19-reevaluating-the-eff-and-mk-authoritarian-nationalism-versus-leftism/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=The Mail & Guardian |date=19 June 2024 |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/politics/2024-01-14-jacob-zuma-campaigns-on-ticket-using-race-land-same-sex-laws-as-flashpoints/|title=Jacob Zuma campaigns on ticket using race, land, same-sex laws as flashpoints|website=TimesLIVE |date=14 January 2024 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak National Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/artikel/5410660/verkiezingen-slowakije-robert-fico-rusland-lhbti | title=Pro-Russische oud-premier Robert Fico wint verkiezingen Slowakije | date=October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century|last=Jeffries |first= Ian|year= 2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415236713 |page= [https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff/page/n366 352]|url=https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff|url-access= limited|quote=Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist}}</ref><ref name=Ramet>{{Cite book|title= Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe|last=P. Ramet|first=Sabrina |year=1997 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 9780847683246|page= 128|quote=...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...}}</ref><ref name=IHT>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/07/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Slovakia.php |title=International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=10 January 2011}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak National Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/artikel/5410660/verkiezingen-slowakije-robert-fico-rusland-lhbti | title=Pro-Russische oud-premier Robert Fico wint verkiezingen Slowakije | date=October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century|last=Jeffries |first= Ian|year= 2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415236713 |page= [https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff/page/n366 352]|url=https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff|url-access= limited|quote=Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist}}</ref><ref name=Ramet>{{Cite book|title= Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe|last=P. Ramet|first=Sabrina |year=1997 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 9780847683246|page= 128|quote=...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...}}</ref><ref name=IHT>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/07/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Slovakia.php |title=International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=10 January 2011}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Spain}}''': [[Vox (political party)|Vox]]<ref name=acha20190106>{{Cite journal|first=Beatriz|last=Acha|title=No, no es un partido (neo)fascista|date=6 January 2019|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711235730/http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mellon>{{Cite journal|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-del-nacional-catolicismo-al-ultranacionalismo-neoliberal/|title=Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal|first=Joan|last=Antón-Mellón|date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Spain}}''': [[Vox (political party)|Vox]]<ref name=acha20190106>{{Cite journal|first=Beatriz|last=Acha|title=No, no es un partido (neo)fascista|date=6 January 2019|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711235730/http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mellon>{{Cite journal|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-del-nacional-catolicismo-al-ultranacionalismo-neoliberal/|title=Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal|first=Joan|last=Antón-Mellón|date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sweden}}''': [[Sweden Democrats]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hällhag |first=Roger |title=New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model? |publisher=Friedrich Ebert Foundation |date=April 2007 |location=Bonn |pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1052796925 |title=Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges |date=2018 |editor1=Mikael Stenmark |editor2=Steve Fuller |editor3=Ulf Zackariasson |isbn=978-3-319-96559-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=169 |oclc=1052796925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |date=2014 |title=Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=130 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |s2cid=144489939 |issn=0954-6553|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sweden}}''': [[Sweden Democrats]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hällhag |first=Roger |title=New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model? |publisher=Friedrich Ebert Foundation |date=April 2007 |location=Bonn |pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges |date=2018 |editor1=Mikael Stenmark |editor2=Steve Fuller |editor3=Ulf Zackariasson |isbn=978-3-319-96559-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=169 |oclc=1052796925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |date=2014 |title=Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=130 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |s2cid=144489939 |issn=0954-6553|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''': [[Swiss People's Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots|last=Estrin|first=Barbara L.|page=17|isbn=978-1611493702|date=2012|publisher=Lexington Books }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''': [[Swiss People's Party]]<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/arts/music/28abroad.html: "the ultranationalist Swiss People's Party"</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots|last=Estrin|first=Barbara L.|page=17|isbn=978-1611493702|date=2012|publisher=Lexington Books }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Thailand}}''': [[Palang Pracharath Party]],<ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2023|title=Establishment Wins, People Lose in Thai Political Compromise|work=Focus on the Global South|quote=The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil-military and ultra-nationalist party|url= https://focusweb.org/establishment-wins-people-lose-in-thai-political-compromise/}}</ref> [[United Thai Nation Party]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Inkl|title=Thai army needs to march to a new tune|date=12 May 2023|url=https://www.inkl.com/news/thai-army-needs-to-march-to-a-new-tune}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Thailand}}''': [[Palang Pracharath Party]],<ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2023|title=Establishment Wins, People Lose in Thai Political Compromise|work=Focus on the Global South|quote=The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil-military and ultra-nationalist party|url= https://focusweb.org/establishment-wins-people-lose-in-thai-political-compromise/}}</ref> [[United Thai Nation Party]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Inkl|title=Thai army needs to march to a new tune|date=12 May 2023|url=https://www.inkl.com/news/thai-army-needs-to-march-to-a-new-tune}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Nationalist Movement Party]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arman, Murat Necip|title=The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism|journal= CEU Political Science Journal| issue=2|date= 2007 |pages= 133–151}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=Eissenstat, Howard. |title=Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism|conference=Middle East Studies Association Conference|location=Washington, D.C.|date= November 2002}}</ref>  
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Nationalist Movement Party]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arman, Murat Necip|title=The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism|journal= CEU Political Science Journal| issue=2|date= 2007 |pages= 133–151}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=Eissenstat, Howard. |title=Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism|conference=Middle East Studies Association Conference|location=Washington, D.C.|date= November 2002}}</ref>  
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{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': [[Gerindra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections|date=9 September 2014|quote=Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra|url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|work=Center for Security Studies|access-date=8 June 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101212/https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Argentina}}''': [[La Libertad Avanza]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Europa Press|title=Vox felicita a Milei por el resultado en las elecciones de Argentina y le traslada su "apoyo" para la segunda vuelta|date=23 October 2023|url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-vox-felicita-milei-resultado-elecciones-argentina-le-traslada-apoyo-segunda-vuelta-20231023140722.html|quote=El ultranacionalista Milei, candidato de La Libertad Avanza}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=El Confidencial|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/mundo/2023-10-22/elecciones-argentina-2023-hoy-directo-milei_3759114/|title=Resultados elecciones en Argentina 2023: quién ha ganado el escrutinio y última hora de Sergio Massa y Javier Milei|date=23 October 2023|quote=Milei, representante de La Libertad Avanza y conocido por su enfoque ultranacionalista}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Argentina}}''': [[La Libertad Avanza]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Europa Press|title=Vox felicita a Milei por el resultado en las elecciones de Argentina y le traslada su "apoyo" para la segunda vuelta|date=23 October 2023|url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-vox-felicita-milei-resultado-elecciones-argentina-le-traslada-apoyo-segunda-vuelta-20231023140722.html|quote=El ultranacionalista Milei, candidato de La Libertad Avanza}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=El Confidencial|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/mundo/2023-10-22/elecciones-argentina-2023-hoy-directo-milei_3759114/|title=Resultados elecciones en Argentina 2023: quién ha ganado el escrutinio y última hora de Sergio Massa y Javier Milei|date=23 October 2023|quote=Milei, representante de La Libertad Avanza y conocido por su enfoque ultranacionalista}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''': [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Radio Free Europe|title=Who Is The Ethnic Serb Nationalist Slated To Lead Bosnia-Herzegovina?|date=20 November 2019|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tegeltja-ethnic-serb-nationalist-prime-minister-bosnia-herzegovina-/30283267.html|quote=ultranationalist Milorad Dodik, the Serb member of Bosnia's tripartite presidency and the leader of Republika Srpska's ruling Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD).}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite book|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Julie|last=Cupples|title=Development and Decolonization in Latin America|quote=election of right-wing ultranationalist populist, Jair Bolsonaro}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite book|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Julie|last=Cupples|title=Development and Decolonization in Latin America|quote=election of right-wing ultranationalist populist, Jair Bolsonaro}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|China}}''': [[Chinese Communist Party]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=ThinkChina|title=Class struggle and extreme nationalism have become CCP's ideological weapons |date=10 August 2022|url=https://www.thinkchina.sg/politics/class-struggle-and-extreme-nationalism-have-become-ccps-ideological-weapons}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Diplomat|title=The Great Translation Movement Shines a Spotlight on China's Propaganda |quote=With this “name and shame” tactic, the movement also became a tool to fight against extreme nationalism in China and the government’s propaganda efforts to promote those messages. |date=April 5, 2022 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IzDwAAQBAJ&q=%22ultranationalism%22+CCP |title=History and Nationalist Legitimacy in Contemporary China: A Double-Edged Sword |author1=Robert Weatherley |author2=Qiang Zhang |quote=... ultranationalism of the Chinese public is exclusively attributable to the farreaching propaganda campaigns implemented by the CCP since the early 1990s which serve as constant reminders of the Century of Humiliation. |date=August 30, 2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |pages=2 |isbn=978-1-137-47947-1 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|China}}''': [[Chinese Communist Party]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=ThinkChina|title=Class struggle and extreme nationalism have become CCP's ideological weapons |date=10 August 2022|url=https://www.thinkchina.sg/politics/class-struggle-and-extreme-nationalism-have-become-ccps-ideological-weapons}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Diplomat|title=The Great Translation Movement Shines a Spotlight on China's Propaganda |quote=With this “name and shame” tactic, the movement also became a tool to fight against extreme nationalism in China and the government’s propaganda efforts to promote those messages. |date=April 5, 2022 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IzDwAAQBAJ&q=%22ultranationalism%22+CCP |title=History and Nationalist Legitimacy in Contemporary China: A Double-Edged Sword |author1=Robert Weatherley |author2=Qiang Zhang |quote=... ultranationalism of the Chinese public is exclusively attributable to the farreaching propaganda campaigns implemented by the CCP since the early 1990s which serve as constant reminders of the Century of Humiliation. |date=August 30, 2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |pages=2 |isbn=978-1-137-47947-1 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Georgia}}''': [[Georgian Dream]]<ref>{{cite web|work=University of Georgia & Linnaeus University|title=Georgian Election Observatory: Debunking pre-election propaganda narratives|page=14|url=https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1921129/FULLTEXT03.pdf}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Fidesz]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives|title=Transforming the Transformation?|year=2015|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2021|title=Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate|quote=With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party|page=255|first=Alvin|last=Rosenfeld}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Fidesz]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives|title=Transforming the Transformation?|year=2015|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2021|title=Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate|quote=With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party|page=255|first=Alvin|last=Rosenfeld}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Political Parties|page=19|quote=The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three|first=Peter Ronald|last=deSouza|year=2006|publisher=SAGE}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Political Parties|page=19|quote=The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three|first=Peter Ronald|last=deSouza|year=2006|publisher=SAGE}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': [[Gerindra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections|date=9 September 2014|quote=Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra|url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|work=Center for Security Studies|access-date=8 June 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101212/https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ireland}}''': [[Sinn Féin]]<ref name="Dunphy2015">{{cite book|author=Richard Dunphy|chapter=Ireland|editor=Donatella M. Viola|title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50363-7|page=247|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015850/https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Likud]]<ref>{{cite news|work=AP News|title=Netanyahu taps far-right minister for New York consul post|date=20 April 2023|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-us-consul-american-jews-1a4ba7cbb2cffdb5d19dee4cabcf3871|quote=Golan is part of the ultranationalist wing of Netanyahu ‘s Likud}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Lega (political party)|Lega]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord|title=Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives|year=2023|first=Andreas|last=Krieg|publisher=Georgetown University Press}}</ref>  
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Lega (political party)|Lega]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord|title=Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives|year=2023|first=Andreas|last=Krieg|publisher=Georgetown University Press}}</ref>  
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Frenchy |editor-last=Lunning |title=Mechademia 4: War/Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy90DwAAQBAJ&dq=ultranationalist+Liberal+Democratic+Party+Japan&pg=PA291 |quote= The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ... |date=2013 |page=291 |publisher=[[U of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=9781452942650 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/|title=Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan|quote=In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Maki Kimura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjvvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |title=Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices |quote=... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137392510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Masanori Nakamura |title=The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991 |quote=On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ... |date=2016 |page=1992 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9781563241093 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Frenchy |editor-last=Lunning |title=Mechademia 4: War/Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy90DwAAQBAJ&dq=ultranationalist+Liberal+Democratic+Party+Japan&pg=PA291 |quote= The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ... |date=2013 |page=291 |publisher=[[U of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=9781452942650 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/|title=Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan|quote=In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Maki Kimura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjvvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |title=Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices |quote=... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137392510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Masanori Nakamura |title=The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991 |quote=On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ... |date=2016 |page=1992 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9781563241093 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Law and Justice]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|year=2023|publisher=Manchester University Press|title=Depleting Democracies|quote=PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Banu|last=Baybars Hawks|page=43|year=2018|quote=In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share|title=Non-state actors in conflicts}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Law and Justice]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|year=2023|publisher=Manchester University Press|title=Depleting Democracies|quote=PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Banu|last=Baybars Hawks|page=43|year=2018|quote=In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share|title=Non-state actors in conflicts}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[United Russia]]<ref name="Putinism">{{cite book |editor=Sabri Kiçmari |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fpegEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History |quote=Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8). |date=2022 |page=59 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811984020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Chuck Stewart |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide |quote=In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!). |date=2010 |page=360 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313342356 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[United Russia]]<ref name="Putinism">{{cite book |editor=Sabri Kiçmari |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fpegEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History |quote=Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8). |date=2022 |page=59 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811984020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Chuck Stewart |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide |quote=In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!). |date=2010 |page=360 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313342356 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Serbian Radical Party]]
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[Democratic Unionist Party]] (Northern Ireland)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bnaibrith.org/the-new-york-jewish-week-british-jews-new-labour-pains-html/ |title=the New York Jewish Week: British Jews' New Labour Pains |quote=Despite his Labour’s surprising showing, the ruling Conservative Party still outpolled it. But to remain in power, May was forced to form an alliance with the Democratic Unionist Party [DUP], an ultranationalist party based in Northern Ireland’s overwhelmingly Protestant community. |date=14 June 2017 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=[[B’nai B’rith International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug4GEQAAQBAJ&dq=ultra-nationalist+DUP&pg=PT105 |title=Slapper and Kelly's The English Legal System |quote=However, time soon revealed the withdrawal agreement to be less than 'oven-ready' and the recognition of its shortcomings in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol could not be countenanced by the nationalists in the Conservative party, let alone the ultra-nationalists in the DUP. |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-040-02649-6 }}</ref>
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* '''{{flag|India}}''': [[Hindu Mahasabha]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Problems of Genocide|page=367|year=2021|first= A. Dirk|last=Moses|quote=the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|India}}''': [[Hindu Mahasabha]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Problems of Genocide|page=367|year=2021|first= A. Dirk|last=Moses|quote=the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iran}}''': [[Pan-Iranist Party]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boroujerdi |first1=Mehrzad |last2=Rahimkhani |first2=Kourosh |title=Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook |date=2018 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=344}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iran}}''': [[Pan-Iranist Party]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boroujerdi |first1=Mehrzad |last2=Rahimkhani |first2=Kourosh |title=Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook |date=2018 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=344}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ireland}}''': [[National Party (Ireland, 2016)|National Party]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Washington Marovatsanga |editor2=Paul Michael Garrett |title=Social Work with the Black African Diaspora |page=24 |date=January 16, 2024 |publisher=Policy Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Kach (political party)|Kach]],<ref name="Weinblum2015">{{cite book|first=Sharon|last=Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}}</ref> [[Religious Zionist Party]],<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/296180 Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together], ''Arutz7''</ref> [[Tehiya]],<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist Tehiya Party|page=447|first=Bernard|last=Reich|year=2008|title=Historical Dictionary of Israel|publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref> [[Moledet]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Myron|last=Aronoff|publisher=Taylor & Francis|title=Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party|year=2015|quote=Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party}}</ref> [[Hatikva (political party)|Hatikva]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Power of Populism|quote=the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party|year=2016|first=Koen|last=Vossen|page=81|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Jewish National Front]],<ref name="orangecamp">{{cite book|page=50|title=Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel|first=David|last=Khalfa|year=2009|quote=The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the “remained Land of Israel” at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> [[Herut – The National Movement]]<ref name="orangecamp"/>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Kach (political party)|Kach]],<ref name="Weinblum2015">{{cite book|first=Sharon|last=Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}}</ref> [[Religious Zionist Party]],<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/296180 Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together], ''Arutz7''</ref> [[Tehiya]],<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist Tehiya Party|page=447|first=Bernard|last=Reich|year=2008|title=Historical Dictionary of Israel|publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref> [[Moledet]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Myron|last=Aronoff|publisher=Taylor & Francis|title=Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party|year=2015|quote=Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party}}</ref> [[Hatikva (political party)|Hatikva]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Power of Populism|quote=the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party|year=2016|first=Koen|last=Vossen|page=81|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Jewish National Front]],<ref name="orangecamp">{{cite book|page=50|title=Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel|first=David|last=Khalfa|year=2009|quote=The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the “remained Land of Israel” at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> [[Herut – The National Movement]]<ref name="orangecamp"/>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[National Fascist Party]],<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|first=Allan|last=Todd|quote=Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party|title=European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939)|page=19|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> [[Italian Social Movement]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI|year=2004|title=Monetary Union in Crisis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|first=Bernhard|last=Moss}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[National Fascist Party]],<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|first=Allan|last=Todd|quote=Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party|title=European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939)|page=19|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> [[Italian Social Movement]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI|year=2004|title=Monetary Union in Crisis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|first=Bernhard|last=Moss}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Imperial Rule Assistance Association]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James R. |editor-last=Brandon |title=Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Cqu7HjqVtoC&dq=ultranationalist+Imperial+Rule+Assistance+Association&pg=PA113 |quote= .2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association. |date=2009 |page=113 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824832001 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Imperial Rule Assistance Association]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James R. |editor-last=Brandon |title=Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Cqu7HjqVtoC&dq=ultranationalist+Imperial+Rule+Assistance+Association&pg=PA113 |quote= .2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association. |date=2009 |page=113 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824832001 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Camp of National Unity]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Peter|last=Davies|page=23}}</ref> [[United Poland]]<ref>{{cite news|work=GZERO|title=Malaysian PM hopeful, Mozambique needs EU help vs ISIS, Polish fur politics|url=https://www.gzeromedia.com/what-were-watching-malaysian-pm-hopeful-mozambique-needs-eu-help-vs-isis-polish-fur-politics|date=23 September 2020|quote=The leader of United Poland, the ultranationalist Zbigniew Ziobro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Green European Journal]]|title=Poland's High-Stakes Parliamentary Elections|date=15 February 2023|url=https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/polands-high-stakes-parliamentary-elections/|quote=PiS’ junior coalition partner is the ultra-nationalist and anti-EU party United Poland}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Camp of National Unity]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Peter|last=Davies|page=23}}</ref> [[United Poland]]<ref>{{cite news|work=GZERO|title=Malaysian PM hopeful, Mozambique needs EU help vs ISIS, Polish fur politics|url=https://www.gzeromedia.com/what-were-watching-malaysian-pm-hopeful-mozambique-needs-eu-help-vs-isis-polish-fur-politics|date=23 September 2020|quote=The leader of United Poland, the ultranationalist Zbigniew Ziobro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Green European Journal]]|title=Poland's High-Stakes Parliamentary Elections|date=15 February 2023|url=https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/polands-high-stakes-parliamentary-elections/|quote=PiS’ junior coalition partner is the ultra-nationalist and anti-EU party United Poland}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[National Union (Portugal)|National Union]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party|journal=Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies |url=https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217|quote=The União Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism|first=Abel|last=Djassi Amado|page=132}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[National Union (Portugal)|National Union]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party|journal=Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies|url=https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217|quote=The União Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism|first=Abel|last=Djassi Amado|page=132|archive-date=10 June 2023|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610103337/https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |author-link=Bernardo Villegas |date=1958-02-01 |title=The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=194–205 |doi=10.2307/2644614 |jstor=2644614 |issn=0004-4687 |quote="Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos."|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |author-link=Bernardo Villegas |date=1958-02-01 |title=The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=194–205 |doi=10.2307/2644614 |jstor=2644614 |issn=0004-4687 |quote="Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos."|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Iron Guard]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Liverpool University Press|page=42|quote=The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania|first=Elisabeta|last=Zelinska|year=2013|title=Racism Postcolonialism Europe}}</ref> [[National Christian Party]],<ref>{{cite book|quote=King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga|title=Fascism and Criminal Law|year=2015|page=112|publisher=Bloomsbury|first=Cosmin|last=Cercel}}</ref> [[National-Christian Defense League]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Roland|last=Clark|title=From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania|year=2019|journal=Studies on National Movements|volume=4 |issue=4|doi=10.21825/snm.85386 |s2cid=197814926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Romanian National Unity Party]],<ref>{{cite book|year=2001|page=169|title=Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe|quote=Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party}}</ref> [[Greater Romania Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia|first=Edmond|last=Coleman|page=63|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|quote=the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Iron Guard]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Liverpool University Press|page=42|quote=The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania|first=Elisabeta|last=Zelinska|year=2013|title=Racism Postcolonialism Europe}}</ref> [[National Christian Party]],<ref>{{cite book|quote=King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga|title=Fascism and Criminal Law|year=2015|page=112|publisher=Bloomsbury|first=Cosmin|last=Cercel}}</ref> [[National-Christian Defense League]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Roland|last=Clark|title=From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania|year=2019|journal=Studies on National Movements|volume=4 |issue=4|doi=10.21825/snm.85386 |s2cid=197814926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Romanian National Unity Party]],<ref>{{cite book|year=2001|page=169|title=Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe|quote=Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party}}</ref> [[Greater Romania Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia|first=Edmond|last=Coleman|page=63|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|quote=the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party}}</ref>
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|date=5 June 2022|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-far-right-russia-sanctions/31884417.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-31|title=Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110531-judges-decide-mladic-war-crimes-extradition-appeal-srebrenica|access-date=2021-06-19|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show|url=https://apnews.com/article/9f04e6378a1c4dccb6982fccd87dc5cd|access-date=2021-06-19|website=AP NEWS|date=24 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Armakolas|first1=Ioannis|last2=Maksimović|first2=Maja|date=May 2013|title=The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/165156/BN1.pdf|access-date=19 June 2021|website=ETH Zürich}}</ref> [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<ref name="ultranationalism"/><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref>
|date=5 June 2022|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-far-right-russia-sanctions/31884417.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-31|title=Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110531-judges-decide-mladic-war-crimes-extradition-appeal-srebrenica|access-date=2021-06-19|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show|url=https://apnews.com/article/9f04e6378a1c4dccb6982fccd87dc5cd|access-date=2021-06-19|website=AP NEWS|date=24 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Armakolas|first1=Ioannis|last2=Maksimović|first2=Maja|date=May 2013|title=The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/165156/BN1.pdf|access-date=19 June 2021|website=ETH Zürich}}</ref> [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<ref name="ultranationalism"/><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak People's Party]],<ref>{{Cite book|page=244|title=Genocide and Fascism|quote=The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[People's Party Our Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[New York Times]]|date=17 December 2016|title=Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/slovakia-european-union-populists-migrants.html}}</ref> [[Republic (Slovakia)|Republic]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Atlantic Council|title=Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/slovakia-risks-becoming-another-hungary-style-eu-spoiler-how-should-the-west-respond/|date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak People's Party]],<ref>{{Cite book|page=244|title=Genocide and Fascism|quote=The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[People's Party Our Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[New York Times]]|date=17 December 2016|title=Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/slovakia-european-union-populists-migrants.html}}</ref> [[Republic (Slovakia)|Republic]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Atlantic Council|title=Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/slovakia-risks-becoming-another-hungary-style-eu-spoiler-how-should-the-west-respond/|date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|South Africa|1928}}''': [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab|url-access=limited|first=Ron|last=Krabill|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab/page/n65 51]|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|South Africa|1928}}''': [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]], [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative Party]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab|url-access=limited|first=Ron|last=Krabill|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab/page/n65 51]|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Korean National Youth Association|National Youth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46626&docId=541989&categoryId=46626|title=이범석 |website=Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia|language=ko|trans-title=Lee Bum Suk|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Korean National Youth Association|National Youth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46626&docId=541989&categoryId=46626|title=이범석 |website=Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia|language=ko|trans-title=Lee Bum Suk|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Spain|1945}}''': [[FET y de las JONS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30831069.pdf|title=The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco|publisher=Hedda Samdahl Weltz|date=2014|website=core.ac.uk}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Spain|1945}}''': [[FET y de las JONS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30831069.pdf|title=The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco|publisher=Hedda Samdahl Weltz|date=2014|website=core.ac.uk}}</ref>
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*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Republican Villagers Nation Party]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University|title=Taming the Gray Wolf|quote=Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda|page=10|first=Gregory|last=Burris|year=2007}}</ref> [[Victory Party (Turkey)|Victory Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Balkan Insights |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Duvar English |language=tr-TR}}</ref> [[Great Union Party]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Göçek |first1=Fatma Müge |author1-link=Fatma Müge Göçek |title=Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933420-9  |language=en|page=402|title-link=Denial of Violence }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Republican Villagers Nation Party]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University|title=Taming the Gray Wolf|quote=Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda|page=10|first=Gregory|last=Burris|year=2007}}</ref> [[Victory Party (Turkey)|Victory Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Balkan Insights |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Duvar English |language=tr-TR}}</ref> [[Great Union Party]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Göçek |first1=Fatma Müge |author1-link=Fatma Müge Göçek |title=Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933420-9  |language=en|page=402|title-link=Denial of Violence }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Right Sector]]<ref>{{cite news|date=28 April 2014|title=Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27173857|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2014|title=Ukraine|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211142/http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yarosh-muilitary-adviser/26941352.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=6 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Right Sector]]<ref>{{cite news|date=28 April 2014|title=Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27173857|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2014|title=Ukraine|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211142/http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yarosh-muilitary-adviser/26941352.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=6 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[UK Independence Party]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Peter Sheldon |editor2=Sarah Gregson |editor3=Russell Lansbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CztDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22ultranationalist%22+UK+Independence+Party&pg=PT62 |title=The Regulation and Management of Workplace Health and Safety: Historical and Emerging Trends |quote=Britain's ultranationalist UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) has created the most extreme form of EU split |date=July 12, 2020 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-429-56066-8 }}</ref>


== Ultranationalist organizations ==
== Ultranationalist organizations ==
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[National Socialist Network]]<ref name="McKenzie-2021">{{cite news |last1=McKenzie |first1=Nick |last2=Tozer |first2=Joel |date=27 January 2021 |title=Neo-Nazis go bush: Grampians gathering highlights rise of Australia's far right |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/neo-nazis-go-bush-grampians-gathering-highlights-rise-of-australia-s-far-right-20210127-p56xbf.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |quote=According to extremist experts, two right-wing groups, the Lads Society and Antipodean Resistance, recently helped form a new Australian extremist outfit, the National Socialist Network, which in turn helped organise the 38 young white men to assemble in the Grampians over the Australia Day weekend. |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303144350/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/neo-nazis-go-bush-grampians-gathering-highlights-rise-of-australia-s-far-right-20210127-p56xbf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[National Socialist Network]]<ref name="McKenzie-2021">{{cite news |last1=McKenzie |first1=Nick |last2=Tozer |first2=Joel |date=27 January 2021 |title=Neo-Nazis go bush: Grampians gathering highlights rise of Australia's far right |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/neo-nazis-go-bush-grampians-gathering-highlights-rise-of-australia-s-far-right-20210127-p56xbf.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |quote=According to extremist experts, two right-wing groups, the Lads Society and Antipodean Resistance, recently helped form a new Australian extremist outfit, the National Socialist Network, which in turn helped organise the 38 young white men to assemble in the Grampians over the Australia Day weekend. |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303144350/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/neo-nazis-go-bush-grampians-gathering-highlights-rise-of-australia-s-far-right-20210127-p56xbf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''':  [[Social Patriot Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Villa Grimaldi denuncia ataque del Movimiento Social Patriota|trans-title=Villa Grimaldi denounces attack by the Patriot Social Movement|url=https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2018/08/30/villa-grimaldi-denuncia-ataque-del-movimiento-social-patriota/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=El Dinamo|language=es|publication-date=2018-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-08-30|title=Grupo Neo Nazi realiza atentado en Villa Grimaldi: Se burlan de los muertos y festejan la violencia|trans-title=Neo Nazi group carries out attack in Villa Grimaldi: They mock the dead and celebrate violence|url=https://www.ilustrado.cl/2018/08/30/foto-grupo-neo-nazi-realiza-atentado-en-villa-grimaldi-se-burlan-de-los-muertos-y-festejan-la-violencia/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Ilustrado - Mantente informado.|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-27|title=Discursos contra homosexuales y migrantes: Los miembros del Movimiento Social Patriota|trans-title=Speeches against homosexuals an immigrants: The members of the Social Patriot Movement|url=https://www.chvnoticias.cl/reportajes/discursos-contra-homosexuales-y-migrantes-los-miembros-del-movimiento-social-patriota_20180827/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=[[Chilevisión]]|language=es}}</ref>  
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''':  [[Social Patriot Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Villa Grimaldi denuncia ataque del Movimiento Social Patriota|trans-title=Villa Grimaldi denounces attack by the Patriot Social Movement|url=https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2018/08/30/villa-grimaldi-denuncia-ataque-del-movimiento-social-patriota/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=El Dinamo|language=es|publication-date=2018-09-30|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727183553/https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2018/08/30/villa-grimaldi-denuncia-ataque-del-movimiento-social-patriota/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-08-30|title=Grupo Neo Nazi realiza atentado en Villa Grimaldi: Se burlan de los muertos y festejan la violencia|trans-title=Neo Nazi group carries out attack in Villa Grimaldi: They mock the dead and celebrate violence|url=https://www.ilustrado.cl/2018/08/30/foto-grupo-neo-nazi-realiza-atentado-en-villa-grimaldi-se-burlan-de-los-muertos-y-festejan-la-violencia/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Ilustrado - Mantente informado.|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-27|title=Discursos contra homosexuales y migrantes: Los miembros del Movimiento Social Patriota|trans-title=Speeches against homosexuals an immigrants: The members of the Social Patriot Movement|url=https://www.chvnoticias.cl/reportajes/discursos-contra-homosexuales-y-migrantes-los-miembros-del-movimiento-social-patriota_20180827/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=[[Chilevisión]]|language=es}}</ref>  
*'''{{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]''': [[Blue Shirts Society]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Hiroaki|last=Kuromiya|year=2022|quote=Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society}}</ref>
*'''{{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]''': [[Blue Shirts Society]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Hiroaki|last=Kuromiya|year=2022|quote=Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Colombia}}''': [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]]<ref>[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] Conflict Encyclopedia, Colombia, One-Sided violence, AUC-Civilians, 1997–2005, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606082744/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas |date=2013-06-06 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Colombia}}''': [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]]<ref>[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] Conflict Encyclopedia, Colombia, One-Sided violence, AUC-Civilians, 1997–2005, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606082744/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas |date=2013-06-06 }}</ref>
Line 177: Line 184:
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Azov Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-azov-battalion-extremists-defending-mariupol/a-61151151 | title=The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol – DW – 03/16/2022 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-azov-idUSKBN0ML0XJ20150325 | title=Ultra-nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/who-are-the-azov-regiment | title=Profile: Who are Ukraine's far-right Azov regiment? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/us-lifts-10-year-weapon-ban-on-ukraines-controversial-azov-brigade-which-russia-calls-neo-nazis-as-kharkiv-sees-calm-with-american-arms-13151380 | title=US lifts 10-year weapon ban on Ukraine's controversial Azov Brigade }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Azov Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-azov-battalion-extremists-defending-mariupol/a-61151151 | title=The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol – DW – 03/16/2022 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-azov-idUSKBN0ML0XJ20150325 | title=Ultra-nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/who-are-the-azov-regiment | title=Profile: Who are Ukraine's far-right Azov regiment? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/us-lifts-10-year-weapon-ban-on-ukraines-controversial-azov-brigade-which-russia-calls-neo-nazis-as-kharkiv-sees-calm-with-american-arms-13151380 | title=US lifts 10-year weapon ban on Ukraine's controversial Azov Brigade }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[English Defence League]],<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dominic |last1=Alessio |first2=Kristen |last2=Meredith |year=2014 |title=Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League |journal=Social Identities |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=104–118 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2013.843058 |s2cid=143518291 }}</ref> [[Siol nan Gaidheal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026|title = The Scottish National Party at 80|work = BBC News|date = 11 April 2014}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[English Defence League]],<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dominic |last1=Alessio |first2=Kristen |last2=Meredith |year=2014 |title=Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League |journal=Social Identities |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=104–118 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2013.843058 |s2cid=143518291 }}</ref> [[Siol nan Gaidheal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026|title = The Scottish National Party at 80|work = BBC News|date = 11 April 2014}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United States}}''': [[Proud Boys]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Cynthia|last=Combs|title=Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century|quote=The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Patriot Front]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Texas Observer|title=THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK|date=2 November 2022|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/patriot-front-lawsuit-vandalism/|quote=As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases.}}</ref> [[Nationalist Social Club-131]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A reputed white supremacist group is making forays into Connecticut with demonstrations and flyers |url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-ct-white-supremacist-group-20220418-dlu5uegilvdclcfsfl4e5qot3y-story.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hartford Courant}}</ref> [[Aryan Brotherhood]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Aryan Brotherhood |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |access-date=January 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221065013/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United States}}''': [[Proud Boys]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Cynthia|last=Combs|title=Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century|quote=The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Patriot Front]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Texas Observer|title=THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK|date=2 November 2022|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/patriot-front-lawsuit-vandalism/|quote=As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases.}}</ref> [[Nationalist Social Club-131]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A reputed white supremacist group is making forays into Connecticut with demonstrations and flyers |url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-ct-white-supremacist-group-20220418-dlu5uegilvdclcfsfl4e5qot3y-story.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hartford Courant}}</ref> [[Aryan Brotherhood]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Aryan Brotherhood |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |access-date=January 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221065013/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Identity Evropa]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/white-nationalist-leader-plotting-take-over-gop-n920826|title=White nationalist leader is plotting to 'take over the GOP'|date=2018-10-17|work=NBC News US|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017201333/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna920826|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Ultranationalist terrorism ==
== Ultranationalist terrorism ==
Line 188: Line 195:
In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the ''Journal of Hate Studies'' found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family". Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the academic journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self". In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as [[ethnic cleansing]] or deportation".<ref name="Davison">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228547464|title=The Politics of Hate: Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals|journal=Journal of Hate Studies|accessdate=27 December 2023|first=Joan|last=Davison|date=January 2006|volume=5 |pages=37–61 |doi=10.33972/jhs.41 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the ''Journal of Hate Studies'' found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family". Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the academic journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self". In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as [[ethnic cleansing]] or deportation".<ref name="Davison">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228547464|title=The Politics of Hate: Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals|journal=Journal of Hate Studies|accessdate=27 December 2023|first=Joan|last=Davison|date=January 2006|volume=5 |pages=37–61 |doi=10.33972/jhs.41 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


[[File:Golden Dawn members at rally in Athens 2015.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] activists rally in [[Athens]] during a March 2015 event]]
[[File:Golden Dawn members at rally in Athens 2015.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] activists rally in [[Athens]] during a March 2015 event.]]


The assassination of [[Pavlos Fyssas]] in September 2013, a [[hip-hop]] musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an [[Athens]] suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection [[Nikos Dendias]] remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".<ref name="Helena"/><ref name="Rapper"/><ref name="TheConversation"/>
The assassination of [[Pavlos Fyssas]] in September 2013, a [[hip-hop]] musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an [[Athens]] suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection [[Nikos Dendias]] remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".<ref name="Helena"/><ref name="Rapper"/><ref name="TheConversation"/>
Line 210: Line 217:
*[[Putinism]]<ref name="Putinism"/>
*[[Putinism]]<ref name="Putinism"/>
*[[Totalitarianism]]
*[[Totalitarianism]]
*''[[Uyoku dantai]]''
*[[Ultranationalism (Japan)|Ultranationalism in Japan]] (''[[Uyoku dantai]]'')
*[[Völkisch nationalism|''Völkisch'' nationalism]]
*[[Völkisch nationalism|''Völkisch'' nationalism]]
*[[Wolf warrior diplomacy]]
*[[Wolf warrior diplomacy]]

Latest revision as of 17:38, 5 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Oxford spelling Template:Nationalism sidebar Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Ultranationalism, or extreme nationalism, is an extremist form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.[1][2][3] Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime.[4]

In ideological terms the British political theorist Roger Griffin said that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern nation states as living organisms, and that in stark mythological ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those that are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those perceived as having great cultural destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of fascism, with historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.[3] Another major example was the Khmer Rouge regime in Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) that promoted ultranationalism.[5]

Background concepts and broader context

File:Chernosotenzy v odessa.jpg
Monarchist ultranationalists within the Black Hundreds movement marched in Odesa, at the time part of Russia's empire, after the October Manifesto came out in 1905.
File:19270508 Défilé Jeanne d'Arc Action française.jpg
Charles Maurras with members of Action Française, a monarchist and ultranationalist political party in France, in 1927
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-065-24, Münchener Abkommen, Ankunft Mussolini.jpg
Germany's Führer Adolf Hitler (right) beside Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini (left)

British political theorist Roger Griffin argued that ultranationalism is essentially founded on xenophobia in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics, eugenics specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and subhumanness" in Griffin's opinion. According to Griffin, ultranationalists view the modern nation state as a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally can experience rebirth. He highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime founded on ultranationalism.[3]

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the British Union of Fascists adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the Iron Guard in the Kingdom of Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements.[3]

According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski, summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation." Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and the related concept of patriotism both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. In his view, these doctrines stand in contrast to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions.[6]

Historical movements and analysis

File:Propaganda posters of Manchukuo.JPG
In 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan, the state routinely distributed political propaganda preaching the virtues of domination and expansion, with this photograph showing efforts in Manchukuo.

American historian Walter Skya wrote in Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation's racial identity. By the early 20th century, fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly observed in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how between 1921 and 1936 three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated. The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s (Shōwa Japan) did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military. It additionally received widespread popular support.[4]

Cambodian historian Sambo Manara found that the belief system sets forth a vision of supremacism in terms of international relations whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. He stated, "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."[7]

The totalitarian dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu has been described as an example of Communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz, which cited the antisemitism of Ceaușescu in terms of actions such as his historical denialism of the Holocaust. He also made efforts to purge Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.[8] Haaretz has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán an ultranationalist due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly Orbán's public condemnation of "race-mixing".[8] He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR, an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.[9]

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades. He wrote:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal – the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution – they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."[10]

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Russian irredentism, in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the Los Angeles Times, with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include Nikolai Berdyaev, Aleksandr Dugin (the author of 1997's The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia), Lev Gumilyov, and Ivan Ilyin. The newspaper highlighted the justifications given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies", created by the United States in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.[11]

In a 2021 story, Bloomberg News stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China, particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with the paramount leader Xi Jinping facing opposition to his attempts to set forth climate change-based economic reforms in relation to greenhouse gases. According to Bloomberg, Chinese political activists asserted a conspiracy theory that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. Environmentalist policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.[12]

Under the rule of Mohammed bin Salman, who formally serves as a Crown Prince, Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in a shift away from the government's previous reliance on Islamist political arguments.[13][14][15] For instance, France 24 stated in a 2019 report that while "promoting ultra-nationalism" the Crown Prince had introduced "glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties".[15] Also in 2019, the Financial Times likewise described the ideological shift as "a wave" that the leader had "swept across the kingdom".[14]

Ultranationalist political parties

Currently represented in national governments or legislatures

Many political parties have been described as ultranationalist. Template:Div col

Template:Div col end Several political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions.

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions

Several political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies.

Several political parties have historically been described as having ultranationalist factions.

Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures

Ultranationalist organizations

Ultranationalist terrorism

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File:LTTE bike platoon north of Killinochini may 2004.jpg
A group of bicycle infantry militants that fought in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) travel just north of Kilinochchi inside of Sri Lanka in June 2004.

Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism and revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook a series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on 14 May 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers.[282][283][284]

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the Journal of Hate Studies found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family". Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the academic journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self". In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as ethnic cleansing or deportation".[284]

File:Golden Dawn members at rally in Athens 2015.jpg
Golden Dawn activists rally in Athens during a March 2015 event.

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an Athens suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection Nikos Dendias remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".[285][286][287]

At the same, Golden Dawn held 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler, support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece. The Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, The Guardian reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left wing trade unionists and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."[285][286][287]

Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction

The action film Air Force One features a terrorist mastermind named Egor Korshunov, played by actor Gary Oldman, who kidnaps a set of hostages including the United States president by hijacking the leader's plane. Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek, played by actor Jürgen Prochnow, and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier. In February 2022, the United States Armed Forces related website Military.com published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history.[288] Writer Todd McCarthy of Variety also lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, with McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after The Fifth Element, [he] registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country."[289]

The Israeli movie Incitement portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir. The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects a superficial charm and skill at persuasion while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin's assassination feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" thriller-type quality.[290] Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline.com also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film, with much left to audience interpretations.[291]

The 2007 video game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare gained notice for its depiction of a civil war inside Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction. Its sequels, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009) and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (2011), are set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes."[292][293]

See also

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References

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External links

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  2. ↑ Ultranationalism. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
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