Old Turkic script: Difference between revisions

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| type        = Alphabet
| type        = Alphabet
| languages  = [[Old Turkic]]
| languages  = [[Old Turkic]]
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphics]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam4        = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam5        = [[Syriac alphabet]]
| fam6        = [[Sogdian alphabet]]
| children    = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]]
| children    = [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]]
| time        = 8th to 10th centuries<ref name="Scharlipp"/>
| time        = 8th to 10th centuries<ref name="Scharlipp"/>
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== Origins ==
== Origins ==
Many scientists, starting with [[Vilhelm Thomsen]] (1893), suggest that the Old Turkic script is derived from descendants of the [[Aramaic alphabet]] in particular via the [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] and [[Sogdian alphabet]]s of [[Persia]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brill |first1=E. J. |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Morocco - Ruzzīk |date=1993 |publisher=Brill |location=Volume 6 |isbn=978-90-04-09792-6 |page=911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=George|author-link1=George L. Campbell|last2=Moseley|first2=Christopher|author-link2=Christopher Moseley|title=The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQwRD2Cb8EC&pg=PT180|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-22296-3|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Róna-Tas |first=András |title=On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic "Runic" Script |date=1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23657716 |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |jstor=23657716 |issn=0001-6446}}</ref> or possibly via [[Kharosthi]] used to write [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process|last=Cooper|first=J.S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Houston|editor-first=Stephen|pages=58–59|chapter=Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mabry|first=Tristan James|title=Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4691-9|page=109}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Writing Systems|last=Kara|first=György|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|editor-last=Daniels|editor-first=Peter|location=New York|chapter=Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages|editor-last2=Bright|editor-first2=William|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937}}</ref> It has also been speculated that [[tamgas]] (livestock brands used by Eurasian nomads) were one of the sources of the Old Turkic script,<ref>Aristov, N. (1896) Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record. ZhS 3-4, 277-456 </ref> but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tekin |first1=Talat |title=A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic - ProQuest |date=1965 |publisher=UNiversity of California, Los Angeles |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0ef1aeb9458a313c40ff7232f515673f |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The text is most likely derived from Aramaic via the [[Sogdian alphabet]] and [[Syriac alphabet]].<ref>[https://www.georing.biz/ots.pdf Old Turkic script]</ref>
Many scientists, starting with [[Vilhelm Thomsen]] (1893), suggest that the Old Turkic script is derived from descendants of the [[Aramaic alphabet]] in particular via the [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] and [[Sogdian alphabet]]s of [[Persia]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brill |first1=E. J. |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Morocco - Ruzzīk |date=1993 |publisher=Brill |location=Volume 6 |isbn=978-90-04-09792-6 |page=911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=George|author-link1=George L. Campbell|last2=Moseley|first2=Christopher|author-link2=Christopher Moseley|title=The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQwRD2Cb8EC&pg=PT180|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-22296-3|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Róna-Tas |first=András |title=On the Development and Origin of the East Turkic "Runic" Script |date=1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23657716 |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |jstor=23657716 |issn=0001-6446}}</ref> or possibly via [[Kharosthi]] used to write [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process|last=Cooper|first=J.S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|editor-last=Houston|editor-first=Stephen|pages=58–59|chapter=Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mabry|first=Tristan James|title=Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xtrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2015|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4691-9|page=109}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Writing Systems|last=Kara|first=György|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|editor-last=Daniels|editor-first=Peter|location=New York|chapter=Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages|editor-last2=Bright|editor-first2=William|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937}}</ref> It has also been speculated that [[tamgas]] (livestock brands used by Eurasian nomads) were one of the sources of the Old Turkic script,<ref>Aristov, N. (1896) Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record. ZhS 3-4, 277-456 </ref> but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tekin |first1=Talat |title=A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic - ProQuest |date=1965 |publisher=UNiversity of California, Los Angeles |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0ef1aeb9458a313c40ff7232f515673f |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The text is most likely derived from Aramaic via the [[Sogdian alphabet]] and [[Syriac alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.georing.biz/ots.pdf |title=Old Turkic script |access-date=28 September 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118162945/http://www.georing.biz/ots.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The 7th century ''[[Book of Zhou]]'' mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and the ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', claim that the Turks did not have a written language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lung 龍|first=Rachel 惠珠|title=Interpreters in Early Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC|year=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-2444-6|pages=54–55}}</ref> According to István Vásáry, the Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Mouton |year=2002 |journal=Archivum Ottomanicum |page=49 |last=Tryjarski |first=Edward |title=Runes and runelike scripts of Eurasian area. Part 1 |volume=20}}</ref> Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), ''History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.'', p. 478</ref>
Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The 7th century ''[[Book of Zhou]]'' mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and the ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', claim that the Turks did not have a written language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lung 龍|first=Rachel 惠珠|title=Interpreters in Early Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsNoHtgkGPkC|year=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-2444-6|pages=54–55}}</ref> According to István Vásáry, the Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Mouton |year=2002 |journal=Archivum Ottomanicum |page=49 |last=Tryjarski |first=Edward |title=Runes and runelike scripts of Eurasian area. Part 1 |volume=20}}</ref> Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), ''History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.'', p. 478</ref>
Line 31: Line 37:
The inscriptions, dating from the 8th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] and the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] that succeeded it), in the upper [[Yenisei]] basin of central-south [[Siberia]], and, in smaller numbers, in the [[Altai Mountains]] and [[Xinjiang]]. The texts are mostly [[epitaph]]s (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including a number of bronze mirrors.<ref name="erdal"/>
The inscriptions, dating from the 8th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] and the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] that succeeded it), in the upper [[Yenisei]] basin of central-south [[Siberia]], and, in smaller numbers, in the [[Altai Mountains]] and [[Xinjiang]]. The texts are mostly [[epitaph]]s (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including a number of bronze mirrors.<ref name="erdal"/>


The website of the [http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1 Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan] lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|two monuments]] ([[obelisk]]s) which were erected in the [[Orkhon Valley]] between 732 and 735 in honor of the [[Göktürk]] prince [[Kül Tigin]] and his brother the emperor [[Bilge Kağan]]. The [[Tonyukuk inscription]], a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to {{circa|722}}. These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the [[Ashina tribe|Turks]], the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the [[China|Chinese]] ([[Tang dynasty in Inner Asia|Tang-Gokturk wars]]), and their liberation by [[Bilge Qaghan|Bilge]].{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; also for this whole paragraph|date=August 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1|title=TURK BITIG|website=bitig.org|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010508/http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The website of the [http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1 Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan] lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|two monuments]] ([[obelisk]]s) which were erected in the [[Orkhon Valley]] between 732 and 735 in honor of the [[Göktürk]] prince [[Kül Tigin]] and his brother the emperor [[Bilge Kağan]]. The [[Tonyukuk inscription]], a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to {{circa|722}}. These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the [[Ashina tribe|Turks]], the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the [[China|Chinese]] ([[Tang dynasty in Inner Asia|Tang-Gokturk wars]]), and their liberation by [[Bilge Qaghan|Bilge]].{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; also for this whole paragraph|date=August 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitig.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1|title=TURK BITIG|website=bitig.kz|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-url=https://bitig.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than the 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent [[Old Uyghur]], a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere.<ref name="erdal" /> They include [[Irk Bitig]], a 9th-century manuscript book on divination.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tekin|first=Talât|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32352166|title=Irk bitig = The Book of omens|date=1993|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3-447-03426-2|location=Wiesbaden|oclc=32352166}}</ref>
The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than the 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent [[Old Uyghur]], a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere.<ref name="erdal" /> They include [[Irk Bitig]], a 9th-century manuscript book on divination.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tekin|first=Talât|title=Irk bitig = The Book of omens|date=1993|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3-447-03426-2|location=Wiesbaden|oclc=32352166}}</ref>


== Alphabet ==
== Alphabet ==
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels, with Yenisian variants
|+Vowels, with Yeniseian variants
|-  
|-  
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰀|ch2=𐰁 𐰂|note=a, ä|ipa= /ɑ/, /æ/}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰀|ch2=𐰁 𐰂|note=a, ä|ipa= /ɑ/, /æ/}}
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|}
|}
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|+ Consonant sets, with Yenisian variants
|+ Consonant sets, with Yeniseian variants
|-  
|-  
!scope=row|Back{{br}}vowels
!scope=row|Back{{br}}vowels
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|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐱃|ch2=𐱄|note=t¹|ipa={{IPAslink|t}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐱃|ch2=𐱄|note=t¹|ipa={{IPAslink|t}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰖|ch2=𐰗|note=y¹/j¹|ipa={{IPAslink|j}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰖|ch2=𐰗|note=y¹/j¹|ipa={{IPAslink|j}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰴|ch2=𐰵|note=q|ipa={{IPAslink|q}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰴|ch2=𐰵|note=q/k¹|ipa={{IPAslink|q}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰸|ch2=𐰹|note=oq{{efn|name=oq|group=consonants|Other transcriptions: uq, qo, qu, q, IPA: {{IPA|/oq/, /uq/, /qo/, /qu/, /q/}}}}|ipa={{IPA|/oq/}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰸|ch2=𐰹|note=oq{{efn|name=oq|group=consonants|Other transcriptions: uq, qo, qu, q, IPA: {{IPA|/oq/, /uq/, /qo/, /qu/, /q/}}}}|ipa={{IPA|/oq/}}}}
|-
|-
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|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐱅|ch2=𐱆|note=t²|ipa={{IPAslink|t}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐱅|ch2=𐱆|note=t²|ipa={{IPAslink|t}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰘|ch2=𐰙|note=y²/j²|ipa={{IPAslink|j}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰘|ch2=𐰙|note=y²/j²|ipa={{IPAslink|j}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰚|ch2=𐰛|note=k|ipa={{IPAslink|k}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰚|ch2=𐰛|note=k²|ipa={{IPAslink|k}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰜|ch2=𐰝|note=ök{{efn|name=ok|group=consonants|Other transcriptions: ük, kö, kü, k, IPA: {{IPA|/yk/, /kø/, /ky/, /k/}}}}|ipa={{IPA|/øk/}}}}
|{{letter|s=Orkh|ch1=𐰜|ch2=𐰝|note=ök{{efn|name=ok|group=consonants|Other transcriptions: ük, kö, kü, k, IPA: {{IPA|/yk/, /kø/, /ky/, /k/}}}}|ipa={{IPA|/øk/}}}}
|-
|-
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{{commons category|Old Turkic script}}
{{commons category|Old Turkic script}}
{{Wikisourcelang||Main Page/𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰲𐰀|𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰲𐰀}}
{{Wikisourcelang||Main Page/𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰲𐰀|𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜𐰲𐰀}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044348/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e Türk bitig - Old Turkic inscriptions, Texts, Translations]
*[https://www.bitig.kz/?lang=e Türk bitig - Old Turkic inscriptions, Texts, Translations]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/orkhon.htm Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/orkhon.htm Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot]
*[http://www.isa-sari.com/gokturkce/?id=en Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI]
*[http://www.isa-sari.com/gokturkce/?id=en Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI]

Latest revision as of 19:27, 18 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Location map". The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.[1]

The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia, where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev.[2] These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893.[3]

This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left.

Origins

Many scientists, starting with Vilhelm Thomsen (1893), suggest that the Old Turkic script is derived from descendants of the Aramaic alphabet in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia,[4][5][6] or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit.[7][8][9] It has also been speculated that tamgas (livestock brands used by Eurasian nomads) were one of the sources of the Old Turkic script,[10] but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison.[11] The text is most likely derived from Aramaic via the Sogdian alphabet and Syriac alphabet.[12]

Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The 7th century Book of Zhou mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, claim that the Turks did not have a written language.[13] According to István Vásáry, the Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion.[14] Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century.[15]

Corpus

The Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred[16] inscriptions, plus a number of manuscripts.[17] The inscriptions, dating from the 8th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded it), in the upper Yenisei basin of central-south Siberia, and, in smaller numbers, in the Altai Mountains and Xinjiang. The texts are mostly epitaphs (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including a number of bronze mirrors.[16]

The website of the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments (obelisks) which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of the Göktürk prince Kül Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan. The Tonyukuk inscription, a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to Template:Circa. These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese (Tang-Gokturk wars), and their liberation by Bilge.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".[18]

The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than the 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent Old Uyghur, a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere.[16] They include Irk Bitig, a 9th-century manuscript book on divination.[19]

Alphabet

File:Thomsen Orkhon table 1893.png
Table of characters as published by Thomsen (1893)

Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two "synharmonic sets", one for front vowels and the other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign, giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script. In these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen (1893), and followed by Gabain (1941), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Vowels, with Yeniseian variants
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Consonant sets, with Yeniseian variants
Back
  1. REDIRECT Template:Breakvowels
 Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Front
  1. REDIRECT Template:Breakvowels
 Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Others Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter
Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter Template:Letter

Template:Notelist

A colon-like symbol (Template:Unichar) is sometimes used as a word separator.[20] In some cases a ring (Template:Unichar) is used instead.[20]

A reading example (right to left): 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 transliterated t²ñr²i, this spells the name of the Turkic sky god, Täñri (Script error: No such module "IPA".).

Variants

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:5manat09b.jpg
Examples of the Orkhon-Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.[21]
File:ToyokAndRjukokuAlphabets.gif
Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Ryukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the Old Uyghur alphabet. Per Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries.

These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov (1994)[22]

The Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets:

  • Orkhon alphabet, Göktürks, 8th to 10th centuries
  • Yenisei alphabet,
    • Talas alphabet, a derivative of the Yenisei alphabet, Kangly or Karluks 8th to 10th centuries. Talas inscriptions include Terek-Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897, Koysary text, Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions, Kalbak-Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions, Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters.[23]

The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets:

  • Achiktash, used in Sogdia 8th to 10th centuries.
  • South-Yenisei, used by the Göktürks 8th to 10th centuries.
  • Two especially similar alphabets: the Don alphabet, used by the Khazars, 8th to 10th centuries; and the Kuban alphabet, used by the Bulgars, 8th to 13th centuries. Inscriptions in both alphabets are found in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and on the banks of the Kama river.
  • Tisza, used by the Pechenegs 8th to 10th centuries.

A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions. Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic languages, and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism, Buddhist, and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang.

Sample text

Transcription of part of Bilge Kağan's inscription (lines 36-38).

Script error: No such module "Lang".

Unicode

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The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U+10C00–U+10C4F. It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. It includes separate "Orkhon" and "Yenisei" variants of individual characters.

Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font.

Template:Unicode chart Old Turkic

See also

References

Citations

Template:Reflist

Sources

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  • Diringer, David. The Alphabet: a Key to the History of Mankind, New York, NY: Philosophical Library, 1948, pp. 313–315.
  • Erdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Guzev, V.G., Kljashtornyj, S.G. The Turkic Runic script: Is the hypothesis of its indigenous origin no more viable? Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. 49, Z. 2 (1994), wyd. 1995 [19]
  • LFaulmann, Carl. 1990 (1880). Das Buch der Schrift. Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn. Template:ISBN Template:In lang
  • Février, James G. Histoire de l'écriture, Paris: Payot, 1948, pp. 311–317 Template:In lang
  • Ishjatms, N. "Nomads in Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, Template:ISBN
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Kyzlasov, I.L. "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, Template:ISBN
  • Malov, S.E. 1951, Pamjatniki Drevnitjurkskoj Pisʹmennosti (Памятники Древнитюркской Письменности), Moskva & Leningrad. Template:In lang
  • Muxamadiev, Azgar. (1995). Turanian Writing (Туранская Письменность). In Zakiev, M. Z.(Ed.), Problemy lingvoėtnoistorii tatarskogo naroda (Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа). Kazan: Akademija Nauk Tatarstana. Template:In lang
  • Róna-Tas, A. 1991. An introduction to Turkology. Szeged.
  • Tekin, Talat. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 69 (Bloomington/The Hague: Mouton, 1968)
  • Thomsen, Vilhelm. Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées, Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, Helsinki Toimituksia, no. 5 Helsingfors: La société de littérature Finnoise [1] Template:In lang
  • Vasilʹiev, D.D. Korpus tjurkskix runičeskix pamjatnikov Bassina Eniseja [Corpus of the Turkic Runic Monuments of the Yenisei Basin], Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science, 1983 Template:In lang
  • von Gabain, A. 1941. Alttürkische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, auch Neutürkisch. Mit vier Schrifttafeln und sieben Schriftproben. (Porta Linguarum Orientalium; 23) Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. Template:In lang

Template:Refend

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Wikisourcelang

Template:Turkic topics Template:Göktürks Template:List of writing systems

  1. ↑ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. Template:ISBN.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Vilhelm Thomsen, [Turkic] Orkhon Inscriptions Deciphered (Helsinki : Society of Finnish Literature Press, 1893). Translated in French and later English (Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms Intl., 1971). OCLC 7413840
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Aristov, N. (1896) Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record. ZhS 3-4, 277-456
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
  16. ↑ a b c Erdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden, Brill. p. 7
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Central Bank of Azerbaijan. National currency: 5 manat. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.
  22. ↑ Kyzlasov I. L.; "Writings of Eurasian Steppes", Eastern Literature, Moscow, 1994, 327 pp. 321–323
  23. ↑ Kyzlasov I. L.; "Writings of Eurasian Steppes", Eastern Literature, Moscow, 1994, pp. 98–100
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