Commonwealth Games: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:59, 20 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Commonwealth Games sidebar Template:Infobox recurring event

The Commonwealth GamesTemplate:Efn is a quadrennial international multi-sport event that brings together athletes from across the Commonwealth of Nations, a political association comprising the majority of former territories of the British Empire. First held as the British Empire Games in 1930, the event has evolved through several name changes, reflecting the changing geopolitical landscape and gradual decolonisation of the Empire. It was known as the British Empire Games until 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games until 1966, and the British Commonwealth Games until 1974. Since the 1978 edition, the event has been officially known as the Commonwealth Games, a name that reflects its modern identity while maintaining its historic connection to Britain.

The Games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF), which determines the sporting programme and awards hosting rights. The event upholds its unique traditions, such as the King's Baton Relay and the ceremonial hoisting of the Commonwealth Games flag. It is distinguished from other international sporting competitions by its inclusivity and heritage. Athletes with a disability have been integrated as full team members since 2002, and in 2018, the Games became the first global multi-sport competition to offer equal medal events for men and women. By 2022, women's events outnumbered men's for the first time. In addition to mainstream Olympic sports, the Commonwealth Games includes disciplines such as netball, lawn bowls and squash, which enjoy particular popularity within the Commonwealth.

The origins of the Games lie in the Inter-Empire Championships of 1911, with Melville Marks Robinson playing a pivotal role in establishing the first official Games in Hamilton, Canada. Over time, associated events such as the Commonwealth Youth Games and the now-defunct Commonwealth Paraplegic Games have further expanded participation. Unlike the Olympics and other global competitions, the Commonwealth Games permit representation from fifteen Commonwealth Games Associations that are not sovereign states. These include the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, several British Overseas Territories, Norfolk Island (Australia) and Niue (New Zealand). Notably, despite being non-sovereign, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands are recognised as independent National Olympic Committees by the International Olympic Committee.

To date, twenty cities in nine countries have hosted the Games. Australia leads with five editions, while both Auckland and Edinburgh have hosted twice. Glasgow will become the third city to do so, having held the Games in 2014 and again in 2026. The most recent edition was held in Birmingham in 2022. Originally, the 2026 Commonwealth Games were awarded to Victoria in Australia, but cost concerns led to the state's withdrawal. Subsequently, Glasgow was confirmed as the replacement host city. The upcoming Games will be markedly smaller in scale, featuring only ten sports. As part of a settlement agreement, the Victorian government will provide over £2 million to the Glasgow organisers.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The next edition of the Games, the twenty-third or XXIII, is scheduled to be held in Glasgow from 23 July to 2 August 2026.

History

A sporting competition bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed by John Astley Cooper in 1891, five years before the first modern Olympic Games, who wrote letters and articles for several periodicals suggesting a "Pan Brittanic, Pan Anglican Contest every four years as a means of increasing goodwill and understanding of the British Empire."^[5] John Astley Cooper Committees were formed in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa to promote the idea and inspired Pierre de Coubertin to start the international Olympic Games movement.^[6]^[7]

In 1911, an Inter-Empire Championship was held alongside the Festival of Empire, at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of George V, and were championed by The Earl of Plymouth and Lord Desborough.^[8]^[9] Teams from Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom competed in events for athletics, boxing, swimming and wrestling.^[10] Canada won the championships and was presented with a silver cup (gifted by Lord Lonsdale) which was Template:Convert high and weighed Template:Convert. A correspondent of the Auckland Star criticised the Games, calling them a "grievous disappointment" that were "not worthy of the title of 'Empire Sports'".^[11]

While planning for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Amateur Athletic Union of Canada executive J. Howard Crocker spoke with journalist Melville Marks Robinson of The Hamilton Spectator, about hosting an international sporting event in Canada. Robinson proposed and lobbied to host what became the British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1930.^[12]^[13] Robinson then served as the manager of the Canadian track and field team for the 1930 British Empire Games.^[13]

Although there are 56 sovereign states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, there are 74 active Commonwealth Games Associations.^[14]They are divided into six regions (Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania) and each has a similar function to the National Olympic Committees in relation with their countries or territories. In some, like India and South Africa, the CGA functions are assumed by their NOCs.

Only six national federations have participated in every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Of these six, Australia, England, Canada and New Zealand have each won at least one gold medal in every Games. Australia has been the highest-achieving team for thirteen editions of the Games, England for seven and Canada for one. These three teams also top the all-time Commonwealth Games medal table in that order.

Editions

British Empire Games

The 1930 British Empire Games were the first of what later became known as the Commonwealth Games, and was held in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada from 16 to 23 August 1930 and opened by Lord Willingdon.^[15] Eleven countries: Australia, Bermuda, British Guyana, Canada, England, Northern Ireland, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales, sent a total of 400 athletes to compete in athletics, boxing, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming and diving and wrestling. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as athletics took place at Civic Stadium.^[16] The cost of the Games were $97,973.^[16] Women competed in only the aquatic events.^[17] Canadian triple jumper Gordon Smallacombe won the first ever gold medal in the history of the Games.^[18]

File:SLNSW 23801 Opening Empire Games Sydney Cricket Ground.jpg

Opening ceremony of the 1938 British Empire Games at the Sydney Cricket Ground.

The 1934 British Empire Games were the second of what is now known as the Commonwealth Games, held in London, England. The host city was London, with the main venue at Wembley Park, although the track cycling events were in Manchester. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to Johannesburg, but was given to London instead because of serious concerns about prejudice against Asian and black athletes in South Africa. The affiliation of Irish athletes at the 1934 Games representation remains unclear but there was no official Irish Free State team. Sixteen national teams took part, including new participants Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Southern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago.^[19]

The 1938 British Empire Games were the third British Empire Games, which was held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia). Held in the Southern Hemisphere for the first time, the III Games opening ceremony took place at the famed Sydney Cricket Ground in front of 40,000 spectators. Fifteen nations participated down under at the Sydney Games involving a total of 464 athletes and 43 officials. Fiji and Ceylon made their debuts. Seven sports were featured in the Sydney Games – athletics, boxing, cycling, lawn bowls, rowing, swimming and diving and wrestling.^[20]

The 1950 British Empire Games were the fourth edition and were held in Auckland, New Zealand, after a twelve-year gap from the third edition of the games. The fourth games were originally awarded to Montreal, Canada and was to be held in 1942, but was cancelled due to the Second World War. The opening ceremony at Eden Park was attended by 40,000 spectators, while nearly 250,000 people attended the Auckland Games. Twelve countries sent a total of 590 athletes to Auckland. Malaya and Nigeria made their first appearances.^[21]

British Empire and Commonwealth Games

File:Bannister and Landy.jpg

Statue in Vancouver commemorating the "Miracle Mile" between Roger Bannister and John Landy

The fifth edition of the Games, the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This was the first event since the name change from British Empire Games took effect in 1952, the same year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The fifth edition of the Games placed Vancouver on a world stage and featured memorable sporting moments as well as outstanding entertainment, technical innovation and cultural events. The 'Miracle Mile', as it became known, saw both the gold medallist, Roger Bannister of England and silver medallist John Landy of Australia, run sub-four-minute races in an event that was televised live across the world for the first time. Northern Rhodesia and Pakistan made their debuts and both performed well, winning eight and six medals respectively.^[22]

File:1958 Commonwealth Games 3d Stamp.jpg

3 pence British stamp with theme of 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, Cardiff, Wales

The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Cardiff, Wales. The sixth edition of the games marked the largest sporting event ever held in Wales and it was the smallest country ever to host a British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Cardiff had to wait twelve years longer than originally scheduled to become host of the Games, as the 1946 event was cancelled because of the Second World War. The Cardiff Games introduced the Queen's Baton Relay, which has been conducted as a prelude to every British Empire and Commonwealth Games ever since. Thirty-five nations sent a total of 1,122 athletes and 228 officials to the Cardiff Games and 23 countries and dependencies won medals, including for the first time, Singapore, Ghana, Kenya and the Isle of Man.^[23] In the run up to the Cardiff games, many leading sports stars including Stanley Matthews, Jimmy Hill and Don Revie were signatories in a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 deploring the presence of white-only South African sports, opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games'.^[24]

The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Perth, Western Australia. Thirty-five countries sent a total of 863 athletes and 178 officials to Perth. Jersey was among the medal winners for the first time, while British Honduras, Dominica, Papua and New Guinea and St Lucia all made their inaugural Games appearances. Aden also competed by special invitation. Sarawak, North Borneo and Malaya competed for the last time, before taking part in 1966 under the Malaysian flag. In addition, Rhodesia and Nyasaland competed in the Games as an entity for the first and only time.^[25]

The 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Kingston, Jamaica. This was the first time that the Games had been held outside the so-called White Dominions. Thirty-four nations (including South Arabia) competed in the Kingston Games, sending a total of 1,316 athletes and officials.^[26]

British Commonwealth Games

The 1970 British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland. This was the first time the name British Commonwealth Games was adopted, the first time metric units rather than imperial units were used in events, the first time the games were held in Scotland and also the first time that HM Queen Elizabeth II attended in her capacity as Head of the Commonwealth.^[27]

The 1974 British Commonwealth Games were held in Christchurch, New Zealand. The event was officially named The Friendly Games, and was also the first edition to feature a theme song. Following the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics, the tenth games at Christchurch were the first multi-sport event to place the safety of participants and spectators as its uppermost requirement. Security guards surrounded the athlete's village and there was an exceptionally high-profile police presence. Only 22 countries succeeded in winning medals from the total haul of 374 medals on offer, but first time winners included Western Samoa, Lesotho and Swaziland (since 2018 named Eswatini).^[28] The theme song for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games was called "Join Together".

Commonwealth Games

The 1978 Commonwealth Games were held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This event was the first to bear the current day name of the Commonwealth Games, and also marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part. They were boycotted by Nigeria in protest against New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa, as well as by Uganda in protest at alleged Canadian hostilities toward the government of Idi Amin.^[29]^[30]

File:Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony - Brisbane 1982.jpg

Opening ceremony of the 1982 Commonwealth Games at Brisbane, Australia

The 1982 Commonwealth Games were held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Forty-six nations participated in the Brisbane Games with a new record total of 1,583 athletes and 571 officials. As hosts, Australia headed the medal table leading the way ahead of England, Canada, Scotland and New Zealand respectively. Zimbabwe made its first appearance at the Games, having earlier competed as Southern Rhodesia and as part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.^[31] The theme song for the 1982 Commonwealth Games was called "You're Here To Win".

The 1986 Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland and were the second Games to be held in Edinburgh. Participation at the 1986 Games was affected by a boycott by 32 African, Asian and Caribbean nations in protest at British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's refusal to condemn sporting contacts of apartheid era South Africa in 1985, but the Games rebounded and continued to grow thereafter. Twenty-six nations did attend the second Edinburgh Games, and sent a total of 1,662 athletes and 461 officials.^[32] The theme song for the 1986 Commonwealth Games was called "Spirit Of Youth".

The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland, New Zealand. They were the fourteenth Commonwealth Games, the third to be hosted by New Zealand and Auckland's second. A new record of 55 nations participated in the second Auckland Games, sending 2,826 athletes and officials.^[33] Pakistan returned to the Commonwealth in 1989 after withdrawing in 1972, and competed in the 1990 Games after an absence of twenty years.^[34] The theme song for the 1990 Commonwealth Games was called "This Is The Moment".

The 1994 Commonwealth Games were held in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. This event was the fourth to take place in Canada. The games marked another point of South Africa's return to the sporting atmosphere following the apartheid era, and over thirty years since the country last competed in the Games in 1958. Namibia made its Commonwealth Games debut following its independence from South Africa in 1990. It was also Hong Kong's last appearance at the games before the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China. Sixty-three nations sent 2,557 athletes and 914 officials.^[35] The theme song for the 1994 Commonwealth Games was called "Let Your Spirit Take Flight".

The 1998 Commonwealth Games were held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. For the first time in its 68-year history, the Commonwealth Games were held in Asia. The event was also the first Games to feature team sports (cricket, rugby 7s,netball and field hockey) along ten pin bowling and squash– an overwhelming success that added large numbers to both participant and TV audience numbers. A new record of 70 countries sent a total of 5,065 athletes and officials to the Kuala Lumpur Games. The top five countries in the medal standing were Australia, England, Canada, Malaysia (who made their best games' performance until that date) and South Africa. Nauru also achieved an impressive haul of three gold medals. Cameroon, Mozambique, Kiribati and Tuvalu debuted.^[36] The theme song for the 1998 Commonwealth Games was called "Forever As One".

During the 21st century

The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England. The event was hosted in England for the first time since 1934 and hosted to coincide with the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, head of the Commonwealth. In terms of sports and events, the 2002 event was until the 2010 edition the largest Commonwealth Games in history featuring 281 events across 17 sports. The final medal tally was led by Australia, followed by host England and Canada. The 2002 Commonwealth Games had set a new benchmark for hosting the Commonwealth Games and for cities wishing to bid for them with a heavy emphasis on legacy.^[37] The theme song for the 2002 Commonwealth Games was called "Where My Heart Will Take Me".

File:MSC, 2006 Commonwealth Games.jpg

Athletics at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) during the 2006 Commonwealth Games, Melbourne

The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The only difference between the 2006 games and the 2002 games was the absence of Zimbabwe, which withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations after being suspended by the organization in 2002.^[38] For the first time in the history of the Games the Queen's Baton visited every single Commonwealth nation and territory taking part in the Games, a journey of Template:Convert. Over 4000 athletes took part in the sporting competitions. Again the Top 3 on the medal table is Australia, followed by England and Canada.^[39] The theme song for the 2006 Commonwealth Games was called "Together We Are One".

The 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in Delhi, India. The Games cost $11 billion and were the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever. It was the first time that the Commonwealth Games was held in India, also the first time that a Commonwealth republic hosted the games and the second time it was held in Asia after Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1998. A total of 6,081 athletes from 71 Commonwealth nations and dependencies competed in 21 sports and 272 events. The final medal tally was led by Australia. The host nation India achieved its best performance ever in any sporting event, finishing second overall.^[40] Rwanda made its Games debut.^[41] The theme song for the 2010 Commonwealth Games was called "Live, Rise, Ascend, Win".

The 2014 Commonwealth Games were held in Glasgow, Scotland. These games were the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland with around 4,950 athletes from 71 different nations and territories competing in 18 different sports, outranking the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, capital city of Scotland. Usain Bolt competed in the 4×100 metres relay of the 2014 Commonwealth Games and set a Commonwealth Games record with his teammates.^[42] The Games received acclaim for their organisation, attendance, and the public enthusiasm of the people of Scotland, with the CGF chief executive Mike Hooper hailing them as "the standout games in the history of the movement".^[43]

File:Commonwealth Cycling (geograph 4105477).jpg

Cycling event during the 2014 Commonwealth Games hosted in Glasgow, Scotland

The 2018 Commonwealth Games were held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, the fifth time Australia hosted the Games. There were an equal number of events for men and women, the first time in history that a major multi-sport event had equality in terms of events.^[44]^[45]

The 2022 Commonwealth Games were held in Birmingham, England. It was the third Commonwealth Games to be hosted in England, following London 1934 and Manchester 2002.^[46] The 2022 Commonwealth Games coincided with the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II and the tenth anniversary of the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics, both staged in London. The 2022 Commonwealth Games was the last edition to be held under Queen Elizabeth II, before her death on 8 September 2022.

On 16 February 2022, it was announced that the 2026 Commonwealth Games would be held for a record sixth time in Australia, but for the first time they would be decentralised, as the state of Victoria signed as host 'city'. The event were to have four regional clusters mainly focused in Bendigo region, and another three regional centres. However, in July 2023, the Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews announced that Victoria would no longer host the 2026 Games.^[47] The Scottish government later agreed to hold the 2026 games in Glasgow, following Victoria's cancellation, however the games will be "scaled down" with only 10 sports being staged in four venues, and a commitment that public funds would not be required.^[48] The 2026 Commonwealth Games will be the first held under the reign of King Charles III. The three nations to have hosted the Commonwealth Games the most times are Australia (5), Canada (4) and New Zealand (3). With the 2022 games, England increased its number to three. Three games have been hosted in Scotland, one in Wales, two in Asia (Malaysia (1) and India (1)) and one in the Caribbean (Jamaica (1)).^[49] The event has been awarded to, but never been held in, Africa, with Durban being stripped of the 2022 Games following financial issues.

Paraplegic Games

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File:1962 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games Competitors Team Photograph.jpg

Athletes of the 1962 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games at Perth

The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were an international, multi-sport event involving athletes with a disability from the Commonwealth countries. The event was sometimes referred to as the Paraplegic Empire Games and British Commonwealth Paraplegic Games. Athletes were generally those with spinal injuries or polio. The event was first held in 1962 and disestablished in 1974.^[50] The Games were held in the country hosting the Commonwealth Games for able-bodied athletes. The countries that had hosted the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were Australia, Jamaica, Scotland and New Zealand in 1962, 1966, 1970 and 1974. Six countries – Australia, England, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales — had been represented at all Commonwealth Paraplegic Games. Australia and England had beenScript error: No such module "Unsubst". the top-ranking nation two times each: 1962, 1974 and 1966, 1970.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Inclusion of disabled athletes in Commonwealth Games

Athletes with a disability were then first included the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia when this events was added to athletics and lawn bowls,^[51] As at 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England, they were included as compulsory events, making them the first fully inclusive international multi-sport games. This meant that results were included in the medal count and the athletes are full members of each country delegation.^[52]

During the 2007 General Assembly of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) at Colombo, Sri Lanka, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and CGF signed a co-operative agreement to ensure a formal institutional relationship between the two bodies and secure the future participation of elite athletes with a disability (EAD) in future Commonwealth Games.

Then, IPC President Philip Craven said during the General Assembly:

"We look forward to working with CGF to develop the possibilities of athletes with a disability at the Commonwealth Games and within the Commonwealth. This partnership will help to galvanize Paralympic sports development in Commonwealth countries/territories and seek to create and promote greater opportunities in sport for athletes with a disability".

— IPC President Sir Philip Craven

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The co-operation agreement outlined the strong partnership between the IPC and the CGF. It recognised the IPC as the respective sport body and have the function to oversee the co-ordination and delivery of the Commonwealth Games EAD sports programme and committed both organisations to work together in supporting the growth of the Paralympic and Commonwealth Games Movements.^[53]

Winter Games

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St. Moritz, the venue for all three Winter Games from 1958 to 1966

The Commonwealth Winter Games was a multi-sport event comprising winter sports, last held in 1966. Three editions of the Games have been staged. The Commonwealth Winter Games were designed as a counterbalance to the Commonwealth Games, which focuses on summer sports, to accompany the Winter Olympics and Summer Olympic Games. The winter Games were founded by T.D. Richardson.^[54] The 1958 Commonwealth Winter Games were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland and was the inaugural games for the winter edition.^[55]^[56] The 1962 Games were also held in St. Moritz, complementing the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Australia, and the 1966 event was held in St. Moritz as well, following which the idea was discontinued.^[57]

Youth Games

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The Commonwealth Youth Games is an international multi-sport event organised by the Commonwealth Games Federation. The Commonwealth Youth Games is held every four years with the current Commonwealth Games format. The Commonwealth Games Federation discussed the idea of a Millennium Commonwealth Youth Games in 1997. In 1998, the concept was agreed on for the purpose of providing a Commonwealth multi-sport event for young people born in 1986 or later. The first version was held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 10 to 14 August 2000. The age limitation of the athletes is 14 to 18.^[58]

Commonwealth Games Federation

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File:London Shopping 002 (6166876525) (2).jpg

Headquarters of the CGF at the Commonwealth House (centre) in London

The Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) is the international organisation responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth Games and Commonwealth Youth Games, and is the foremost authority in matters relating to the games.^[59] The Commonwealth House in London, England hosts the headquarters of CGF.^[60] The Commonwealth House also hosts the headquarters of the Royal Commonwealth Society and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum.^[61]^[62]

The Commonwealth Games Movement is made of three major elements:

International Federations (IFs) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) is the international governing body for basketball.^[63]
Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) represent and regulate the Commonwealth Games Movement within each country and perform similar functions as the National Olympic Committees. For example, the Commonwealth Games England (CGE) is the CGA of England. There are currently 72 CGAs recognised by the CGF.^[64]
Organising Committees for the Commonwealth Games (OCCWGs) are temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each Commonwealth Games. OCCWGs are dissolved after each Games once the final report is delivered to the CGF.

English is the official language of the Commonwealth. The other language used at each Commonwealth Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these two (or more) languages. If the host country does this, it is their responsibility to choose the language{s) and their order.^[65]

King's Baton Relay

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File:Bilston St.-Garrick St. - geograph.org.uk - 536739.jpg

The Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay for the 2002 Commonwealth Games

The King's Baton Relay is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the Head of the Commonwealth. The Relay traditionally begins at Buckingham Palace in London as a part of the city's Commonwealth Day festivities. The King entrusts the baton to the first relay runner. At the Opening Ceremony of the Games, the final relay runner hands the baton back to the King or his representative, who reads the message aloud to officially open the Games. The King's Baton Relay is similar to the Olympic Torch Relay.^[66]

The Relay was introduced at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales as the Queen's Baton Relay. Up until, and including, the 1994 Commonwealth Games, the Relay only went through England and the host nation. The Relay for the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was the first to travel to other nations of the Commonwealth.

The Queen's Baton Relay for the 2018 Commonwealth Games held on the Gold Coast, Australia, was the longest in Commonwealth Games history. Covering 230,000 km (150,000 miles) over 388 days, the Baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania. For the first time, the Queen's Baton was presented at the Commonwealth Youth Games during its sixth edition in 2017, which were held in Nassau, Bahamas.^[67]

Ceremonies

Opening

File:Comm Games 2006 finale.JPG

Opening ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games at Melbourne

The opening ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The flag of the Commonwealth Games Federation, flag of the last hosting nation and the next hosting nation are also hosted during the opening ceremony. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance and theatre representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The opening ceremony of the Delhi Games reportedly cost $70 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.^[68]

After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. The last hosting nation is traditionally the first nation to enter. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetical or continental wise with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the King's Baton is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final baton carrier, often a successful Commonwealth athlete from the host nation, who hands it over to the Head of the Commonwealth or his representative.

Closing

File:Commonwealth Games closing ceremony picture.jpeg

Closing ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi

The closing ceremony of the Commonwealth Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. The president of the organising committee and the CGF president make their closing speeches and the Games are officially closed. The CGF president also speaks about the conduct of the games. The mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers the CGF flag to the president of the CGF, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Commonwealth Games. The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture. Many great artists and singers had performed at the ceremonies of the Commonwealth Games.^[69]

At the closing ceremony of every Commonwealth Games, the CGF President makes an award and presents a trophy to one athlete who has competed with particular distinction and honour both in terms of athletic performance and overall contribution to his or her team. Athletes are nominated by their Commonwealth Games Association at the end of the final day of competition and the winner is selected by a panel comprising the CGF President and representatives from each of the six Commonwealth Regions. The 'David Dixon Award' as it is called was introduced in Manchester 2002, after the late David Dixon, former Honorary Secretary of the CGF, in honour of his monumental contribution to Commonwealth sport for many years.^[70]

Medal presentation

A medal ceremony is held after each event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. After the medals are given out by a CGF member, the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medallist's country plays. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers.

Anthems

"God Save the King" is an official or national anthem of multiple Commonwealth countries and dependent territories. As a result, and due to the countries of the United Kingdom competing individually, its use is prohibited during official events, medal ceremonies or before matches in team events.^[71] With the revision of this rule made before the 2010 Games, some national anthems used were changed and in some cases they differ from a currently-eligible country's national or official anthem(s):

Country	Anthem used at the Commonwealth Games	National Anthem(s)/Official Anthem(s)
Template:Country data Anguilla	"God Bless Anguilla"	"God Save the King"
Template:Country data Bermuda	"Hail to Bermuda"
Template:Country data British Virgin Islands	"Oh, Beautiful Virgin Islands"
Template:Country data Cayman Islands	"Beloved Isle Cayman"
Template:Country data England	"Land of Hope and Glory" (until 2010) "Jerusalem" (since 2010)^[72]	None; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
Template:Country data Falkland Islands	"Song of the Falklands"	"God Save the King"
Template:Country data Gibraltar	"Gibraltar Anthem"
Template:Country data Guernsey	"Sarnia Cherie"
Template:Country data Jersey	"Island Home"
Template:Country data Montserrat	"Motherland"
Template:Country data New Zealand	"God Defend New Zealand"	"God Defend New Zealand" (since 1976)^[73] "God Save the King"
Template:Country data Niue	"Ko e Iki he Lagi (Lord in Heaven, Thou art merciful)"	"God Defend New Zealand" (since 1976)^[73] "God Save the King"
Template:Country data Norfolk Island	"Come Ye Blessed"	"Advance Australia Fair"
Template:Country data Northern Ireland	"Londonderry Air"	None; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
Template:Country data Saint Helena	"My Saint Helena Island"	"God Save the King"
Template:Country data Scotland	"Scotland the Brave" (until 2010) "Flower of Scotland" (since 2010)^[74]	None; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
Template:Country data Turks and Caicos Islands	"This Land of Ours"	"God Save the King"
Template:Country data Wales	"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Land of my Fathers)"	"God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom

List of editions

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Overview of Commonwealth Games
Year	Edition	Host city	Host Association	Opened by	Sports	Events	Associations	Start date	End date	Competitors	Top Association	Ref
1911	–Template:Efn	London	Template:Flagicon United Kingdom	King George V	4	9	4	12 May	1 June	Unknown	Template:Country data Canada
1930	Template:Sort	Hamilton	Template:Country data Canada	Viscount Willingdon	6	59	11	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	400	Script error: No such module "flag".	[1]
1934	Template:Sort	London	Template:Country data England	King George V	6	68	16	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	500	Script error: No such module "flag".	[2]
1938	Template:Sort	Sydney	Template:Country data Australia	Lord Wakehurst	7	71	15	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	464	Script error: No such module "flag".	[3]
1942	–	Montreal	Template:Flagu	Cancelled due to World War II^[75]
1946	–	Cardiff	Template:Country data Wales	Cancelled due to World War II^[75]
1950	Template:Sort	Auckland	Template:Country data New Zealand	Sir Bernard Freyberg	9	88	12	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	590	Script error: No such module "flag".	[4]
1954	Template:Sort	Vancouver	Template:Flagu	Earl Alexander of Tunis	9	91	24	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	662	Script error: No such module "flag".	[5]
1958	Template:Sort	Cardiff	Template:Country data Wales	Philip, Duke of Edinburgh	9	94	36	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,122	Script error: No such module "flag".	[6]
1962	Template:Sort	Perth	Template:Country data Australia		9	104	35	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	863	Script error: No such module "flag".	[7]
1966	Template:Sort	Kingston	Template:Country data Jamaica		9	110	34	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,050	Script error: No such module "flag".	[8]
1970	Template:Sort	Edinburgh	Template:Country data Scotland		9	121	42	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,383	Script error: No such module "flag".	[9]
1974	Template:Sort	Christchurch	Template:Flagu		9	121	38	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,276	Script error: No such module "flag".	[10]
1978	Template:Sort	Edmonton	Template:Flagu	Queen Elizabeth II	10	128	46	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,474	Script error: No such module "flag".	[11]
1982	Template:Sort	Brisbane	Template:Flagu	Philip, Duke of Edinburgh	10	142	46	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,583	Script error: No such module "flag".	[12]
1986	Template:Sort	Edinburgh	Template:Flagu	Queen Elizabeth II	10	163	26	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	1,662	Script error: No such module "flag".	[13]
1990	Template:Sort	Auckland	Template:Flagu	Prince Edward	10	204	55	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	2,073	Script error: No such module "flag".	[14]
1994	Template:Sort	Victoria	Template:Flagu	Queen Elizabeth II	10	217	63	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	2,557	Script error: No such module "flag".	[15]
1998	Template:Sort	Kuala Lumpur	Template:Country data Malaysia	Tuanku Jaafar	15	213	70	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	3,633	Script error: No such module "flag".	[16]
2002	Template:Sort	Manchester	Template:Flagu	Queen Elizabeth II	17	281	72	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	3,679	Script error: No such module "flag".	[17]
2006	Template:Sort	Melbourne	Template:Flagu	Queen Elizabeth II	17	245	71	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	4,049	Script error: No such module "flag".	[18]
2010	Template:Sort	Delhi	Template:Country data India	Pratibha Patil and Charles, Prince of Wales	17	272	71	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	4,352	Script error: No such module "flag".	[19]
2014	Template:Sort	Glasgow	Template:Flagu	Queen Elizabeth II	18	261	71	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	4,947	Script error: No such module "flag".	[20]
2018	Template:Sort	Gold Coast	Template:Flagu	Charles, Prince of Wales	18	275	71	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	4,426	Script error: No such module "flag".	[21]
2022	Template:Sort	Birmingham	Template:Flagu	Charles, Prince of Wales	20	283	72	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	5,054	Script error: No such module "flag".	[22]
2026	Template:Sort	Glasgow	Template:Flagu	King Charles III (expected)	10	215	74	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	~3,000	TBC	[24]
2030	XXIV	Ahmedabad	Template:Flagu	16th President of India (expected)	TBD Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Medal table

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". *Note : Nations in italics no longer participate at the Commonwealth Games.

Updated after 2022 Commonwealth Games.

Template:Medals table

<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[a] Totals for Ghana include all medals won as Template:FlagCGF
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[b] Totals for Zimbabwe include all medals won as Template:FlagCGF
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[c] Totals for Zambia include all medals won as Template:FlagCGF
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[d] Totals for Sri Lanka include all medals won as Template:FlagCGF
<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[e] Totals for Guyana include all medals won as Template:FlagCGF

Medal leaders by year

File:Commonwealth Games Federation symbol (2019- Till Date).svg Commonwealth Games medal table by year
Template:Div col Template:Plainlist 1911: Template:Country data Canada 1930: Template:Country data England 1934: Template:Country data England 1938: Template:Country data Australia 1950: Template:Country data Australia 1954: Template:Country data England 1958: Template:Country data England 1962: Template:Country data Australia 1966: Template:Country data England 1970: Template:Country data Australia 1974: Template:Country data Australia 1978: Template:Country data Canada 1982: Template:Country data Australia 1986: Template:Country data England 1990: Template:Country data Australia 1994: Template:Country data Australia 1998: Template:Country data Australia 2002: Template:Country data Australia 2006: Template:Country data Australia 2010: Template:Country data Australia 2014: Template:Country data England 2018: Template:Country data Australia 2022: Template:Country data Australia Template:Div col end Template:Endplainlist

Commonwealth sports

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Unlike other sporting events, the Commonwealth Games have a flexible sporting programme that respects the infrastructure and demands of the host city. This is also reflected in its holding dates, which may vary according to the weather conditions of each host city. Therefore, the programme for each edition could varies. Between 1930 and 1994, only individual events were part of the programme and it was only in 1998 that authorisation was given for the addition of team sports. It is common for each edition since then to have a list of seven to ten mandatory sports that must be played in this edition and must be approved 4 years in advance. Thus, the minimum number of sports per edition is 10 and the maximum is of 17. However, local demands can also increase the number of sports contested. Notable cases are freestyle wrestling in Delhi 2010 and beach volleyball in Gold Coast 2018. Special exceptions can also be made, such as the one in the last edition held in Birmingham, England, in which 3 extra sports were added to the programme.^[76] The current rules also determine gender parity, whereby men and women have an equal (or broadly equal) share of events.^[77]^[78]

This rule was not exceptionally applied to the 2026 Games, as Glasgow took over as host on an emergency basis. As a result, the program will feature only 10 sports—the fewest number since the 1994 Games:^[79]

There are a total of 23 sports (with three multi-disciplinary sports) and a ten para-sports which are approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation.

Sport	Type	Years
Archery	Core	1982, 2010
Athletics	Core	1930–present
Para Athletics	Core	1994, 2002–present^[80]
Badminton	Optional	1966–2022
Basketball		2006, 2018
Basketball 3x3	Optional	2022–present
Boxing	Optional	1930–present
Cricket	Optional	1998, 2022
Cycling (Mountain Bike)	Optional^[81]	2002–2006, 2014–present
Cycling (Para Track)	Optional^[81]	2014–present
Cycling (Road)	Optional^[81]	1938–present
Cycling (Track)	Optional^[81]	1934–present
Diving	Optional	1930–2022
Hockey	Optional	1998–2022
Gymnastics (Artistic)	Optional	1978, 1990–present
Gymnastics (Rhythmic)	Optional	1978, 1990–1998, 2006–present
Judo	Optional	1990, 2002, 2014 (Optional), 2022-present
Lawn bowls	Optional	1930–1962, 1970–present

Sport	Type	Years
Para lawn bowls	Optional	1994, 2002, 2014–present^[80]
Netball (Women)	Optional	1998–present
Powerlifting	Optional	2002–present^[80]
Rugby sevens	Optional	1998–2022
Shooting	Optional	1966, 1974–2018
Squash	Optional	1998–2022
Swimming	Core	1930–present
Para swimming	Core	2002–present^[80]
Table tennis	optional^[81]	2002–2022
Para table tennis	Optional^[81]	2002–2022
Triathlon	Optional^[81]	2002–2006, 2014–2022
Volleyball (beach)	Optional	2018–2022
Weightlifting	Optional	1950–present
Wrestling (Freestyle)	Optional^[81]	1930–1986, 1994, 2002, 2010–2022

In 2015, the Commonwealth Games Federation agreed large changes to the programme which increased the number of core sports, while removing a number of optionals, those removed are listed below.^[82]

Sport	Type	Years
Canoeing	Optional	Never^[83]
Rowing	Optional	1930, 1938–1962, 1986
Sailing	Optional	Never
Softball	Optional	Never
Synchronised swimming	Optional	Core between 1986 and 2006

Sport	Type	Years
Taekwondo	Optional	Never
Tennis	Optional	2010
Ten-pin bowling	Optional	1998
Wrestling (Greco-Roman)	Optional	2010

Sports such as the following are sports which have been analysed by the Commonwealth Games Federation but which are deemed to need expansion in areas such as participation levels within the Commonwealth both at a national (International Federation) and grassroots athletics level, Marketability, Television Rights, Equity, and Hosting Expenses, per Regulation 6 of the Commonwealth Games Constitution;^[84] host nations may not pick these sports for their program until the Federation's requirements are fulfilled.^[85]

Sport	Type	Years
Billiards	Recognised	Never
Fencing	Recognised	1950–1970
Association Football	Recognised	Never
Golf	Recognised	2026
Handball	Recognised	Never

Sport	Type	Years
Life saving	Recognised	Never
Rugby league	Recognised	Never
Volleyball (indoor)	Recognised	Never
Water Polo	Recognised	1950

Participation

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Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, and Wales. Australia has been the highest scoring team for thirteen games, England for seven, and Canada for one.

Locations of the games, and participating countries

Template:Legend2
Template:Legend2
Template:Legend2
• Host cities and year of games

Template:Cleanup section

Table of Team Participation by Commonwealth Games Edition
Team	Edition	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX	X	XI	XII	XIII	XIV	XV	XVI	XVII	XVIII	XIX	XX	XXI	XXII
	Year	1930	1934	1938	1950	1954	1958	1962	1966	1970	1974	1978	1982	1986	1990	1994	1998	2002	2006	2010	2014	2018	2022
	Host Flag	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon	Template:Flagicon
	Host city	Hamilton	London	Sydney	Auckland	Vancouver	Cardiff	Perth	Kingston	Edinburgh	Christchurch	Edmonton	Brisbane	Edinburgh	Auckland	Victoria	Kuala Lumpur	Manchester	Melbourne	Delhi	Glasgow	Gold Coast	Birmingham
	Participation \\ Host nation	Canada	England	Australia	New Zealand	Canada	Wales	Australia	Jamaica	Scotland	New Zealand	Canada	Australia	Scotland	New Zealand	Canada	Malaysia	England	Australia	India	Scotland	Australia	England

Template:Country data Aden Template:Efn	1962							style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1998–																style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1966–1970, 1978, 1994–								style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:pink;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978, 1990–											style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1982, 1990–					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1978, 1994–											style="background:lightgreen;"				style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974, 1982–										style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data British Guiana Template:Efn	1930–1938, 1954–1962	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Template:Country data British Honduras Template:Efn	1962–1966							style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1990–														style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Brunei Darussalam	1990–														style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–																style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978–											style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Ceylon Template:Efn	1938–1950, 1958–1970			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974–1978, 1986–										style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978–1982, 1990–											style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–1962, 1970, 1994–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"				style="background:pink;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Eswatini Template:Efn	2022–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1982–												style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014–			style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018–									style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1958–1982, 1990–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Gold Coast Template:Efn	1954					style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1970–1982, 1998–									style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1970–									style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1966–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–								style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Hong Kong Template:Efn	1934, 1954–1962, 1970–1994		style="background:lightgreen;"			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1934–1938, 1954–1958, 1966–1982, 1990–		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Flagdeco IrelandTemplate:Efn Template:Efn	1930	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1934, 1954–1982, 1990–		style="background:lightgreen;"			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1958–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1982, 1990–					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–																style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974–										style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1970–									style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Malaya Template:Efn	1950, 1958–1962				style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1966–1982, 1990–								style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1986–2014, 2022–													style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–1962, 1970, 1982–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958, 1966–1982, 1990–						style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1994–															style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–																style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1994–															style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1990–														style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Newfoundland Template:Efn	1930–1934	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002–				style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	2002–																	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1986–													style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Flagicon image North Borneo Template:Efn	1958–1962						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn Template:Efn	1934–1938, 1954–		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Northern Rhodesia Template:Efn Template:Efn	1954–1958					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1970, 1990–					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1962–1982, 1990–							style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Rhodesia and Nyasaland Template:Efn	1962							style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	2010–																			style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Template:Efn	1978											style="background:lightgreen;"
Template:Country data Saint Helena Template:Efn	1982, 1998–												style="background:lightgreen;"				style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1990–													style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1962, 1970, 1978, 1994–							style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:pink;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958, 1966–1978, 1994–						style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:pink;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1998–																style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Flagicon Sarawak Template:Efn	1958–1962						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1990–														style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990–						style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1958–						style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1982, 1990–												style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–1958, 1994–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data South Arabia Template:Efn	1966								style="background:lightgreen;"
Template:Country data Southern Rhodesia Template:Efn Template:Efn	1934–1958		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1974–1982, 1990–										style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Swaziland Template:Efn	1970–2018									style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Template:Flagcountry Template:Efn	1962							style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".	1966–1982, 1990–								style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974, 1982, 1990–										style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1934–1982, 1990–		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978, 1998–											style="background:lightgreen;"					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–																style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1974, 1982, 1990–					style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"		style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1982–												style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Template:Country data Western Samoa Template:Efn	1974–1994										style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1970–1982, 1990–									style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"\|
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1982, 1990–2002												style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:pink;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgreen;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"	style="background:lightgrey;"\|
Legend
Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2

Nation	Years of participation
Template:Country data Aden Template:Efn	1962
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1998–
Template:ANZ	1911
Script error: No such module "flag".	1966–1970, 1978, 1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1978, 1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974, 1982–
Template:Country data British Guiana Template:Efn	1930–1938, 1954–1962
Template:Country data British Honduras Template:Efn	1962–1966
Script error: No such module "flag".	1990–
Template:Country data Brunei Darussalam	1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1911, 1930–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978–
Template:Country data Ceylon Template:Efn	1938–1950, 1958–1970
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974–1978, 1986–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–1962, 1970, 1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–
Script error: No such module "flag".	2022–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1982–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014–
Script error: No such module "flag".	2026-
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1958–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–
Template:Country data Gold Coast Template:Efn	1954
Script error: No such module "flag".	1970–1982, 1998–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1970–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1966–1970, 1978–1982, 1990–
Template:Country data British Hong Kong Template:Efn	1934, 1954–1962, 1970–1994
Script error: No such module "flag".	1934–1938, 1954–1958, 1966–1982, 1990–
Template:Flagdeco IrelandTemplate:Efn Template:Efn	1930
Template:Country data Irish Free State Template:Efn	1934
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1934, 1954–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1958–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1970–
Template:Country data Malaya Template:Efn	1950, 1958–1962
Script error: No such module "flag".	1966–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1986–2014, 2022–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–1962, 1970, 1982–

Nation	Years of participation
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1998–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1990–
Template:Country data Newfoundland Template:Efn	1930–1934
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002–
Script error: No such module "flag".	2002–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1986–^[86]
Template:Flagicon image North Borneo Template:Efn	1958–1962
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn Template:Efn	1934–1938, 1954–
Template:Country data Northern Rhodesia Template:Efn Template:Efn	1954–1958
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1970, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1962–1982, 1990–
Template:Country data Rhodesia and Nyasaland Template:Efn Template:Efn	1962
Script error: No such module "flag".	2010–
Template:Country data Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Template:Efn	1978
Template:Country data Saint Helena Template:Efn	1982, 1998–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1962, 1970, 1978, 1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958, 1966–1978, 1994–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1998–
Template:Flagicon Sarawak Template:Efn	1958–1962
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1958–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1911–1958, 1994–
Template:Country data South Arabia Template:Efn	1966
Template:Country data Southern Rhodesia Template:Efn Template:Efn	1934–1958
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974–1982, 1990–
Template:Country data Swaziland Template:Efn	1970–2018
Template:Flagcountry Template:Efn	1962
Script error: No such module "flag".	1966–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	2026-
Script error: No such module "flag".	1974, 1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1934–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1978, 1998–
Script error: No such module "flag".	2002–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1954–1974, 1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1911Template:Efn
Script error: No such module "flag".	1982–
Script error: No such module "flag".	1930–
Template:Country data Western Samoa Template:Efn	1974–1994
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1970–1982, 1990–
Script error: No such module "flag".Template:Efn	1982, 1990–2002

Commonwealth nations yet to send teams

Very few Commonwealth nations and dependencies have yet to take part:^[87]^[88]^[89]

Gabon and Togo, the most recent members to join the Commonwealth in 2022, became part of the Commonwealth Games Federation in 2023 and are expected to make their debut in the 2026 edition.^[90]
Tokelau, a dependency of New Zealand, was expected to take part for the first time at the 2010 Games in Delhi but did not do so.^[91] In 2018, Tokelau was noted to be ineligible for the Commonwealth Games until it became affiliated to at least five international sport federations.^[92]
Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, both external territories of Australia like Norfolk Island, have not yet sent teams of their own.
The Pitcairn Islands, a British Overseas Territory, does not compete due to its small population (around 50 people).^[93]

Other inhabited territories and autonomous regions within the Commonwealth, such as Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha (parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha), Nevis (a federal entity of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis), Rodrigues (an outer island of Mauritius), and Zanzibar (a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania), are not considered to be separate associated or overseas territories by the Commonwealth^[87] and so are unlikely to be eligible.

Rejected participants

Campaigners from the English county of Cornwall asked the Commonwealth Games Federation to allow Cornwall to participate independently in the 2006 Games, but were rejected by the CGF, which stated that "Cornwall is no more than an English county" and advised Cornwall athletes to compete on the England team.^[94]^[95] Cornwall political party Mebyon Kernow unsuccessfully called for a Cornwall team at the 2022 Games.^[96]

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus applied to take part in the 2006 Games, but was rejected due to a lack of international recognition.^[94]

Controversies

Host city contract

The 1934 British Empire Games, originally awarded in 1930 to Johannesburg, were moved to London after South Africa's pre-apartheid government refused to allow participants of colour.^[97]

The 2022 Commonwealth Games were originally awarded to Durban on 2 September 2015, at the CGF General Assembly in Auckland.^[98] It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints. On 13 March 2017, the CGF stripped Durban of their rights to host and reopened the bidding process for the 2022 games.^[99] Many cities from Australia, Canada, England and Malaysia expressed interest to host the games. However, the CGF received only one official bid and that was from Birmingham, England.^[100] On 21 December 2017, Birmingham was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban's replacement host.^[101]

A joint bid from 6 cities of the Victoria State in Australia was selected to host the 2026 Commonwealth Games. On 18 July 2023, the Premier of Victoria Dan Andrews announced that the state was giving up on hosting the event due a significant increase in event forecast. Initial costs estimated an investment of approximatelyA$2.6 billion,but the new prospects were resulting to be closer to A$6–7 billion.^[102]^[103] On 18 July 2023, the Victorian state government announced it had cancelled its plans to host the games, citing an escalation in its cost projections relative to initial estimations. With no host city, there was a possibility that the games would be postponed to 2027 or cancelled.^[104]^[105]^[106] However, on 17 September 2024, it was announced that the Scottish Government had agreed to host the 2026 games in Glasgow.^[107]

Boycotts

Much like the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games have also experienced boycotts:

Nigeria boycotted the 1978 Commonwealth Games at Edmonton in protest of New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa. Uganda also stayed away, in protest of alleged Canadian hostility towards the government of Idi Amin.^[29]^[108]

File:1986 Commonwealth Games (Edinburgh) boycotting countries (red).png

Countries that boycotted the 1986 Games are shaded red

During the 1986 Commonwealth Games at Edinburgh, a majority of the Commonwealth nations staged a boycott, so that the Games appeared to be a whites-only event. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries—largely African, Asian and Caribbean states—stayed away because of the Thatcher government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with apartheid South Africa in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest number of athletes since Auckland 1950.^[109] The boycotting nations were Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Belize, Cyprus, Dominica, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Tanzania, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.^[110] Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.^[111]

Protests

The 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane took place amid mass protests for Australian Aboriginal rights. The controversial Joh Bjelke-Petersen state government had been repeatedly been challenged by the Queensland Council for Civil Liberties over the restrictions it placed on freedom of speech, freedom of association and freedom to protest. The Government of Queensland did not recognise Aboriginal land rights. Queensland also placed severe legal restrictions on Aboriginal people through the "Aboriginal Act 1971".

Aboriginal activists including Gary Foley planned mass demonstrations in Brisbane during the week of the games, dubbed the "Stolenwealth Games". In response, Queensland passed "The Commonwealth Games Act 1982" to restrict protests in or near the event. When Aboriginal activists and their supporters marched anyway, hundreds were arrested. The protests were recorded in the documentary "Guniwaya Ngigu".

Further "Stolenwealth Games" protests took place during the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast.^[112]

Financial implications

The estimated cost of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi was US$11 billion, according to Business Today magazine.^[113] The initial total budget estimated by the Indian Olympic Association in 2003 was US$250 million. In 2010, however, the official total budget soon escalated to an estimated US$1.8 billion, a figure which excluded non-sports-related infrastructure development.^[114] The 2010 Commonwealth Games is reportedly the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever.^[115]

An analysis conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers on the 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games found that each dollar spent by governments on operating costs, games venues and athletes' villages generated US$2 for the host city or state economies, with an average of more than 18,000 jobs generated by each of the events.^[116]^[117] Additionally, all four cities enjoyed long-term improvements to transport or other infrastructure through hosting the Games, while some also benefited from the revival of struggling precincts.^[118]

An analysis conducted by Ernst & Young found that the 2018 Commonwealth Games generated an estimated economic impact of $2.5 billion, while the venues constructed and upgraded for the Games generated over $60 million in economic benefit annually to the Gold Coast, with the success of the 2018 Commonwealth Games credited with helping Brisbane to secure hosting rights for the 2032 Summer Olympics.^[119]^[120]

Notable competitors

Lawn bowler Willie Wood from Scotland was the first competitor to have competed in seven Commonwealth Games, from 1974 to 2002, a record equalled in 2014 by Isle of Man cyclist Andrew Roche.^[121] They have both been surpassed by David Calvert of Northern Ireland who in 2018 attended his 11th games.^[122]

Sitiveni Rabuka was a Prime Minister of Fiji. Beforehand he represented Fiji in shot put, hammer throw, discus and the decathlon at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games held in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Greg Yelavich, a sports shooter from New Zealand, has won 12 medals in seven games from 1986 to 2010.^[123]

Lawn bowler Robert Weale has represented Wales in 8 Commonwealth Games, 1986–2014, winning 2 gold, 3 silver and 1 bronze.^[124]

Nauruan weightlifter Marcus Stephen won twelve medals at the Games between 1990 and 2002, of which seven gold, and was elected President of Nauru in 2007. His performance has helped place Nauru (the smallest independent state in the Commonwealth, at Template:Cvt and with a population of fewer than 9,400 in 2011) in twenty-second place on the all-time Commonwealth Games medal table.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Australian swimmer Ian Thorpe has won 10 Commonwealth Games gold medals and 1 silver medal. At the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, he won 4 gold medals. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, he won 6 gold medals and 1 silver medal.^[125]

Chad le Clos, South Africa's most decorated swimmer, has won 18 medals from four Commonwealth Games (2010, 2014, 2018 & 2022), seven of which are gold. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, he won two gold medals, one silver medal, and four bronze medals.^[126] At the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, he won three golds, a silver and a bronze.^[127]

English actor Jason Statham took part as a diver in the 1990 Commonwealth Games.^[128]

At the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, Australian singer Cody Simpson won a gold medal as a swimmer at the men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay and a silver at the men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay.^[129]

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Brown, Geoff and Hogsbjerg, Christian. Apartheid is not a Game: Remembering the Stop the Seventy Tour campaign. London: Redwords, 2020. Template:ISBN.

External links

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↑ CBC News, Canadian Ski Museum in trouble, 15 March 2011, Ashley Burke (accessed 7 July 2012)
↑ NZ Collector Services St. Moritz 1958 Commonwealth Winter Games silver medal Template:Webarchive (accessed 7 July 2012)
↑ Antiques Reporter, St. Mortiz 1966 Commonwealth Winter Games bronze medal Template:Webarchive (accessed 7 July 2012)
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↑ Sports Programme Template:Webarchive. Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
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[6] Arnd Krüger (1986): War John Astley Cooper der Erfinder der modernen Olympischen Spiele? In: LOUIS BURGENER u. a. (Hrsg.): Sport und Kultur, Bd. 6. Bern: Lang, 72 – 81.

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[Semanticus-Richardson-54] Semanticus.info, T.D. Richardson Template:Webarchive (accessed 7 July 2012)

[55] CBC News, Canadian Ski Museum in trouble, 15 March 2011, Ashley Burke (accessed 7 July 2012)

[56] NZ Collector Services St. Moritz 1958 Commonwealth Winter Games silver medal Template:Webarchive (accessed 7 July 2012)

[57] Antiques Reporter, St. Mortiz 1966 Commonwealth Winter Games bronze medal Template:Webarchive (accessed 7 July 2012)

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 }}
-The '''Commonwealth Games'''{{efn|which also refers itself as the '''Friendly Games'''<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Games|url=https://gc2018.com/history-games|access-date=14 December 2021|work=Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214012115/https://gc2018.com/history-games|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Keating|first=Steve|date=31 July 2022|title='Friendly Games' have an edge when India play Pakistan at cricket|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/friendly-games-have-an-edge-when-india-play-pakistan-cricket-2022-07-31/|access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> or simply the '''Comm Games'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comm Games Chairman Peter Beattie Apologies For Closing Ceremony Blunder|url=https://www.triplem.com.au/story/comm-games-chairman-peter-beattie-apologies-for-closing-ceremony-blunder-90133|access-date=7 December 2022|website=Triple M|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207095159/https://www.triplem.com.au/story/comm-games-chairman-peter-beattie-apologies-for-closing-ceremony-blunder-90133|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Allan|first=Steve|title=COMM GAMES UNDERWAY FOR COAST ATHLETES {{!}} NBN News|url=https://www.nbnnews.com.au/2022/07/29/comm-games-underway-for-coast-athletes/|access-date=7 December 2022|language=en-AU}}</ref>}} is a quadrennial international [[multi-sport event]] among athletes from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], which consists mostly, but not exclusively, of territories of the former [[British Empire]]. The event was first held in [[1930 British Empire Games|1930]] as the '''[[British Empire Games]]''' and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 (which were cancelled due to [[World War II]]), has successively run every four years since.<ref name=":1" /> The event was called the British Empire Games from 1930 to [[1950 British Empire Games|1950]] (four editions), the '''British Empire and Commonwealth Games''' from [[1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1954]] to [[1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966]] (four editions), and the '''British Commonwealth Games''' from [[1970 British Commonwealth Games|1970]] to [[1974 British Commonwealth Games|1974]] (two editions). The event removed the word ''British'' from its title for the [[1978 Commonwealth Games|1978]] Games and has maintained its current name ever since (twelve editions as of 2024).
+The '''Commonwealth Games'''{{efn|which also refers itself as the '''Friendly Games'''<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Games|url=https://gc2018.com/history-games|access-date=14 December 2021|work=Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214012115/https://gc2018.com/history-games|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Keating|first=Steve|date=31 July 2022|title='Friendly Games' have an edge when India play Pakistan at cricket|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/friendly-games-have-an-edge-when-india-play-pakistan-cricket-2022-07-31/|access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> or simply the '''Comm Games'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comm Games Chairman Peter Beattie Apologies For Closing Ceremony Blunder|url=https://www.triplem.com.au/story/comm-games-chairman-peter-beattie-apologies-for-closing-ceremony-blunder-90133|access-date=7 December 2022|website=Triple M|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207095159/https://www.triplem.com.au/story/comm-games-chairman-peter-beattie-apologies-for-closing-ceremony-blunder-90133|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Allan|first=Steve|title=COMM GAMES UNDERWAY FOR COAST ATHLETES {{!}} NBN News|url=https://www.nbnnews.com.au/2022/07/29/comm-games-underway-for-coast-athletes/|access-date=7 December 2022|language=en-AU}}</ref>}} is a quadrennial international [[multi-sport event]] that brings together athletes from across the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a political association comprising the majority of former territories of the [[British Empire]]. First held as the '''British Empire Games''' in [[1930 British Empire Games|1930]], the event has evolved through several name changes, reflecting the changing geopolitical landscape and gradual decolonisation of the Empire. It was known as the British Empire Games until [[1950 British Empire Games|1950]], the '''British Empire and Commonwealth Games''' until [[1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966]], and the '''British Commonwealth Games''' until [[1974 British Commonwealth Games|1974]]. Since the [[1978 Commonwealth Games|1978]] edition, the event has been officially known as the Commonwealth Games, a name that reflects its modern identity while maintaining its historic connection to Britain.
-Athletes with a disability have been included as full members of their national teams since 2002, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully [[Inclusion (disability rights)|inclusive]] international multi-sport event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Para-Sports at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/about/para-sports|access-date=20 May 2023|website=Commonwealth Sport|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, the Games became the first global multi-sport event to feature an equal number of men's and women's medal events, and four years later they became the first global multi-sport event to have more events for women than men.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gender Equality {{!}} Commonwealth Games Federation|url=https://thecgf.com/our-relevance/gender-equality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309074041/https://thecgf.com/our-relevance/gender-equality|archive-date=9 March 2023|access-date=29 January 2020|website=thecgf.com|language=en}}</ref>
+The Games are overseen by the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] (CGF), which determines the [[Commonwealth Games sports|sporting programme]] and awards hosting rights. The event upholds its unique traditions, such as the [[King's Baton Relay]] and the ceremonial hoisting of the Commonwealth Games flag. It is distinguished from other international sporting competitions by its inclusivity and heritage. Athletes with a disability have been integrated as full team members since 2002, and in 2018, the Games became the first global multi-sport competition to offer equal medal events for men and women. By 2022, women's events outnumbered men's for the first time. In addition to mainstream [[Olympic sports]], the Commonwealth Games includes disciplines such as [[netball]], lawn [[bowls]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]], which enjoy particular popularity within the Commonwealth.
-Inspired by the [[Festival of the Empire#Inter-Empire Championships|Inter-Empire Championships]], part of the 1911 [[Festival of Empire]], [[Melville Marks Robinson]] founded the British Empire Games which was first held in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], Canada in 1930.<ref name=":0" /> As time progressed, the Games evolved, adding the [[Commonwealth Paraplegic Games]] for athletes with a disability (who were barred from competing from 1974 before being fully integrated by [[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disabilitysport.org.uk/commonwealth-paraplegic-games.html|title=Commonwealth Paraplegic Games|website=disabilitysport.org.uk|language=en|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911072220/http://www.disabilitysport.org.uk/commonwealth-paraplegic-games.html|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] for athletes aged 14 to 18.
+The origins of the Games lie in the [[Festival of the Empire#Inter-Empire Championships|Inter-Empire Championships]] of 1911, with [[Melville Marks Robinson]] playing a pivotal role in establishing the first official Games in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], Canada. Over time, associated events such as the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] and the now-defunct [[Commonwealth Paraplegic Games]] have further expanded participation. Unlike the Olympics and other global competitions, the Commonwealth Games permit representation from fifteen [[Commonwealth Games Association]]s that are not sovereign states. These include the four [[Home Nations]] of the United Kingdom, the [[Crown Dependencies]], several [[British Overseas Territories]], [[Norfolk Island]] (Australia) and [[Niue]] (New Zealand). Notably, despite being non-sovereign, [[Bermuda at the Olympics|Bermuda]], [[British Virgin Islands at the Olympics|British Virgin Islands]] and [[Cayman Islands at the Olympics|Cayman Islands]] are recognised as independent National Olympic Committees by the [[International Olympic Committee]].
-The event is overseen by the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] (CGF), which controls the [[Commonwealth Games sports|sporting programme]] and selects host cities. The games movement consists of [[List of international sport federations|international sports federations]] (IFs), [[:Category:Commonwealth Games Associations|Commonwealth Games Associations]] (CGAs) and organising committees for each specific Commonwealth Games. Certain traditions, such as the hoisting of the Commonwealth Games flag and [[Queen's Baton Relay]], as well as the opening and closing ceremonies, are unique to the Games. Near 4900 athletes competed at the latest Commonwealth Games in 20 sports and in 280 medal events, including [[Olympic sports|Olympic and Paralympic sports]] and certain non-Olympic sports popular in Commonwealth countries: [[netball]], lawn [[bowls]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Birmingham 2022 {{!}} Commonwealth Games Federation|url=https://thecgf.com/games/birmingham-2022|access-date=29 July 2022|website=thecgf.com|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120125/https://thecgf.com/games/birmingham-2022|url-status=dead }}</ref> Usually, the first, second and third-place finishers in each event are awarded gold, silver and bronze medals, respectively. Several sports, such as rugby sevens (2016) have appeared at the Commonwealth Games before later being added to the Olympic schedule, while netball and lawn bowls remain Commonwealth Games sports only.
+To date, twenty cities in nine countries have hosted the Games. [[Australia]] leads with five editions, while both [[Auckland]] and [[Edinburgh]] have hosted twice. [[Glasgow]] will become the third city to do so, having held the Games in 2014 and again in [[2026 Commonwealth Games|2026]]. The most recent edition was held in [[2022 Commonwealth Games|Birmingham]] in 2022. Originally, the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] were awarded to [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] in Australia, but cost concerns led to the state's withdrawal. Subsequently, Glasgow was confirmed as the replacement host city. The upcoming Games will be markedly smaller in scale, featuring only ten sports. As part of a settlement agreement, the Victorian government will provide over £2 million to the Glasgow organisers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229577|title=Commonwealth Games: Australia drop out could be 'death knell'|date=18 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=The Commonwealth Games is on its last legs — but could it be saved with a left-field idea?|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-05/commonwealth-games-could-be-over/103188826|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2024|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Scaled-down, cost-effective Glasgow event proposed|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/commonwealth-games/68792008|access-date=7 May 2024|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 10, 2024 |title=King launches Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Baton Relay |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o.amp |website=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513201451/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o.amp |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=May 13, 2025 }}</ref> The next edition of the Games, the twenty-third or ''XXIII'', is scheduled to be held in Glasgow from 23 July to 2 August 2026.
-One of the differences from other multisport events is that fifteen [[Commonwealth Games Association]]s (CGA)s participating in the Commonwealth Games do not send their delegations independently to the Olympic, Paralympic and other multisports competitions: thirteen are linked to the [[British Olympic Association]], one is part of the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] and another is part of the [[New Zealand Olympic Committee]]. They are the four constituent [[Home Nations]] of the [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]), six of the [[British Overseas Territories]] ([[Anguilla]], [[Falkland Islands]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Montserrat]], [[Saint Helena]] and [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]), the [[Crown Dependencies]] ([[Guernsey]], [[Isle of Man]], and [[Jersey]]), along with the Australian territory of [[Norfolk Island]] and the New Zealand associated state of [[Niue]]. Despite being overseas territories rather than sovereign states, [[Bermuda at the Olympics|Bermuda]], [[British Virgin Islands at the Olympics|British Virgin Islands]] and [[Cayman Islands at the Olympics|Cayman Islands]] are [[National Olympic Committee]]s recognized by the IOC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home of the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/www.birmingham2022.com/teams|access-date=29 July 2022|website=Commonwealth Games – Birmingham 2022|language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-Twenty cities in nine countries (counting [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]] as separate Commonwealth Games federations) have hosted the games. [[Australia]] has hosted the Commonwealth Games five times ([[1938 British Empire Games|1938]], [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1962]], [[1982 Commonwealth Games|1982]], [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]] and [[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]]), more than any other nation. Two cities have hosted Commonwealth Games more than once: [[Auckland]] ([[1950 British Empire Games|1950]], [[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990]]) and [[Edinburgh]] (1970, [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games: A brief history, editions and hosts|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-first-edition-year-country-host|website=Olympics|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> Glasgow will be the third city to host the games more than once (2014 and 2026). The [[2022 Commonwealth Games|most recent Commonwealth Games]], the 22nd or ''XXII'', was held in Birmingham from 28 July to 8 August 2022.
-The [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] were originally awarded to the [[States and territories of Australia|Australian state]] of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], but the [[Victoria State Government|state government]] later gave up the hosting of the games due to cost issues. This led to speculation that the 2022 edition may have been the last.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2023|title=The Commonwealth Games is on its last legs — but could it be saved with a left-field idea?|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-05/commonwealth-games-could-be-over/103188826|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229577|title=Commonwealth Games: Australia drop out could be 'death knell'|date=18 July 2023 }}</ref> However, following discussions with the [[Scottish Government|government of Scotland]], the city of Glasgow was confirmed as the host city for the 2026 games in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2024|title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Scaled-down, cost-effective Glasgow event proposed|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/commonwealth-games/68792008|access-date=7 May 2024|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> As a part of the agreement with the Scottish government, the 2026 Games will be heavily scaled back compared to the previous edition. Only 10 sports will be contested, compared to the 20 sports featured in 2022. The Victorian state government will also contribute over £2 million to the organizers in Glasgow as a result of the late withdrawal.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 10, 2024 |title=King launches Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Baton Relay |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o.amp |website=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513201451/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvge76gd3e1o.amp |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=May 13, 2025 }}</ref>
-The [[2026 Commonwealth Games|next Commonwealth Games]], the 23rd or ''XXIII'', will be held in Glasgow from 23 July to 2 August 2026.
 == History ==
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 While planning for the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in Amsterdam, [[Amateur Athletic Union of Canada]] executive [[J. Howard Crocker]] spoke with journalist [[Melville Marks Robinson]] of ''[[The Hamilton Spectator]]'', about hosting an international sporting event in Canada. Robinson proposed and lobbied to host what became the [[1930 British Empire Games|British Empire Games]] in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1930.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamilton's Amazing Empire Athletic Meet|last=Griffin|first=Frederick|date=9 August 1930|newspaper=[[Winnipeg Free Press]]|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|page=27|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-09-1930-3160191/|access-date=28 May 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528185244/https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-aug-09-1930-3160191/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOP">{{cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/commonwealth-games/history.htm|title=History of the Commonwealth Games|website=Topend Sports|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601201346/https://www.topendsports.com/events/commonwealth-games/history.htm|archive-date=1 June 2019|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Robinson then served as the manager of the Canadian track and field team for the 1930 British Empire Games.<ref name="TOP" />
-Although there are 56 sovereign states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, there are 74 active [[Commonwealth Games Associations]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nations |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/nations |location=London, UK |publisher=Commonwealth Sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513192417/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/nations |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=May 13, 2025 }}</ref>They are divided into six regions (Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania) and each has a similar function to the [[National Olympic Committee]]s in relation with their countries or territories. In some, like [[India]] and [[South Africa]], the CGA functions are assumed by their NOCs.
+Although there are 56 sovereign states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, there are 74 active [[Commonwealth Games Associations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nations |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/nations |location=London, UK |publisher=Commonwealth Sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513192417/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/nations |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=May 13, 2025 }}</ref>They are divided into six regions (Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania) and each has a similar function to the [[National Olympic Committee]]s in relation with their countries or territories. In some, like [[India]] and [[South Africa]], the CGA functions are assumed by their NOCs.
 Only six national federations have participated in every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]]. Of these six, Australia, England, Canada and New Zealand have each won at least one gold medal in every Games. Australia has been the highest-achieving team for thirteen editions of the Games, England for seven and Canada for one. These three teams also top the all-time Commonwealth Games medal table in that order.
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 The [[1994 Commonwealth Games]] were held in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], Canada. This event was the fourth to take place in Canada. The games marked another point of [[South Africa]]'s return to the sporting atmosphere following the [[apartheid]] era, and over thirty years since the country last competed in the [[1958 Commonwealth Games|Games in 1958]]. [[Namibia]] made its Commonwealth Games debut following its independence from South Africa in 1990. It was also Hong Kong's last appearance at the games before the [[Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty]] from Britain to China. Sixty-three nations sent 2,557 athletes and 914 officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/games/victoria-1994|title=Victoria 1994|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|language=en|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407182604/https://thecgf.com/games/victoria-1994|archive-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The theme song for the 1994 Commonwealth Games was called "Let Your Spirit Take Flight".
-The [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] were held in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia. For the first time in its 68-year history, the Commonwealth Games were held in Asia. The event was also the first Games to feature team sports (cricket,rugby 7's,netball and field hockey) along ten pin bowling and squash– an overwhelming success that added large numbers to both participant and TV audience numbers. A new record of 70 countries sent a total of 5,065 athletes and officials to the Kuala Lumpur Games. The top five countries in the medal standing were Australia, England, Canada, Malaysia (who made their best games' performance until that date) and South Africa. [[Nauru]] also achieved an impressive haul of three gold medals. [[Cameroon]], [[Mozambique]], [[Kiribati]] and [[Tuvalu]] debuted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/games/kuala-lumpur-1998|title=Kuala Lumpur 1998|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|language=en|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120007/https://thecgf.com/games/kuala-lumpur-1998|archive-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The theme song for the 1998 Commonwealth Games was called "Forever As One".
+The [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] were held in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia. For the first time in its 68-year history, the Commonwealth Games were held in Asia. The event was also the first Games to feature team sports (cricket, rugby 7s,netball and field hockey) along ten pin bowling and squash– an overwhelming success that added large numbers to both participant and TV audience numbers. A new record of 70 countries sent a total of 5,065 athletes and officials to the Kuala Lumpur Games. The top five countries in the medal standing were Australia, England, Canada, Malaysia (who made their best games' performance until that date) and South Africa. [[Nauru]] also achieved an impressive haul of three gold medals. [[Cameroon]], [[Mozambique]], [[Kiribati]] and [[Tuvalu]] debuted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/games/kuala-lumpur-1998|title=Kuala Lumpur 1998|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|language=en|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120007/https://thecgf.com/games/kuala-lumpur-1998|archive-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The theme song for the 1998 Commonwealth Games was called "Forever As One".
 ==== During the 21st century ====
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 The [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] were held in [[Glasgow]], Scotland. These games were the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland with around 4,950 athletes from 71 different nations and territories competing in 18 different sports, outranking the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in [[Edinburgh]], capital city of Scotland. [[Usain Bolt]] competed in the [[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|4×100 metres relay]] of the 2014 Commonwealth Games and set a [[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics#Men.27s records|Commonwealth Games record]] with his teammates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/commonwealth-games/28626118|title=Usain Bolt: Glasgow 2014 gold for Jamaica in 4x100m relay|date=2 August 2014|work=BBC Sport|access-date=28 April 2017|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716171902/http://www.bbc.com/sport/commonwealth-games/28626118|archive-date=16 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Games received acclaim for their organisation, attendance, and the public enthusiasm of the people of Scotland, with the CGF chief executive Mike Hooper hailing them as "the standout games in the history of the movement".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/games/glasgow-2014|title=Glasgow 2014|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|language=en|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407182710/https://thecgf.com/games/glasgow-2014|archive-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[File:Commonwealth Cycling (geograph 4105477).jpg|thumb|right|Cycling event during the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] hosted in [[Glasgow]], Scotland]]
 The [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] were held in [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Queensland]], Australia, the fifth time Australia hosted the Games. There were an equal number of events for men and women, the first time in history that a major multi-sport event had equality in terms of events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1042362/gold-coast-2018-to-offer-same-amount-of-medals-for-men-and-women-after-seven-events-added|title=Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034918/http://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1042362/gold-coast-2018-to-offer-same-amount-of-medals-for-men-and-women-after-seven-events-added|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/games/gold-coast-2018|title=Gold Coast 2018|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|language=en|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185707/https://thecgf.com/games/gold-coast-2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
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 On 16 February 2022, it was announced that the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] would be held for a record sixth time in [[Australia]], but for the first time they would be decentralised, as the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] signed as host 'city'. The event were to have four regional clusters mainly focused in [[Bendigo]] region, and another three regional centres. However, in July 2023, the Victorian Premier [[Daniel Andrews]] announced that Victoria would no longer host the 2026 Games.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Australia's Victoria state pulls out of hosting 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://news.sky.com/story/victoria-state-pulls-out-of-hosting-2026-commonwealth-games-12922606|access-date=19 July 2023|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> The Scottish government later agreed to hold the 2026 games in Glasgow, following Victoria's cancellation, however the games will be "scaled down" with only 10 sports being staged in four venues, and a commitment that public funds would not be required.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The 2026 Commonwealth Games will be the first held under the reign of [[King Charles III]].
-The three nations to have hosted the Commonwealth Games the most times are Australia (5), Canada (4) and New Zealand (3). With the 2022 games, England increased its number to three. Seven Games have taken place in the countries within the United Kingdom ([[Scotland]] (3) and [[Wales]] (1)), two in Asia ([[Malaysia]] (1) and [[India]] (1)) and one in the Caribbean ([[Jamaica]] (1)).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://thecgf.com/games/story.asp|title=The Story of The Commonwealth Games|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125811/http://thecgf.com/games/story.asp|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The event has been awarded to, but never been held in, Africa, with [[Durban]] being stripped of the 2022 Games following financial issues.
+The three nations to have hosted the Commonwealth Games the most times are Australia (5), Canada (4) and New Zealand (3). With the 2022 games, England increased its number to three. Three games have been hosted in [[Scotland]], one in [[Wales]], two in Asia ([[Malaysia]] (1) and [[India]] (1)) and one in the Caribbean ([[Jamaica]] (1)).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://thecgf.com/games/story.asp|title=The Story of The Commonwealth Games|website=Commonwealth Games Federation|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125811/http://thecgf.com/games/story.asp|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The event has been awarded to, but never been held in, Africa, with [[Durban]] being stripped of the 2022 Games following financial issues.
 === Paraplegic Games ===
@@ Line 152: / Line 146: @@
 English is the official language of the Commonwealth. The other language used at each Commonwealth Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these two (or more) languages. If the host country does this, it is their responsibility to choose the language{s) and their order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2019-11/CGF%20Constitution%20Final.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2019-11/CGF%20Constitution%20Final.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=CGF Constitution|website=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref>
-== Queen's Baton Relay ==
+== King's Baton Relay ==
-{{Main|Queen's Baton Relay}}
+{{Main|King's Baton Relay}}
 [[File:Bilston St.-Garrick St. - geograph.org.uk - 536739.jpg|thumb|The [[Queen's Baton Relay#Manchester 2002|Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay]] for the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] ]]
-The Queen's Baton Relay is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the [[Head of the Commonwealth]]. The Relay traditionally begins at [[Buckingham Palace]] in London as a part of the city's [[Commonwealth Day]] festivities. The Queen entrusts the baton to the first relay runner. At the Opening Ceremony of the Games, the final relay runner hands the baton back to the Queen or her representative, who reads the message aloud to officially open the Games. The Queen's Baton Relay is similar to the [[Olympic Torch Relay]].<ref name="RelayTradition">{{cite web|url=http://qbr.melbourne2006.com.au/?s=tradition|title=Queen's Baton Relay: The tradition continues...|publisher=Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Corporation|access-date=15 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211012817/http://qbr.melbourne2006.com.au/?s=tradition|archive-date=11 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+The King's Baton Relay is a relay around the world held prior to the beginning of the Commonwealth Games. The Baton carries a message from the [[Head of the Commonwealth]]. The Relay traditionally begins at [[Buckingham Palace]] in London as a part of the city's [[Commonwealth Day]] festivities. The King entrusts the baton to the first relay runner. At the Opening Ceremony of the Games, the final relay runner hands the baton back to the King or his representative, who reads the message aloud to officially open the Games. The King's Baton Relay is similar to the [[Olympic Torch Relay]].<ref name="RelayTradition">{{cite web|url=http://qbr.melbourne2006.com.au/?s=tradition|title=Queen's Baton Relay: The tradition continues...|publisher=Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Corporation|access-date=15 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211012817/http://qbr.melbourne2006.com.au/?s=tradition|archive-date=11 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 The Relay was introduced at the [[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] in [[Cardiff]], Wales as the Queen's Baton Relay. Up until, and including, the [[1994 Commonwealth Games]], the Relay only went through England and the host nation. The Relay for the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia was the first to travel to other nations of the Commonwealth.
@@ Line 248: / Line 242: @@
 |-
 |{{Flag|Scotland}}
-|"[[Scotland the Brave]]" (until 2010)<br>"[[Flower of Scotland]]" (since 2010)<ref>{{cite news|date=9 January 2010|title=Games team picks new Scots anthem|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/8449939.stm|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref>
+|"[[Scotland the Brave]]" (until 2010)<br>"[[Flower of Scotland]]" (since 2010)<ref>{{cite news|date=9 January 2010|title=Games team picks new Scots anthem|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8449939.stm|access-date=19 May 2010}}</ref>
 |''None''; "God Save the King" as part of the United Kingdom
 |-
@@ Line 268: / Line 262: @@
 |places =
 {{Location map~|North America|position=right|lat=43.247362|long=-79.864457|label='''1930'''}}
-{{Location map~|North America|position=right|lat=49.283820|long=-123.122547|label='''1954'''}}
+{{Location map~|North America|position=left|lat=49.283820|long=-123.122547|label='''1954'''}}
 {{Location map~|North America|position=right|lat=18.016625|long=-76.800674|label='''1966'''}}
 {{Location map~|North America|position=right|lat=53.544127|long=-113.491225|label='''1978'''}}
-{{Location map~|North America|position=left|lat=48.427598|long=-123.366658|label='''1994'''}}
+{{Location map~|North America|position=bottom|lat=48.427598|long=-123.366658|label='''1994'''}}
 }}
 {{col-break}}
@@ Line 292: / Line 286: @@
 |places =
 {{Location map~|Oceania|position=left|lat=-33.859972|long=151.209444|label='''1938'''}}
-{{Location map~|Oceania|position=top|lat=-36.857312|long=174.760972|label='''1950, 1990'''}}
+{{Location map~|Oceania|position=right|lat=-36.857312|long=174.760972|label='''1950, 1990'''}}
-{{Location map~|Oceania|position=right|lat=-31.950604|long=115.860778|label='''1962'''}}
+{{Location map~|Oceania|position=bottom|lat=-31.950604|long=115.860778|label='''1962'''}}
-{{Location map~|Oceania|position=left|lat=-43.734701|long=172.623768|label='''1974'''}}
+{{Location map~|Oceania|position=bottom|lat=-43.734701|long=172.623768|label='''1974'''}}
 {{Location map~|Oceania|position=top|lat=-27.473660|long=153.026010|label='''1982'''}}
 {{Location map~|Oceania|position=bottom|lat=-37.812836|long=144.963056|label='''2006'''}}
@@ Line 304: / Line 298: @@
 |caption = Host cities of Commonwealth Games <br />(Asia)
 |places =
-{{Location map~|Asia|position=left|lat=28.594864|long=77.222577|label='''2010'''}}
+{{Location map~|Asia|position=top|lat=28.594864|long=77.222577|label='''2010'''}}
 {{Location map~|Asia|position=top|lat=3.147778|long=101.695278|label='''1998'''}}
+{{Location map~|Asia|position=left|lat=23.0225|long=72.571389|label='''''2030'''''}}
 }}
 {{col-break}}
 {{col-end}}
-{|class="wikitable sortable" width=  align="center"
+{|class="wikitable sortable" width=  align="center" style="font-size: 85%;
 |+Overview of Commonwealth Games
 ! rowspan=1 style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"|Year
@@ Line 410: / Line 405: @@
 |align="center"|9||align="center"|94||align="center"|36
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|18 July 1958}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|26 July 1958}}||align="center"|1122
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|26 July 1958}}||align="center"|1,122
 |align=left|{{ENG}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/cardiff-1958]
@@ Line 430: / Line 425: @@
 |align="center"|9||align="center"|110||align="center"|34
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|4 August 1966}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|13 August 1966}}||align="center"|1050
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|13 August 1966}}||align="center"|1,050
 |align=left|{{ENG}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/kingston-1966]
@@ Line 440: / Line 435: @@
 |align="center"|9||align="center"|121||align="center"|42
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|16 July 1970}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|25 July 1970}}||align="center"|1383
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|25 July 1970}}||align="center"|1,383
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/edinburgh-1970]
@@ Line 450: / Line 445: @@
 |align="center"|9||align="center"|121||align="center"|38
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|24 January 1974}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|2 February 1974}}||align="center"|1276
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|2 February 1974}}||align="center"|1,276
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/christchurch-1974]
@@ Line 461: / Line 456: @@
 |align="center"|10||align="center"|128||align="center"|46
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|3 August 1978}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|12 August 1978}}||align="center"|1474
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|12 August 1978}}||align="center"|1,474
 |align=left|{{CAN}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/edmonton-1978]
@@ Line 472: / Line 467: @@
 |align="center"|10||align="center"|142||align="center"|46
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|30 September 1982}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|9 October 1982}}||align="center"|1583
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|9 October 1982}}||align="center"|1,583
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/brisbane-1982]
@@ Line 483: / Line 478: @@
 |align="center"|10||align="center"|163||align="center"|26
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|24 July 1986}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|2 August 1986}}||align="center"|1662
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|2 August 1986}}||align="center"|1,662
 |align=left|{{ENG}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/edinburgh-1986]
@@ Line 494: / Line 489: @@
 |align="center"|10||align="center"|204||align="center"|55
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|24 January 1990}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|3 February 1990}}||align="center"|2073
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|3 February 1990}}||align="center"|2,073
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/auckland-1990]
@@ Line 505: / Line 500: @@
 |align="center"|10||align="center"|217||align="center"|63
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|18 August 1994}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|28 August 1994}}||align="center"|2557
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|28 August 1994}}||align="center"|2,557
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/victoria-1994]
@@ Line 516: / Line 511: @@
 |align="center"|15||align="center"|213||align="center"|70
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|11 September 1998}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|21 September 1998}}||align="center"|3633
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|21 September 1998}}||align="center"|3,633
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/Kuala-Lumpur-1998]
@@ Line 525: / Line 520: @@
 |align=left|{{flagu|England}}
 |rowspan="2"|[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]
-|align="center"|17||align="center"|281||align="center"|'''72'''
+|align="center"|17||align="center"|281||align="center"|72
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|25 July 2002}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|4 August 2002}}||align="center"|3679
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|4 August 2002}}||align="center"|3,679
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/manchester-2002]
@@ Line 535: / Line 530: @@
 |align=left|[[Melbourne]]
 |align=left|{{flagu|Australia}}
-|align="center"|16||align="center"|245||align="center"|71
+|align="center"|17||align="center"|245||align="center"|71
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|15 March 2006}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|26 March 2006}}||align="center"|4049
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|26 March 2006}}||align="center"|4,049
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/melbourne-2006]
@@ Line 548: / Line 543: @@
 |align="center"|17||align="center"|272||align="center"|71
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|3 October 2010}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|14 October 2010}}||align="center"|4352
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|14 October 2010}}||align="center"|4,352
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/delhi-2010]
@@ Line 555: / Line 550: @@
 |align="center"|{{sort|20|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|XX]]}}
 |align=left|[[Glasgow]]
-|align=left|{{flag|Scotland}}
+|align=left|{{flagu|Scotland}}
 |[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]
-|align="center"|17||align="center"|261||align="center"|71
+|align="center"|18||align="center"|261||align="center"|71
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|23 July 2014}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|3 August 2014}}||align="center"|4947
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|3 August 2014}}||align="center"|4,947
 |align=left|{{ENG}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/glasgow-2014]
@@ Line 568: / Line 563: @@
 |align=left|{{flagu|Australia}}
 |align=left rowspan="2"|[[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]]
-|align="center"|19||align="center"|275||align="center"|71
+|align="center"|18||align="center"|275||align="center"|71
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|4 April 2018}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|15 April 2018}}||align="center"|4426
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|15 April 2018}}||align="center"|4,426
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/gold-coast-2018]
@@ Line 578: / Line 573: @@
 |align=left|[[Birmingham]]
 |align=left|{{flagu|England}}
-|align="center"|'''20'''||align="center"|'''283'''||align="center"|'''72'''
+|align="center"|'''20'''||align="center"|'''283'''||align="center"|72
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|28 July 2022}}
-|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|8 August 2022}}||align="center"|'''5054'''
+|align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|8 August 2022}}||align="center"|'''5,054'''
 |align=left|{{AUS}}
 |align=center|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/birmingham-2022]
@@ Line 587: / Line 582: @@
 |align="center"|{{sort|23|[[2026 Commonwealth Games|XXIII]]}}
 |align="left"|[[Glasgow]]
-|align=left|{{flag|Scotland}}
+|align=left|{{flagu|Scotland}}
 |align="align=left"|[[Charles III|King Charles III]] (expected)
-|align="center"|10
+|align="center"|''10''
-|align="center"| TBC
+|align="center"|''215''
-|align="center"|75<br>(expected)
+|align="center"|'''''74'''''
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|22 July 2026}}
 |align=center|{{Date table sorting|format=dm|2 August}}
-|align=center|TBC
+|align=center|''~3,000''
-|align="center"|TBC
 |align=left|TBC
+|align="center"|[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/glasgow-2026 <nowiki>[24]</nowiki>]
 |-
 |align=center|2030
 |align=center|[[2030 Commonwealth Games|XXIV]]
-|colspan="10" align=center|'' TBD ''
+|align=left|[[Ahmedabad]]
-|
+|align=left|{{flagu|India}}
-|-
+|align="align=left"|16th [[President of India]] (expected)
-|align=center|2034
+| colspan="7" |{{Center|TBD}}
-|align=center|[[2034 Commonwealth Games|XXV]]
-|colspan="10" align=center|'' TBD ''
 |
 |}
@@ Line 616: / Line 609: @@
 |caption        =
 |host           =
-|flag_template  = flagCGFteam
+|flag_template  = flagCGF
 |event          =
 |team           = CGA
@@ Line 641: / Line 634: @@
 |gold_CMR = 11|silver_CMR = 12|bronze_CMR = 17
 |gold_NRU = 10|silver_NRU = 11|bronze_NRU = 10
-|gold_ZIM = 6|silver_ZIM = 9|bronze_ZIM = 14|name_ZIM = ''{{flagCGFteam|ZIM}}''|note_ZIM = {{ref|b|[b]}}
+|gold_ZIM = 6|silver_ZIM = 9|bronze_ZIM = 14|name_ZIM = ''{{flagCGF|ZIM}}''|note_ZIM = {{ref|b|[b]}}
 |gold_TAN = 6|silver_TAN = 7|bronze_TAN = 11
 |gold_SAM = 6|silver_SAM = 12|bronze_SAM = 11
@@ Line 647: / Line 640: @@
 |gold_BOT = 5|silver_BOT = 6|bronze_BOT = 8
 |gold_NAM = 5|silver_NAM = 4|bronze_NAM = 15
-|gold_HKG = 5|silver_HKG = 2|bronze_HKG = 10|name_HKG = ''{{flagCGFteam|HKG}}''
+|gold_HKG = 5|silver_HKG = 2|bronze_HKG = 10|name_HKG = ''{{flagCGF|HKG}}''
 |gold_ZAM = 5|silver_ZAM = 13|bronze_ZAM = 24|note_ZAM = {{ref|c|[c]}}
 |gold_SRI = 4|silver_SRI = 9|bronze_SRI = 11|note_SRI = {{ref|d|[d]}}
@@ Line 655: / Line 648: @@
 |gold_BAN = 2|silver_BAN = 4|bronze_BAN = 2
 |gold_BAR = 3|silver_BAR = 4|bronze_BAR = 8
-|gold_MAL = 2|silver_MAL = 3|bronze_MAL = 2|name_MAL = ''{{flagCGFteam|MAL}} ([[Malaya at the Commonwealth Games|Malaya]])''
+|gold_MAL = 2|silver_MAL = 3|bronze_MAL = 2|name_MAL = ''{{flagCGF|MAL}} ([[Malaya at the Commonwealth Games|Malaya]])''
 |gold_BER = 3|silver_BER = 2|bronze_BER = 3
 |gold_MOZ = 2|silver_MOZ = 4|bronze_MOZ = 3
@@ Line 670: / Line 663: @@
 |gold_SKN = 1|silver_SKN = 0|bronze_SKN = 0
 |gold_SEY = 0|silver_SEY = 3|bronze_SEY = 4
-|gold_FRN = 0|silver_FRN = 2|bronze_FRN = 5|name_FRN = ''{{flagCGFteam|FRN}}''
+|gold_FRN = 0|silver_FRN = 2|bronze_FRN = 5|name_FRN = ''{{flagCGF|FRN}}''
 |gold_MLT = 0|silver_MLT = 1|bronze_MLT = 6
 |gold_SWZ = 0|silver_SWZ = 1|bronze_SWZ = 3
 |gold_DMA = 0|silver_DMA = 2|bronze_DMA = 1
-|gold_IRE = 0|silver_IRE = 1|bronze_IRE = 0|name_IRE = ''{{flagCGFteam|IRE}}''
+|gold_IRE = 0|silver_IRE = 1|bronze_IRE = 0|name_IRE = ''{{flagCGF|IRE}}''
 |gold_MAW = 0|silver_MAW = 0|bronze_MAW = 3
 |gold_TON = 0|silver_TON = 0|bronze_TON = 3
@@ Line 684: / Line 677: @@
 |gold_GAM = 0|silver_GAM = 1|bronze_GAM = 1
 }}
-*<small>{{note|a|[a]}} Totals for [[Ghana]] include all medals won as {{flagCGFteam|GCO}}</small>
+*<small>{{note|a|[a]}} Totals for [[Ghana]] include all medals won as {{flagCGF|GCO}}</small>
-*<small>{{note|b|[b]}} Totals for [[Zimbabwe]] include all medals won as {{flagCGFteam|SRH}}</small>
+*<small>{{note|b|[b]}} Totals for [[Zimbabwe]] include all medals won as {{flagCGF|SRH}}</small>
-*<small>{{note|c|[c]}} Totals for [[Zambia]] include all medals won as {{flagCGFteam|NRH}}</small>
+*<small>{{note|c|[c]}} Totals for [[Zambia]] include all medals won as {{flagCGF|NRH}}</small>
-*<small>{{note|d|[d]}} Totals for [[Sri Lanka]] include all medals won as {{flagCGFteam|CEY}}</small>
+*<small>{{note|d|[d]}} Totals for [[Sri Lanka]] include all medals won as {{flagCGF|CEY}}</small>
-*<small>{{note|e|[e]}} Totals for [[Guyana]] include all medals won as {{flagCGFteam|BGU}}</small>
+*<small>{{note|e|[e]}} Totals for [[Guyana]] include all medals won as {{flagCGF|BGU}}</small>
+===Medal leaders by year===
+{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
+|style="background:gold;text-align:center;"|[[File:Commonwealth Games Federation symbol (2019- Till Date).svg|30px]] '''Commonwealth Games [[All-time Commonwealth Games medal table|medal table by]] year'''
+|-
+|
+{{div col|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
+{{plainlist}}
+* 1911: {{flag|Canada|1868}}
+* [[1930 Commonwealth Games|1930]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[1934 Commonwealth Games|1934]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[1938 Commonwealth Games|1938]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1950 Commonwealth Games|1950]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1954 Commonwealth Games|1954]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[1958 Commonwealth Games|1958]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[1962 Commonwealth Games|1962]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1966 Commonwealth Games|1966]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[1970 Commonwealth Games|1970]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1974 Commonwealth Games|1974]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1978 Commonwealth Games|1978]]: {{flag|Canada}}
+* [[1982 Commonwealth Games|1982]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[2006 Commonwealth Games medal table|2006]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[2010 Commonwealth Games medal table|2010]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[2014 Commonwealth Games medal table|2014]]: {{flag|England}}
+* [[2018 Commonwealth Games medal table|2018]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+* [[2022 Commonwealth Games medal table|2022]]: {{flag|Australia}}
+{{div col end}}
+{{endplainlist}}
+|}
 == Commonwealth sports ==
 {{further|Commonwealth Games sports|Commonwealth Games records}}
-Unlike other sporting events, the Commonwealth Games have a flexible sporting programme that respects the infrastructure and demands of the host city. This is also reflected in its holding dates, which may vary according to the weather conditions of each host city. Therefore, the programme for each edition varies. Between 1930 and 1994, only individual events were part of the programme and it was only in 1998 that authorisation was given for the addition of team sports. It is common for each edition since then to have a list of seven to ten mandatory sports that must be played in this edition and must be approved 4 years in advance. Thus, the minimum number of sports per edition is 10 and the maximum is of 17. However, local demands can also increase the number of sports contested. Notable cases are freestyle wrestling in Delhi 2010 and beach volleyball in Gold Coast 2018. Special exceptions can also be made, such as the one in the last edition held in Birmingham, England, in which 3 extra sports were added to the programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/constitution.pdf|title=Commonwealth Games Charter|website=thecgf.com|language=en|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713120807/https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/constitution.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The current rules also determine gender parity, whereby men and women have an equal (or broadly equal) share of events.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/more-in-sport/level-playing-field-for-women-at-2018-commonwealth-games-1-4251310|title=Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games|date=7 October 2016|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|access-date=7 October 2016|location=Edinburgh, Scotland|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009205111/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/more-in-sport/level-playing-field-for-women-at-2018-commonwealth-games-1-4251310|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1042362/gold-coast-2018-to-offer-same-amount-of-medals-for-men-and-women-after-seven-events-added|title=Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added|last1=McKay|first1=Duncan|date=7 October 2016|website=Insidethegames.biz|publisher=Dunsar Media|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034918/http://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1042362/gold-coast-2018-to-offer-same-amount-of-medals-for-men-and-women-after-seven-events-added|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Unlike other sporting events, the Commonwealth Games have a flexible sporting programme that respects the infrastructure and demands of the host city. This is also reflected in its holding dates, which may vary according to the weather conditions of each host city. Therefore, the programme for each edition could varies. Between 1930 and 1994, only individual events were part of the programme and it was only in 1998 that authorisation was given for the addition of team sports. It is common for each edition since then to have a list of seven to ten mandatory sports that must be played in this edition and must be approved 4 years in advance. Thus, the minimum number of sports per edition is 10 and the maximum is of 17. However, local demands can also increase the number of sports contested. Notable cases are freestyle wrestling in Delhi 2010 and beach volleyball in Gold Coast 2018. Special exceptions can also be made, such as the one in the last edition held in Birmingham, England, in which 3 extra sports were added to the programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/constitution.pdf|title=Commonwealth Games Charter|website=thecgf.com|language=en|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713120807/https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/constitution.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The current rules also determine gender parity, whereby men and women have an equal (or broadly equal) share of events.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/more-in-sport/level-playing-field-for-women-at-2018-commonwealth-games-1-4251310|title=Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games|date=7 October 2016|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|access-date=7 October 2016|location=Edinburgh, Scotland|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009205111/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/more-in-sport/level-playing-field-for-women-at-2018-commonwealth-games-1-4251310|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1042362/gold-coast-2018-to-offer-same-amount-of-medals-for-men-and-women-after-seven-events-added|title=Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added|last1=McKay|first1=Duncan|date=7 October 2016|website=Insidethegames.biz|publisher=Dunsar Media|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034918/http://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/1042362/gold-coast-2018-to-offer-same-amount-of-medals-for-men-and-women-after-seven-events-added|url-status=live}}</ref>
+This rule was not exceptionally applied to the 2026 Games, as Glasgow took over as host on an emergency basis. As a result, the program will feature only 10 sports—the fewest number since the 1994 Games:<ref name="BBCSportsOct24">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly3yv91595o|title=Sports announced for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |first1=Megan |last1=Bonar |first2=Jonathan |last2=Geddes |newspaper=[[BBC Sport]] |date=22 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117144915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cly3yv91595o |archive-date=17 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 There are a total of 23 sports (with three multi-disciplinary sports) and a ten  [[para-sports]] which are approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation.
@@ Line 720: / Line 749: @@
 |-
 |[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1966–2022
 |-
@@ Line 728: / Line 757: @@
 |-
 |[[Basketball at the Commonwealth Games|Basketball 3x3]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |2022–present
 |-
 |[[Boxing at the Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1930–present
 |-
 |[[Cricket at the Commonwealth Games|Cricket]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1998, 2022
 |-
 |[[Cycling at the Commonwealth Games|Cycling (Mountain Bike)]]
-|Core<ref name = cgfsports>{{cite web|url = https://www.thecgf.com/sports/|title = Sports Programme|website = Commonwealth Sports|publisher = Commonwealth Games Federation|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223656/https://www.thecgf.com/sports/|archive-date = 28 February 2018}}</ref>
+|Optional<ref name = cgfsports>{{cite web|url = https://www.thecgf.com/sports/|title = Sports Programme|website = Commonwealth Sports|publisher = Commonwealth Games Federation|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223656/https://www.thecgf.com/sports/|archive-date = 28 February 2018}}</ref>
 |2002–2006, 2014–present
 |-
 |[[Cycling at the Commonwealth Games|Cycling (Para Track)]]
-|Core<ref name = cgfsports/>
+|Optional<ref name = cgfsports/>
 |2014–present
 |-
 |[[Cycling at the Commonwealth Games|Cycling (Road)]]
-|Core<ref name = cgfsports/>
+|Optional<ref name = cgfsports/>
 |1938–present
 |-
 |[[Cycling at the Commonwealth Games|Cycling (Track)]]
-|Core<ref name = cgfsports/>
+|Optional<ref name = cgfsports/>
 |1934–present
 |-
 |[[Diving at the Commonwealth Games|Diving]]
-|
+|Optional
 |1930–2022
 |-
 |[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Hockey]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1998–2022
 |-
 |[[Gymnastics at the Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics (Artistic)]]
-|Core<ref name = cgfsports/>
+|Optional
 |1978, 1990–present
 |-
@@ Line 772: / Line 801: @@
 |-
 |[[Judo at the Commonwealth Games|Judo]]
-|Core<ref name = cgfsports/>
+|Optional
 |1990, 2002, 2014 (Optional), 2022-present
 |-
 |[[Lawn bowls at the Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1930–1962, 1970–present
 |-
@@ Line 790: / Line 819: @@
 |-
 |[[Lawn bowls at the Commonwealth Games|Para lawn bowls]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1994, 2002, 2014–present<ref name = cgfead/>
 |-
 |[[Netball at the Commonwealth Games|Netball (Women)]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1998–present
 |-
 |[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Powerlifting]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |2002–present<ref name = cgfead/>
 |-
 |[[Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games|Rugby sevens]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1998–2022
 |-
@@ Line 810: / Line 839: @@
 |-
 |[[Squash at the Commonwealth Games|Squash]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1998–2022
 |-
@@ Line 822: / Line 851: @@
 |-
 |[[Table tennis at the Commonwealth Games|Table tennis]]
-|Core<ref name="cgfsports" />
+|optional<ref name="cgfsports" />
 |2002–2022
 |-
@@ Line 830: / Line 859: @@
 |-
 |[[Triathlon at the Commonwealth Games|Triathlon]]
-|Core<ref name="cgfsports" />
+|Optional<ref name="cgfsports" />
 |2002–2006, 2014–2022
 |-
@@ Line 838: / Line 867: @@
 |-
 |[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
-|Core
+|Optional
 |1950–present
 |-
 |[[Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games|Wrestling (Freestyle)]]
-|Core<ref name="cgfsports" />
+|Optional<ref name="cgfsports" />
 |1930–1986, 1994, 2002, 2010–2022
 |}
@@ Line 981: / Line 1,010: @@
 {{0}}'''•'''<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%;">{{0}} Host cities and year of games</span>|center]]
+{{Cleanup section|date=June 2025|reason=The collapsed table is a good idea, but needs fixing by someone who understands the system.}}
 {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin:1em auto;"
 |-
@@ Line 1,058: / Line 1,088: @@
 |{{flagicon|ENG}}
 |-
-! Host City
+! Host city
 |[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
 |[[London]]
@@ Line 1,364: / Line 1,394: @@
 |-
 |{{FJI}}{{efn|name=n6|Fiji was re-suspended from the Commonwealth and the 2010 Games in 2009.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10594683">{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10594683|title=Fiji suspended from Commonwealth|date=2 September 2009|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214100247/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10594683|archive-date=14 February 2012|url-status=live }}</ref> Fiji's suspension from the Commonwealth was lifted in time for the 2014 Games following [[2014 Fijian general election|democratic elections]] in March 2014.}}||1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014–
+|-
+|{{GAB}}||2026-
 |-
 |{{GMB}}{{efn|name=n7|The Gambia withdrew from the Commonwealth in 2013, but rejoined on 8 February 2018; The Gambia was readmitted to the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] in March 2018.}}||1970–1982, 1990–2010, 2018–
@@ Line 1,487: / Line 1,519: @@
 |-
 |{{TZA}}||1966–1982, 1990–
+|-
+|{{TOG}}||2026-
 |-
 |{{TON}}||1974, 1982, 1990–
@@ Line 1,523: / Line 1,557: @@
 === Rejected participants ===
-Campaigners from the [[English county]] of [[Cornwall]] asked the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] to allow Cornwall to participate independently in the 2006 Games, but were rejected by the CGF, which stated that "Cornwall is no more than an English county" and advised Cornwall athletes to compete on the [[England]] team.<ref name="BBC NEWS 2006">{{cite web|title=Cornish out of running for Games|website=BBC NEWS|date=2 January 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/4575246.stm|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Harris 2006">{{cite web|last=Harris|first=John|title=John Harris: Cornwall wants to be a part of Commonwealth Games|website=the Guardian|date=4 January 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/04/johnharris.features11|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> Cornwall political party [[Mebyon Kernow]] unsuccessfully called for a Cornwall team at the 2022 Games.<ref name="Hart 2022">{{cite web|last=Hart|first=Emma|title=Calls for Cornwall to be allowed to enter its own team at the next Commonwealth Games|website=Pirate FM|date=2 August 2022|url=https://planetradio.co.uk/pirate-fm/local/news/calls-for-cornwall-team-at-commonwealth-games/|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
+Campaigners from the [[English county]] of [[Cornwall]] asked the [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] to allow Cornwall to participate independently in the 2006 Games, but were rejected by the CGF, which stated that "Cornwall is no more than an English county" and advised Cornwall athletes to compete on the [[England]] team.<ref name="BBC NEWS 2006">{{cite web|title=Cornish out of running for Games|website=BBC NEWS|date=2 January 2006|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/4575246.stm|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Harris 2006">{{cite web|last=Harris|first=John|title=John Harris: Cornwall wants to be a part of Commonwealth Games|website=the Guardian|date=4 January 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/jan/04/johnharris.features11|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> Cornwall political party [[Mebyon Kernow]] unsuccessfully called for a Cornwall team at the 2022 Games.<ref name="Hart 2022">{{cite web|last=Hart|first=Emma|title=Calls for Cornwall to be allowed to enter its own team at the next Commonwealth Games|website=Pirate FM|date=2 August 2022|url=https://planetradio.co.uk/pirate-fm/local/news/calls-for-cornwall-team-at-commonwealth-games/|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
 The [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] applied to take part in the 2006 Games, but was rejected due to a lack of [[international recognition]].<ref name="BBC NEWS 2006"/>
@@ Line 1,535: / Line 1,569: @@
 The [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] were originally awarded to [[Durban]] on 2 September 2015, at the [[Commonwealth Games Federation|CGF]] General Assembly in [[Auckland]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/34125467|title=Commonwealth Games: Durban confirmed as 2022 host city|date=2 September 2015|work=BBC Sport|access-date=5 February 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804195951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/34125467|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints. On 13 March 2017, the CGF stripped Durban of their rights to host and reopened the bidding process for the 2022 games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/39256432|title=Commonwealth Games: Durban, South Africa will not host Games in 2022|date=13 March 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=5 February 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204162108/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/39256432|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Many cities from Australia, Canada, England and Malaysia expressed interest to host the games. However, the CGF received only one official bid and that was from [[Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/41455347|title=Commonwealth Games 2022: Birmingham only bidder for event|date=30 September 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=5 February 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201195548/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/41455347|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 December 2017, [[Birmingham]] was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban's replacement host.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/dec/21/birmingham-named-2022-commonwealth-games-host-city|title=Birmingham officially named as 2022 Commonwealth Games host city|last=Kelner|first=Martha|date=21 December 2017|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184516/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/dec/21/birmingham-named-2022-commonwealth-games-host-city|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The state of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], Australia was selected to host the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]]. On 18 July 2023, the Premier of Victoria [[Daniel Andrews|Dan Andrews]] announced the cancellation of the event in Victoria. Premier Andrews cited a significant increase in forecast cost for the reason suggesting the initial estimate of [[Australian dollar|A$]]2.6 billion was likely to be closer to A$6–7 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games: 2026 event in doubt after Victoria cancels|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pender|first=Kieran|date=18 July 2023|title=Does Victoria's 2026 cancellation sound Commonwealth Games death knell?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/commonwealth-games-2026-cancellation-will-it-return-victoria|access-date=6 August 2023|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 18 July 2023, the [[Victorian state government]] announced it had cancelled its plans to host the games, citing an escalation in its cost projections relative to initial estimations. With no host city, there was a possibility that the games would be postponed to 2027 or cancelled.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games: 2026 event in doubt after Victoria cancels|language=en-UK|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion {{!}} Premier of Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion|access-date=18 July 2023|website=www.premier.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":CancelledGuardian">{{Cite news|first1=Paul|last1=Karp|first2=Cait|last2=Kelly|first3=Adeshola|last3=Ore|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall|title =Australia Commonwealth Games 2026: Victoria cancels event after costs blow out to $7bn|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2023|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> However, on 17 September 2024, it was announced that the Scottish Government had agreed to host the 2026 games in [[2026 Commonwealth Games|Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko | title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026 | date=17 September 2024 }}</ref>
+A joint bid from 6 cities of the [[Victoria (state)|Victoria State]] in Australia was selected to host the [[2026 Commonwealth Games]]. On 18 July 2023, the Premier of Victoria [[Daniel Andrews|Dan Andrews]] announced that the state was giving up on hosting the event due a significant increase in event forecast. Initial costs estimated an investment of approximately[[Australian dollar|A$]]2.6 billion,but the new prospects were resulting to be closer to A$6–7 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games: 2026 event in doubt after Victoria cancels|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pender|first=Kieran|date=18 July 2023|title=Does Victoria's 2026 cancellation sound Commonwealth Games death knell?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jul/18/commonwealth-games-2026-cancellation-will-it-return-victoria|access-date=6 August 2023|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 18 July 2023, the [[Victorian state government]] announced it had cancelled its plans to host the games, citing an escalation in its cost projections relative to initial estimations. With no host city, there was a possibility that the games would be postponed to 2027 or cancelled.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2023|title=Commonwealth Games: 2026 event in doubt after Victoria cancels|language=en-UK|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66229574|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion {{!}} Premier of Victoria|url=http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion|access-date=18 July 2023|website=www.premier.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":CancelledGuardian">{{Cite news|first1=Paul|last1=Karp|first2=Cait|last2=Kelly|first3=Adeshola|last3=Ore|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/18/australia-commonwealth-games-2026-victoria-cancels-event-after-funding-shortfall|title =Australia Commonwealth Games 2026: Victoria cancels event after costs blow out to $7bn|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2023|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> However, on 17 September 2024, it was announced that the Scottish Government had agreed to host the 2026 games in [[2026 Commonwealth Games|Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ce8ddeeklxko | title=Scotland agrees to host Commonwealth Games in 2026 | date=17 September 2024 }}</ref>
 === Boycotts ===
@@ Line 1,545: / Line 1,579: @@
 [[File:1986 Commonwealth Games (Edinburgh) boycotting countries (red).png|thumb|upright=1.35|Countries that boycotted the 1986 Games are shaded red|alt=|300x300px]]
-During the [[1986 Commonwealth Games]] at [[Edinburgh]], a majority of the Commonwealth nations staged a boycott, so that the Games appeared to be a whites-only event. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries—largely African, Asian and Caribbean states—stayed away because of the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with [[apartheid South Africa]] in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest number of athletes since Auckland 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/commonwealth-games/2014/16048-scottish-independence-referendum-will-increase-interest-in-glasgow-2014-it-is-claimed|title=Scottish independence referendum will increase interest in Glasgow 2014, it is claimed &#124; Glasgow 2014|date=29 February 2012|publisher=insidethegames.biz|access-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811024929/http://insidethegames.biz/commonwealth-games/2014/16048-scottish-independence-referendum-will-increase-interest-in-glasgow-2014-it-is-claimed|archive-date=11 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The boycotting nations were [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Barbados]], [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bermuda]], [[Belize]], [[Cyprus]], [[Dominica]], [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guyana]], [[Grenada]], [[India]], [[Jamaica]], [[Kenya]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Tanzania]], [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-20-mn-17233-story.html|title=8 More Nations Join Boycott of Commonwealth Games; Total Now 23|agency=Reuters|date=20 July 1986|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=23 August 2017|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010750/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-07-20/news/mn-17233_1_commonwealth-games|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fraser|first=Graham|date=25 April 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/27165110|title=Glasgow 2014: The Bermuda boycott of 1986 that still hurts|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111114123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/27165110|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
+During the [[1986 Commonwealth Games]] at [[Edinburgh]], a majority of the Commonwealth nations staged a boycott, so that the Games appeared to be a whites-only event. Thirty two of the eligible fifty nine countries—largely African, Asian and Caribbean states—stayed away because of the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government's policy of keeping Britain's sporting links with [[apartheid South Africa]] in preference to participating in the general sporting boycott of that country. Consequently, Edinburgh 1986 witnessed the lowest number of athletes since Auckland 1950.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Degun |first1=Tom |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/commonwealth-games/2014/16048-scottish-independence-referendum-will-increase-interest-in-glasgow-2014-it-is-claimed|title=Scottish independence referendum will increase interest in Glasgow 2014, it is claimed &#124; Glasgow 2014|work=insidethegames.biz - Olympic, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News |date=29 February 2012|publisher=insidethegames.biz|access-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811024929/http://insidethegames.biz/commonwealth-games/2014/16048-scottish-independence-referendum-will-increase-interest-in-glasgow-2014-it-is-claimed|archive-date=11 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The boycotting nations were [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Barbados]], [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bermuda]], [[Belize]], [[Cyprus]], [[Dominica]], [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guyana]], [[Grenada]], [[India]], [[Jamaica]], [[Kenya]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Tanzania]], [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Uganda]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-20-mn-17233-story.html|title=8 More Nations Join Boycott of Commonwealth Games; Total Now 23|agency=Reuters|date=20 July 1986|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=23 August 2017|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010750/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-07-20/news/mn-17233_1_commonwealth-games|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Bermuda was a particularly late withdrawal, as its athletes appeared in the opening ceremony and in the opening day of competition before the Bermuda Olympic Association decided to formally withdraw.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fraser|first=Graham|date=25 April 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/27165110|title=Glasgow 2014: The Bermuda boycott of 1986 that still hurts|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111114123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/27165110|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Protests===
@@ Line 1,564: / Line 1,598: @@
 == Notable competitors ==
-Lawn bowler [[Willie Wood (bowler)|Willie Wood]] from [[Scotland]] was the first competitor to have competed in seven Commonwealth Games, from 1974 to 2002, a record equalled in 2014 by [[Isle of Man]] cyclist [[Andrew Roche]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/26985985|title=Glasgow 2014: Mark Cavendish relishes idea of racing with mates|date=10 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511023704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/26985985|archive-date=11 May 2014|url-status=live }}</ref> They have both been surpassed by David Calvert of Northern Ireland who in 2018 attended his 11th games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games: TeamNI announced for Gold Coast 2018|url=https://www.portadowntimes.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games-teamni-announced-for-gold-coast-2018-1-8314625|access-date=4 January 2018|work=[[Portadown Times]]|date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180313/https://www.portadowntimes.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games-teamni-announced-for-gold-coast-2018-1-8314625|archive-date=5 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Lawn bowler [[Willie Wood (bowler)|Willie Wood]] from [[Scotland]] was the first competitor to have competed in seven Commonwealth Games, from 1974 to 2002, a record equalled in 2014 by [[Isle of Man]] cyclist [[Andrew Roche]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/26985985|title=Glasgow 2014: Mark Cavendish relishes idea of racing with mates|date=10 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511023704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/commonwealth-games/26985985|archive-date=11 May 2014|url-status=live }}</ref> They have both been surpassed by David Calvert of Northern Ireland who in 2018 attended his 11th games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commonwealth Games: TeamNI announced for Gold Coast 2018|url=https://www.portadowntimes.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games-teamni-announced-for-gold-coast-2018-1-8314625|access-date=4 January 2018|work=[[Portadown Times]]|date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180313/https://www.portadowntimes.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games-teamni-announced-for-gold-coast-2018-1-8314625|archive-date=5 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] was a Prime Minister of [[Fiji]]. Beforehand he represented Fiji in shot put, hammer throw, discus and the decathlon at the 1974 [[British Commonwealth Games]] held in Christchurch, New Zealand.
@@ Line 1,580: / Line 1,614: @@
 English actor [[Jason Statham]] took part as a diver in the 1990 Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=When Jason Statham participated in the 1990 Commonwealth Games|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/jason-statham-commonwealth-games-5123058/|website=The Indian Express|author=Shivangi Jalan|date=4 April 2018|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527171905/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/jason-statham-commonwealth-games-5123058/|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-At the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Birmingham]], Australian singer [[Cody Simpson]] won a gold medal as a swimmer at the [[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramsay|first1=George|title=Cody Simpson returned to his 'first love' by swapping his music career for swimming and is set to compete at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/27/sport/cody-simpson-swimming-commonwealth-games-spt-intl/index.html|access-date=1 August 2022|work=CNN|date=28 July 2022}}</ref>
+At the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Birmingham]], Australian singer [[Cody Simpson]] won a gold medal as a swimmer at the [[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay]] and a silver at the [[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramsay|first1=George|title=Cody Simpson returned to his 'first love' by swapping his music career for swimming and is set to compete at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/27/sport/cody-simpson-swimming-commonwealth-games-spt-intl/index.html|access-date=1 August 2022|work=CNN|date=28 July 2022}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 1,628: / Line 1,662: @@
 [[Category:Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
 [[Category:Commonwealth sports competitions|*]]
-[[Category:Events in the British Empire]]
+[[Category:Organised events in the British Empire]]
 [[Category:Multi-sport events]]
 [[Category:Politics and sports]]
 [[Category:Quadrennial sporting events]]
 [[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1930]]

Commonwealth Games: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:59, 20 November 2025

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