Demographics of Italy: Difference between revisions

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m WP:AWB clean up, typo(s) fixed: Covid-19 → COVID-19, 2010-19 → 2010–19, 2020-22 → 2020–22 (11); duplicate word
 
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  | place  =[[Italy]]
  | place  =[[Italy]]
|image              = [[File:Italy Population Pyramid.svg|350px]]
|image              = [[File:Italy Population Pyramid.svg|350px]]
|caption            = Population pyramid of Italy as of January 1st, 2023
|caption            = Population pyramid of Italy as of 1 January 2023
|size_of_population = {{decrease}} 58,934,177 (31 December 2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=D7B&l=it | title=Istat: Bilancio demografico Mensile}}</ref>
|size_of_population = {{decrease}} 58,934,177 (31 December 2024)<ref name="Istat 2024">{{cite web |title=Demographic Indicators. Year 2024 |url=https://www.istat.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DEMOGRAPHIC-INDICATORS_YEAR-2024.pdf |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>
|density            = {{decrease}} {{cvt|201|/km2}} (2024)
|growth            = {{decrease}} -0.06% (2024)
|growth            = {{decrease}} -0.06% (2024)
|birth              = {{decrease}} 6.3 births/1,000 population (2024)
|birth              = {{decrease}} 6.3 births/1,000 population (2024)
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|age_65_years      = {{increaseNegative}} 23.54%
|age_65_years      = {{increaseNegative}} 23.54%
|nation=''noun'': Italian(s) ''adjective'': Italian
|nation=''noun'': Italian(s) ''adjective'': Italian
|major_ethnic = [[Italians]] (90.0%) <small>(Native)</small>
|major_ethnic = [[Italians]] (87.2%) <small>(Native)</small>
|minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
|minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Romanians]] (2.2%)
* [[Sardinians]] <small>(Native)</small> (2.7%)
* [[Albanians]] (1.5%)
* [[Romanians]] (2.04%)
* [[Moroccans]] (0.8%)
* [[Albanians]] (1.36%)
* [[Ukrainians]] (0.8%)
* [[Moroccans]] (0.78%)
* [[Germans]] (0.7%)
* [[Ukrainians]] (0.71%)
* [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (0.6%)
* [[Germans]] (0.68%)
* [[Bengalis|Bengali]] (0.5%)
* [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (0.56%)
* [[French people|French]] (0.5%)
* [[Bengalis|Bengali]] (0.51%)
* [[Indian people|Indians]] (0.3%)
* [[French people|French]] (0.51%)
* [[Brazilians]] (0.3%)
* [[Indian people|Indians]] (0.35%)
* [[Romani people|Romanis]] (0.3%)
* [[Brazilians]] (0.27%)
* [[Greeks]] (0.3%)
* [[Egyptians]] (0.24%)
* [[Peruvians]] (0.3%)
* [[Tunisians]] (0.22%)
* [[Polish people|Poles]] (0.3%)
* [[Polish people|Poles]] (0.21%)
* [[Slovenes]] (0.2%)
* [[Greeks]] (0.2%)
* [[Peruvians]] (0.2%)
* [[Russians]] (0.2%)
* [[Filipinos]] (0.18%)
* [[Slovenes]] (0.14%)
{{tree list/end}}
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
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[[File:Italy Animated Population Pyramid.gif|thumb|upright=1.7|Animated population pyramid 1982–2021. Those born during the World wars are marked in dark]]
[[File:Italy Animated Population Pyramid.gif|thumb|upright=1.7|Animated population pyramid 1982–2021. Those born during the World wars are marked in dark]]


[[demography|Demographic]] features of the population of [[Italy]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, [[Religion in Italy|religious affiliations]] and other aspects.
The [[demography]] of [[Italy]] is monitored by the [[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] (Istat).


At the beginning of 2024, Italy had an estimated population of 58.9&nbsp;million. Its population density, at {{convert|195.7|PD/km2}}, is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is very uneven: the most densely populated areas are the [[Po Valley]] (with about a third of the country's population) in [[northern Italy]] and the metropolitan areas of [[Rome]] and [[Naples]] in [[Central Italy|central]] and [[southern Italy]], while large rural areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of [[Basilicata]], the [[Alps]] and [[Apennines]] highlands, and the island of [[Sardinia]].
At the beginning of 2024, Italy had an estimated population of 58.9&nbsp;million.<ref name="Istat 2024"/> Its population density, at {{convert|195.7|PD/km2}}, is higher than both the [[EU]] (106.6/km2) and [[Europe]]an (72.9/km2) average. However, the distribution of the population is very uneven: the most densely populated areas are the [[Po Valley]] (with about a third of the country's population) in [[northern Italy]] and the metropolitan areas of [[Rome]] and [[Naples]] in [[Central Italy|central]] and [[southern Italy]]; landlocked, rural and mountainous areas are very sparsely populated, notably the [[Alps]] and [[Apennines]] ranges, the plateaus of [[Basilicata]] and [[Altopiano delle Murge|Puglia]], the inland highlands of [[Sicily]] and the Mediterranean island of [[Sardinia]].


The population of the country almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale [[Internal migration in Italy|internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North]], due to the [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, since the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. Italian government data, in its annual report for 2019, estimated the number of foreign nationals residing within Italy, including immigrants, at about 5.234 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/storage/rapporto-annuale/2019/capitolo3.pdf |title=Tendenze demografiche|website=istat.it|access-date=11 November 2023|language=it}}</ref> Due to such large-scale [[Immigration to Italy|immigration]] to the country, particularly from the early 2000s to 2014, the population peaked at 60.79 million. Since then, decreasing migration, a continuously falling birth rate, and continuous aging have led to a sharp decrease in the Italian population.
The population of the country almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale [[Internal migration in Italy|internal migration]] from the impoverished, largely rural South to the industrial cities of the North, especially during the [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, after decades of net emigration, since the late 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale international immigration. As a result, in 2024 there were 5.4 million foreign-born residents in the country, or about 9.2% of Italy's total population.<ref name="Istat 2024"/>


High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s decade, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF |title=Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies – Issue number 72/2008 |author=[[EUROSTAT]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102184227/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> Italy experienced a short-term growth in birth rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf|title=Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005–2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|access-date=10 May 2009|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171721/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total fertility rate temporarily rose from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.46 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf|title=Average number of children born per woman 2005–2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|access-date=3 May 2009|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171708/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, fertility rates have resumed their decline, to reach a low of 1.24 in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/births-italy-heading-new-record-low-2023-stats-office-2023-10-26/#:~:text=ISTAT%20said%20in%20its%20report,woman%20from%201.24%20in%202022.|title=Births in Italy heading for new record low in 2023 - stats office|website=reuters|access-date=3 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>
High fertility and birth rates persisted through the 1970s, then declined sharply in the 1980s and 1990s, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF |title=Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies – Issue number 72/2008 |publisher=[[EUROSTAT]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102184227/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> In 2024, Italy's [[total fertility rate]] was 1.18,<ref name="Istat 2024"/> well below the EU average (1.38)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility statistics |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Fertility_statistics |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> and one of the lowest in the world.


Since the revision of the [[Lateran Treaty]] in 1984, Italy has no official religion, although it continues to recognize the role the [[Catholic Church]] plays in Italian society. In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|title=Being Christian in Western Europe|date=2018|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802131920/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=dead|page=22}}</ref>
Since the revision of the [[Lateran Treaty]] in 1984, Italy has no [[official religion]], although the [[Catholic Church]] enjoys a privileged legal status and plays a prominent role in Italian society and politics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferrari |first=Alessandro | title=Religious freedom in Italy: an impossible paradigm? |date=2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-074357-9 | chapter= Chapter 5}}</ref> In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|title=Being Christian in Western Europe|date=2018|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802131920/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2019|page=22}}</ref>


==Historical overview==
==Historical overview==
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===1861 to early 20th century===
===1861 to early 20th century===
{{main|Italian diaspora}}
{{main|Italian diaspora}}
[[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Italian diaspora]] in the world]]
[[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Italian diaspora]] in the world]]


From [[Unification of Italy|its unification]] in 1861 to the [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s, Italy has been a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of [[Italian diaspora]], approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |title=Causes of the Italian mass emigration |publisher=ThinkQuest Library |date=15 August 1999 |access-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101010015938/http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> As a consequence, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32&nbsp;million [[Italian Brazilians]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|title=Dati dell'ambasciata italiana in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|language=it|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715015426/http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|title=Italiani in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203232051/http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|archive-date=3 February 2009|language=it}}</ref> Argentina (25&nbsp;million [[Italian Argentines]]),<ref name=LaMatanza>{{cite web|url =http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina  |date=14 November 2011 |author =Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055112/http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.VaX01KR9VPw |archive-date=15 July 2015 |language=es |url-status=dead |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref> United States (18&nbsp;million [[Italian Americans]]),<ref name="italianamericanstudies">{{cite web|url=https://www.italianamericanstudies.net/blogs/welcome-to-the-most-italian-place-in-the-united-states-its-in-new-jersey|title=Welcome to the most Italian place in the United States. It's in New Jersey|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> France (5&nbsp;million [[Italians in France|Italian French]]),<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo2RqGdv_wC&pg=PA143 The Cambridge survey of world migration]''". Robin Cohen (1995). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 143. {{ISBN |0-521-44405-5}}</ref> Venezuela (5&nbsp;million [[Italian Venezuelans]]),<ref name="ilgazzettino">{{Cite web|title="Noi veneti del Venezuela, siamo i nuovi profughi fantasma"|url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/veneti_venezuela_profughi_fantasma-5025889.html|access-date=14 November 2021|website=www.ilgazzettino.it|date=3 February 2020|language=it}}</ref> Paraguay (2.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Paraguayans]]),<ref name="ABC Color">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.com.py/articulos/los-italianos-y-su-aporte-a-la-nacion-259396.html|title = Los italianos y su aporte a la nación - Articulos - ABC Color}}</ref><ref name="ABC Color2">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/nacionalidad-italo-paraguaya-es-un-hecho-segun-embajador-italiano-1758782.html|title=Ya se puede sacar la nacionalidad italiana|access-date=29 May 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Última Hora, 37%">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultimahora.com/destacan-influencia-migracion-italiana-la-sociedad-paraguaya-n1106382.html|title=Destacan influencia de migración italiana en la sociedad paraguaya|date=7 September 2017 |access-date=18 June 2020|language=es}}</ref> Colombia (2&nbsp;million [[Italian Colombian]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|title=Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=dead|language=it}}</ref> Uruguay (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Uruguayans]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelsclick.com/hoteles/UY/Uruguay-DEMOGRAF%C3%ADA-5.html|title=- Uruguay - Info|website=www.hotelsclick.com}}</ref> Peru (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Peruvians]]),<ref name="Embajada de Italia en Perú, 540,000">{{cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/europa/embajador-italia-aca-hay-muchas-oportunidades-empresas-noticia-461242-noticia/ | title=Embajador de Italia en Perú: Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas | date=27 September 2017 | newspaper=El Comercio | access-date=22 December 2019 | last1=Giner Vásquez | first1=Renzo}}</ref> Canada (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Canadians]]),<ref name="Italian Canadians">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2022-10-26|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2022-10-26}}</ref> Germany (1.2&nbsp;million [[Italians in Germany|Italian Germans]])<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Recchi|first1=Ettore|last2=Baglioni|first2=Lorenzo Gabrielli e Lorenzo G.|date=2021-04-16|title=Italiani d'Europa: Quanti sono, dove sono? Una nuova stima sulla base dei profili di Facebook|url=https://www.neodemos.info/2021/04/16/italiani-deuropa-quanti-sono-dove-sono-una-nuova-stima-sulla-base-dei-profili-di-facebook/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Neodemos|language=it-IT}}</ref> and Australia (1&nbsp;million [[Italian Australians]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=ABS Ancestry |year=2012}}</ref> In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former African [[Italian colonial empire|colonies]] of [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/rds-01emigrazione.pdf |title=Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]] and [[Italian Libya|Libya]] (150,000 [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italians settled in Libya]], constituting about 18% of the total Libyan population).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46562/Italian-colonization Libya – Italian colonization]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref>
After achieving its [[Unification of Italy|unification]] in 1861, Italy experienced a prolonged period of net emigration, mainly caused by the breakdown of traditional agrarian structures coupled with slow industrialization, that peaked in the years before [[World War I]]. Between 1898 and 1914, at the height of [[Italian diaspora]], up to 750,000 Italians left the country every year in search of brighter prospects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |title=Causes of the Italian mass emigration |publisher=ThinkQuest Library |date=15 August 1999 |access-date=30 October 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101010015938/http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> As a consequence, significant numbers of people with Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32&nbsp;million [[Italian Brazilians]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|title=Dati dell'ambasciata italiana in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|language=it|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715015426/http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|title=Italiani in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203232051/http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|archive-date=3 February 2009|language=it}}</ref> Argentina (25&nbsp;million [[Italian Argentines]]),<ref name=LaMatanza>{{cite web|url =http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina  |date=14 November 2011 |author =Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055112/http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.VaX01KR9VPw |archive-date=15 July 2015 |language=es |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref> United States (18&nbsp;million [[Italian Americans]]),<ref name="italianamericanstudies">{{cite web|url=https://www.italianamericanstudies.net/blogs/welcome-to-the-most-italian-place-in-the-united-states-its-in-new-jersey|title=Welcome to the most Italian place in the United States. It's in New Jersey|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> France (5&nbsp;million [[Italians in France|Italian French]]),<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo2RqGdv_wC&pg=PA143 The Cambridge survey of world migration]''". Robin Cohen (1995). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 143. {{ISBN |0-521-44405-5}}</ref> Venezuela (5&nbsp;million [[Italian Venezuelans]]),<ref name="ilgazzettino">{{Cite web|title="Noi veneti del Venezuela, siamo i nuovi profughi fantasma"|url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/veneti_venezuela_profughi_fantasma-5025889.html|access-date=14 November 2021|website=www.ilgazzettino.it|date=3 February 2020|language=it}}</ref> Paraguay (2.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Paraguayans]]),<ref name="ABC Color">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.com.py/articulos/los-italianos-y-su-aporte-a-la-nacion-259396.html|title = Los italianos y su aporte a la nación - Articulos - ABC Color}}</ref><ref name="ABC Color2">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/nacionalidad-italo-paraguaya-es-un-hecho-segun-embajador-italiano-1758782.html|title=Ya se puede sacar la nacionalidad italiana|access-date=29 May 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Última Hora, 37%">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultimahora.com/destacan-influencia-migracion-italiana-la-sociedad-paraguaya-n1106382.html|title=Destacan influencia de migración italiana en la sociedad paraguaya|date=7 September 2017 |access-date=18 June 2020|language=es}}</ref> Colombia (2&nbsp;million [[Italian Colombian]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|title=Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|archive-date=9 February 2018|language=it}}</ref> Uruguay (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Uruguayans]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelsclick.com/hoteles/UY/Uruguay-DEMOGRAF%C3%ADA-5.html|title=- Uruguay - Info|website=www.hotelsclick.com}}</ref> Peru (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Peruvians]]),<ref name="Embajada de Italia en Perú, 540,000">{{cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/europa/embajador-italia-aca-hay-muchas-oportunidades-empresas-noticia-461242-noticia/ | title=Embajador de Italia en Perú: Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas | date=27 September 2017 | newspaper=El Comercio | access-date=22 December 2019 | last1=Giner Vásquez | first1=Renzo}}</ref> Canada (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Canadians]]),<ref name="Italian Canadians">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2022-10-26|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2022-10-26}}</ref> Germany (1.2&nbsp;million [[Italians in Germany|Italian Germans]])<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Recchi|first1=Ettore|last2=Baglioni|first2=Lorenzo Gabrielli e Lorenzo G.|date=2021-04-16|title=Italiani d'Europa: Quanti sono, dove sono? Una nuova stima sulla base dei profili di Facebook|url=https://www.neodemos.info/2021/04/16/italiani-deuropa-quanti-sono-dove-sono-una-nuova-stima-sulla-base-dei-profili-di-facebook/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Neodemos|language=it-IT}}</ref> and Australia (1&nbsp;million [[Italian Australians]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=ABS Ancestry |year=2012}}</ref>
 
In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former [[Italian colonial empire]]. There were about 100,000 settlers living in [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/rds-01emigrazione.pdf |title=Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]], and about 150,000 in [[Italian Libya|Libya]];<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46562/Italian-colonization Libya – Italian colonization]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> that mostly left Africa after [[World War II]] and [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization]].
 
=== After 1945 ===
 
==== Outcomes of World War II and decolonization ====


=== After World War II ===
[[File:Italians leave Pola.jpg|thumb|[[Istrian Italians]] leave [[Pula|Pola]] in 1947 during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]]]
[[File:Italians leave Pola.jpg|thumb|[[Istrian Italians]] leave [[Pula|Pola]] in 1947 during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]]]


After [[Marshal Tito|Tito]]'s annexation of [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] following the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], up to 350,000 local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) left [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|communist Yugoslavia]] ([[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_VCBtYq1H4C&pg=PA11|title=Istria|page=11|author1=Thammy Evans |author2=Rudolf Abraham |year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841624457|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste|author=James M. Markham|date=6 June 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Furthermore, all of Libya's Italians were expelled after [[Libyan Revolution of 1969|Muammar Gaddafi's takeover]] in 1970.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4380360.stm Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.]. BBC News. 27 October 2005.</ref>
After communist [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] annexed [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] following the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], up to 350,000 local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) fled to Italy in the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_VCBtYq1H4C&pg=PA11|title=Istria|page=11|author1=Thammy Evans |author2=Rudolf Abraham |year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-445-7|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste|author=James M. Markham|date=6 June 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> In addition, [[World War II]] itself caused half a million military and civilian [[World War II casualties|casualties]]. Finally, in 1970 about 20,000 Italians were [[1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya|expelled]] from Libya by Muammar Gaddafi's regime.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4380360.stm Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.] BBC News. 27 October 2005.</ref>
 
==== Post-war economic miracle ====
 
Rapid economic growth in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s caused massive inflows of migrants from rural areas of Southern Italy to the so-called "industrial triangle", the area containing the major industrial cities of [[Milan]] and [[Turin]] and the seaport of [[Genoa]], in north-west Italy.  Between 1955 and 1971, around 9 million people are estimated to have been involved in [[Internal migration in Italy|inter-regional migrations]], uprooting entire communities and creating large metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite book
  | author = Paul Ginsborg
  | title = A history of contemporary Italy
  | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
  | year=  2003
  | location = New York
  | page = 219
  | isbn = 1-4039-6153-0}}</ref>
 
==== 21st century ====


As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought by rapid postwar economic growth, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, by the 1970s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonifazi |first1=Corrado |last2=Heins |first2=Frank |last3=Strozza |first3=Salvatore |last4=Vitiello |first4=Mattia |title=Italy: The Italian transition from an emigration to immigration country |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267773953 |website=ResearchGate.net |publisher=Idea Working Papers |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> The nation's immigrant population reached 5 million by 2015, making up some 8% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/149003 |title=La popolazione straniera residente in Italia nel 2014 |language=it |date=12 February 2015 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)]] |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> However, the long-lasting effects of the [[Eurozone crisis]] [[double-dip recession]] strongly slowed down immigration rates in Italy in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caponio |first1=Tiziana |last2=Cappiali |first2=Teresa |title=Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60036/Main_article_Caponio_Cappiali_post-print.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>
The rapid transition from agrarian to post-industrial society accelerated numerous demographic trends, including a sharp decline in fertility and birth rates, fast population aging and a shrinking workforce; by the 1980s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonifazi |first1=Corrado |last2=Heins |first2=Frank |last3=Strozza |first3=Salvatore |last4=Vitiello |first4=Mattia |title=Italy: The Italian transition from an emigration to immigration country |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267773953 |website=ResearchGate.net |publisher=Idea Working Papers |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> By the 1990s, as Italy's TFR dropped below 1.2 and deaths outpaced births, international migration became the main driver of population growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Billari |first1=Francesco C. |last2=Dalla Zuanna |first2=Gianpiero |title=Is replacement migration actually taking place in low fertility countries? |journal=Genus | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/genus.67.3.105 | url-access = subscription | date=2011 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=105–123 |access-date=16 September 2025 |publisher=La Sapienza University |location=Rome}}</ref> Foreign-born residents in Italy increased from 1.3 million in 2001, to 4 million in 2011, and 5.2 million in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapporto 2024: Cittadini stranieri in Italia. Indagine statistico-demografica |url=https://www.astrid-online.it/static/upload/rapp/0000/rapporto-onc.pdf |publisher=[[National Council for Economics and Labour]] |access-date=16 September 2025 |page=20 |language=Italian}}</ref>


In calendar years 2020 and 2021, as a direct effect of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]][[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|cron]] hybrid variant, Italy has registered at least 178,000 excess deaths, a reduction of about 1.4 years in the average [[life expectancy]], a noticeable decrease in birth rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates. Thus, there's a record natural population decline of 342,042 units in that{{clarify|date=April 2024}} year, the largest ever recorded since the start of the pandemic. During the first two years of the pandemic, Italy is one of the total number of highest excess deaths from all causes was the highest recorded since [[Italy in World War I|World War I]], [[Spanish flu pandemic]], [[Great Depression]], and [[Italy in World War II|World War II]].<ref name="id2020">{{cite web|access-date=3 May 2021|url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf|title=Indicatori demografici, anno 2020}}</ref>
In the 2010s, as a combined effect of the [[2008 financial crisis|global financial crisis]], the [[Eurozone crisis]] [[double-dip recession]] and the [[Arab Spring]], Italy experienced a significant slowdown in legal international migration, that coincided with the arrival of more than [[2015 European migrant crisis|150,000 illegal asylum seekers]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caponio |first1=Tiziana |last2=Cappiali |first2=Teresa |title=Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60036/Main_article_Caponio_Cappiali_post-print.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>


In November 2022, Italy's birth rate declined to its lowest level on record since 1861, with fewer than 400,000 births recorded that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Italian population keeps shrinking as birth rate hits record low in 2022 |url=https://tvpworld.com/69039959/italian-population-keeps-shrinking-as-birth-rate-hits-record-low-in-2022 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=tvpworld.com |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424122019/https://tvpworld.com/69039959/italian-population-keeps-shrinking-as-birth-rate-hits-record-low-in-2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Italian births drop to lowest level since country's unification |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cf234ec0-ce06-4ce4-bd3c-e33f28680005 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population collapse imminent? Italy's birth rate drops to historic low in 2022 |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/population-collapse-imminent-italys-birth-rate-drops-to-historic-low-in-2022-580435 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=WION |date=8 April 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=April 08 |title=Italy's national birth rate declared a national emergency |date=2023-04-08 |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/italys-national-birth-rate-declared-a-national-emergency/video/038ec54e4d96aa6658ea51a0e656789a |access-date=2023-05-10 |language=en |last2=2023 - 5:27pm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Italy's Birth Rate Slumps to a Historical Low, Istat Says |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-07/italy-s-birth-rate-slumps-to-a-historical-low-istat-says |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-04-07 |title=Births in Italy hit record low in 2022, population shrinks further |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/births-italy-hit-record-low-2022-population-shrinks-further-2023-04-07/ |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref>
As a direct effect of the 2020-2023 [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]], Italy registered [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|more than 198,000 excess deaths]], while the associated economic uncertainty and disruption of social relations have been linked to a marked decline in fertility rates across numerous Western countries, including Italy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winkler-Dvorak |first1=Maria |last2=Zeman |first2=Kryštof |last3=Sobotka |first3=Tomáš |title=Birth rate decline in the later phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of policy interventions, vaccination programmes, and economic uncertainty |journal=Human Reproduction Open |volume= 2024 | date = 10 September 2024 |issue=3 |article-number=hoae052 |doi = 10.1093/hropen/hoae052 |pmid=39345877 |pmc=11438547 }}</ref> In subsequent years, the average number of births in Italy fell from 494,000 in 2010–19 to 399,000 in 2020–22, while deaths increased from 617,000 to 719,000; as a result, the natural balance declined form -123,000 to -320,000, largely not compensated by net migration,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Biangiardo |first1=Gian Carlo |title=The 'demographic winter' in Italy: Crisis factors, problematic issues and policy actions |journal=European View |date=2024 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.1177/17816858241240559 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17816858241240559 |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref> discouraged by COVID-19 restrictions and the [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]].


== Population ==
== Population ==
Line 99: Line 123:
|2011 | 59,433,744
|2011 | 59,433,744
|2021 |59030133|2025|58934177|source=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861–2010 |url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/03/cap_2.pdf |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}
|2021 |59030133|2025|58934177|source=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861–2010 |url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/03/cap_2.pdf |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}
{{#chart:Italy Total Population.chart}}
{{Further|Italians}}
{{Further|Italians}}
{{Chart|definition=Italy Population Growth Rate.chart|data=Italy Population Growth Rate.tab|Width=550}}


=== Life expectancy ===
=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of Italian provinces by life expectancy}}
{{See also|List of Italian provinces by life expectancy}}
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -regions, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian regions by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/tavole/?t=indicatori |title=Indicatori demografici |lang=it |work=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |trans-title=Demographic indicators}}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -regions, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian regions by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/tavole/?t=indicatori |title=Indicatori demografici |language=it |work=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |trans-title=Demographic indicators}}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -provinces, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian provinces by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT" />]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -provinces, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian provinces by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT" />]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Italy -diff.png|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Italy since 1960 with sex gap]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Italy -diff.png|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Italy since 1960 with sex gap]]
Line 181: Line 207:
|42.3
|42.3
|43.7
|43.7
|41.7
|67.8
|-
|-
!Years
!Years
Line 346: Line 372:
|83.3
|83.3
|}
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>


===Fertility===
===Fertility===
By 2021, the number of [[births]] had fallen to 400,249, a decrease of 25% compared to 2011. If the trend is not reversed, it may adversely affect [[GDP growth]] and [[social security]] benefits.<ref name="torinonews24.it">{{cite web|url=https://torinonews24.it/news/italia-crollo-natalita-in-dieci-anni-i-nuovi-nati-scendono-del-25-ecco-i-motivi/|title=Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi|date=21 February 2023|website=torinonews24.it}}</ref> The reasons that [[Italians]] give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their job and lack of [[Public service|services]] for [[families]], but it is claimed that these problems have ceased to be the main motivation for [[childlessness]].{{dubious|date=April 2024}}<ref name="torinonews24.it"/> Other countries such as [[Sweden]] and [[France]] with superior [[childcare]] service and better job conditions also have [[Sub-replacement fertility|birth rates below the population replacement level]], which is approximately 2.1.
Italy experienced a short-term growth in fertility and birth rates in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf|title=Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005–2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|access-date=10 May 2009|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171721/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf}}</ref> The TFR temporarily rose from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.46 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf|title=Average number of children born per woman 2005–2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|access-date=3 May 2009|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171708/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf}}</ref> By 2024, Italy's TFR dropped again to 1.18.<ref name="Istat 2024"/> The decline in fertility, that in Italy and Spain is more pronounced that in northern European countries, has long puzzled demographers; some tentative explanations could be rooted in the lack of affordable childcare services and sociocultural norms regarding family building  and female work participation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kertzer |first1=David |last2=White |first2=Michael J. |last3=Bernardi |first3=Laura |last4=Gabrielli |first4=Giuseppe |title=Italy's Path to Very Low Fertility: The Adequacy of Economic and Second Demographic Transition Theories |journal=European Journal of Population |date=2008 |volume=1 |issue=25 |pages=89–115 |doi=10.1007/s10680-008-9159-5 |pmid=19816540 |pmc=2758366 }}</ref>


===Historical fertility rates===
In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman
[[File:Total fertility rate of Italy overtime to 2016.svg|thumb|466x466px|TFR of Italy overtime to 2016]]
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. This table is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World in Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Famiglia Giuseppe Riggio 2.jpg|thumb|230px|The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871–1960) with his large [[nuclear family]] in 1925]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Total fertility rates in Italy<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
! Years !! 1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860
|-
| align="left"|Rate||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.47||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.42||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.33||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.29||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.24||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.19||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.10||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.01
|-
! Years !! !!1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.96||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.93||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90
|-
! Years !! !!1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.95||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98
|-
! Years !! !!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.00||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.03||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.05||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.03||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.02||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.95
|-
! Years !!  !!1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.84||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.74||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.69||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.64||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.59||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.56
|}
In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman.


'''Mother's mean age at first birth;''' 31.1 years (2017 est.)
'''Mother's mean age at first birth;''' 31.1 years (2017 est.)


===Internal migration===
===Historical Total Fertility Rate===
{{main|Internal migration in Italy}}
[[File:Centrale termica falck.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Falck Group|Falck steelworks]] in [[Sesto San Giovanni]], in [[Lombardy]]]]


[[Internal migration in Italy]] is a [[human migration]] within the [[Italian geographical region]] that occurred for similar reasons to [[Italian diaspora|emigration]], primarily socioeconomic.<ref name="salogentis">{{cite web|url=http://www.salogentis.it/2012/11/16/lemigrazione-interna-italiana-negli-anni-50-e-60/|title=L'emigrazione interna italiana negli anni '50 e '60|date=16 November 2012 |accessdate=8 February 2018|language=it}}</ref> Its largest wave consisted of 4 million people moving from [[Southern Italy]] to [[Northern Italy]] (and mostly to Northern or Central Italian industrial cities like Rome or Milan, etc.), between the 1950s and 1970s.<ref name="uniud">{{cite web|url=https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|title=Una indagine CATI per lo studio della mobilità interna in Italia in un'ottica longitudinale|accessdate=8 February 2018|language=it|archivedate=20 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420020548/https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{#chart:Italy TFR.chart}}
[[File:Famiglia Giuseppe Riggio 2.jpg|thumb|230px|The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871–1960) with his large [[nuclear family]] in 1925]]


The oldest migration goes back to the 11th century when soldiers and settlers from [[Northern Italy]] (at the time collectively called "Lombardy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/lombardo/|title=Lombardo|accessdate=15 April 2022|work=treccani.it|language=it}}</ref>), settled the central and eastern part of [[Sicily]] during the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. After the marriage between the Norman king [[Roger I of Sicily]] with [[Adelaide del Vasto]], member of [[Aleramici]] family, many Lombard colonisers left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]], to settle on the island of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323|title=The Society of Norman Italy|author1=Graham A. Loud|author2=Alex Metcalfe|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125418}}</ref><ref>These Lombard colonisers were native northern Italians and should not be confused with the Germanic tribe the [[Lombards]], who were referred to as ''longobardi'' to distinguish them from the Italians of the region who were known as ''lombardi''.</ref> The migration of people from Northern Italy to Sicily continued until the end of the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Fiorenzo Toso |title = Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia |publisher = Il Mulino |year = 2008 |page = 137 |isbn = 978-88-15-12677-1|language=it}}</ref>
.


=== Age structure ===
=== Age structure ===
Line 395: Line 394:
:''55-64 years:'' 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)
:''55-64 years:'' 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)
:''65 years and over:'' 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)
:''65 years and over:'' 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)
{{#chart:Italy Age Structure.chart}}


'''Median age'''
'''Median age'''
Line 404: Line 405:
{{See also|Metropolitan areas in Italy|List of cities in Italy by population}}
{{See also|Metropolitan areas in Italy|List of cities in Italy by population}}


70.4% of Italian population is classified as [[Urban population|urban]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=19 December 2011 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant [[devolution]] in recent decades; the [[Metropolitan Area (Italy)|metropolitan area]] was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a [[Provinces of Italy|provincial]] status.
70.4% of Italian population is classified as [[Urban population|urban]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=19 December 2011 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant [[devolution]] in recent decades; the [[Metropolitan Area (Italy)|metropolitan area]] was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a [[Provinces of Italy|provincial]] status.


According to [[OECD]],<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |title=Competitive Cities in the Global Economy |url=http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001192936/http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> the largest conurbations are:
According to [[OECD]],<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |title=Competitive Cities in the Global Economy |url=http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001192936/http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> the largest conurbations are:
* [[Milan]] – 7.4&nbsp;million
* [[Milan]] – 7.4&nbsp;million
* [[Rome]] – 3.7&nbsp;million
* [[Rome]] – 3.7&nbsp;million
Line 413: Line 414:
'''Urbanization'''
'''Urbanization'''


:
:urban population: 71% of total population (2020)
:urban population: 71% of total population (2020)
:rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
:rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
Line 514: Line 514:
== Vital statistics ==
== Vital statistics ==
===Statistics since 1862===
===Statistics since 1862===
<ref>B. R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf|title=United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1952}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/|title=Demo-Geodemo. – Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT|first=Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro|last=Roberto|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arachi |first=Alessandra |date=2022-12-15 |title=Siamo sempre meno e sempre più anziani, calano gli stranieri |url=https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/22_dicembre_15/istat-siamo-sempre-meno-sempre-piu-anziani-calano-stranieri-censimento-anche-senza-fissa-dimora-17bbf18a-7c59-11ed-840c-2c5260b7208b.shtml |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age and sex |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_pjan__custom_8900247/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident population by sex, live births, deaths, natural increasing, net migration, total balance and birth rates, mortality rate, natural growth rate and total migration rate - Years 1862-2014 at current borders |url=https://seriestoriche.istat.it/index.php?id=1&no_cache=1&L=1&tx_usercento_centofe%5Bcategoria%5D=32&tx_usercento_centofe%5Baction%5D=show&tx_usercento_centofe%5Bcontroller%5D=Categoria&cHash=04e5a2e51acfa92f173aac082f0d8872 |access-date= |website=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] (ISTAT)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en&category=demo.demo_ind |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Eurostat}}</ref>
<ref>B. R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf|title=United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1952}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/|title= Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT|first1=Vincenzo | last1 = Patruno | first2 = Marina | last2 = Venturi | first3 = Silvestro|last3=Roberto|website=DEMO | publisher = Istat {{!}} Istituto nazionale di statistica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arachi |first=Alessandra |date=2022-12-15 |title=Siamo sempre meno e sempre più anziani, calano gli stranieri |url=https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/22_dicembre_15/istat-siamo-sempre-meno-sempre-piu-anziani-calano-stranieri-censimento-anche-senza-fissa-dimora-17bbf18a-7c59-11ed-840c-2c5260b7208b.shtml |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age and sex |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_pjan__custom_8900247/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident population by sex, live births, deaths, natural increasing, net migration, total balance and birth rates, mortality rate, natural growth rate and total migration rate - Years 1862-2014 at current borders |url=https://seriestoriche.istat.it/index.php?id=1&no_cache=1&L=1&tx_usercento_centofe%5Bcategoria%5D=32&tx_usercento_centofe%5Baction%5D=show&tx_usercento_centofe%5Bcontroller%5D=Categoria&cHash=04e5a2e51acfa92f173aac082f0d8872 |website=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] (ISTAT)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en&category=demo.demo_ind |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Eurostat}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
|-
!
!
! width="80pt" |Average population (January 1)
! width="80pt" |Average population (1 January)
! width="80pt" |Live births
! width="80pt" |Live births
! width="80pt" |Deaths
! width="80pt" |Deaths
Line 526: Line 526:
! width="80pt" |Natural change (per 1,000)
! width="80pt" |Natural change (per 1,000)
! width="80pt" |Crude migration change (per 1,000)
! width="80pt" |Crude migration change (per 1,000)
! width="80pt" |[[Total fertility rate]]s{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.}}<ref name="ourworldindata.org" /><ref name="cia.gov">{{citation |title=The World FactBook – Italy |date=3 February 2021 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/ |work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref>
! width="80pt" |[[Total fertility rate]]s{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.}}<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|archive-date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">{{citation |title=The World FactBook – Italy |date=3 February 2021 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/ |work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
|1862
|1862
|26,328,000
| align="right" style="color: red" | 26,328,000
|991,000
|991,000
|815,000
|815,000
Line 1,134: Line 1,134:
|-
|-
| 1917
| 1917
| align="right" style="color: red" | 36,343,000
| 36,343,000
| align="right" | 691,207
| align="right" | 691,207
| align="right" | 948,710
| align="right" | 948,710
Line 1,145: Line 1,145:
|-
|-
| 1918
| 1918
| align="right" style="color: red" | 35,922,000
| 35,922,000
| align="right" | 640,263
| align="right" | 640,263
| align="right" style="color: red" | 1,268,290
| align="right" style="color: red" | 1,268,290
Line 1,156: Line 1,156:
|-
|-
| 1919
| 1919
| align="right" style="color: red" | 35,717,000
| 35,717,000
| align="right" | 770,620
| align="right" | 770,620
| align="right" | 676,329
| align="right" | 676,329
Line 1,420: Line 1,420:
|-
|-
| 1943
| 1943
| align="right" style="color: red" | 44,641,000
| 44,641,000
| align="right" | 882,105
| align="right" | 882,105
| align="right" | 679,708
| align="right" | 679,708
Line 1,519: Line 1,519:
|-
|-
| 1952
| 1952
| align="right" | 47,666,000 <ref>[https://seriestoriche.istat.it/ Resident population at 1 January and average by region and geographical area - Years 1952-2014, visited August 27 2023]</ref>
| align="right" | 47,666,000 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seriestoriche.istat.it/|title=Serie Storiche}}</ref>
| align="right" | 863,661
| align="right" | 863,661
| align="right" | 488,470
| align="right" | 488,470
Line 1,995: Line 1,995:
| align="right" | 526,064
| align="right" | 526,064
| align="right" | 555,203
| align="right" | 555,203
| align="right" style="color: red" | -29.139
| align="right" style="color: red" | -29,139
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.8
Line 2,039: Line 2,039:
| align="right" | 537,242
| align="right" | 537,242
| align="right" | 571,356
| align="right" | 571,356
| align="right" style="color: red" | -34.114
| align="right" style="color: red" | -34,114
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 10.0
Line 2,061: Line 2,061:
| align="right" | 535,282
| align="right" | 535,282
| align="right" | 548,254
| align="right" | 548,254
| align="right" style="color: red" | -12.972
| align="right" style="color: red" | -12,972
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.8
Line 2,105: Line 2,105:
| align="right" | 554,022
| align="right" | 554,022
| align="right" | 567,304
| align="right" | 567,304
| align="right" style="color: red" | -13.282
| align="right" style="color: red" | -13,282
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.8
Line 2,127: Line 2,127:
| align="right" | 563,933
| align="right" | 563,933
| align="right" | 570,801
| align="right" | 570,801
| align="right" style="color: red" | -6.868
| align="right" style="color: red" | -6,868
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.8
Line 2,149: Line 2,149:
| align="right" | 568,857
| align="right" | 568,857
| align="right" | 591,663
| align="right" | 591,663
| align="right" style="color: red" | -22.806
| align="right" style="color: red" | -22,806
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.8
Line 2,160: Line 2,160:
| align="right" | 561,944
| align="right" | 561,944
| align="right" | 587,488
| align="right" | 587,488
| align="right" style="color: red" | -25.544
| align="right" style="color: red" | -25,544
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.7
Line 2,222: Line 2,222:
| align="right" | 1.36
| align="right" | 1.36
|-
|-
| 2016
|2016
| align="right" style="color: red" | 60,666,000
| 60,666,000
| align="right" | 473,438
| align="right" | 473,438
| align="right" | 615,261
| align="right" | 615,261
Line 2,234: Line 2,234:
|-
|-
| 2017
| 2017
| align="right" style="color: red" | 60,579,000
| 60,579,000
| align="right" | 458,151
| align="right" | 458,151
| align="right" | 649,061
| align="right" | 649,061
Line 2,245: Line 2,245:
|-
|-
| 2018
| 2018
| align="right" style="color: red" | 60,484,000
| 60,484,000
| align="right" | 439,747
| align="right" | 439,747
| align="right" | 633,133
| align="right" | 633,133
Line 2,256: Line 2,256:
|-
|-
| 2019
| 2019
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,816,673
| 59,816,673
| align="right" | 420,084
| align="right" | 420,084
| align="right" | 634,417
| align="right" | 634,417
Line 2,267: Line 2,267:
|-
|-
| 2020
| 2020
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,641,488
| 59,641,488
| align="right" | 404,892
| align="right" | 404,892
| align="right" | 740,317
| align="right" | 740,317
Line 2,278: Line 2,278:
|-
|-
| 2021
| 2021
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,236,213
| 59,236,213
| align="right" | 400,249
| align="right" | 400,249
| align="right" | 701,346
| align="right" | 701,346
Line 2,289: Line 2,289:
|-
|-
| 2022
| 2022
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,030,133
| 59,030,133
| align="right" | 393,333
| align="right" | 393,333
| align="right" | 715,077
| align="right" | 715,077
Line 2,300: Line 2,300:
|-
|-
| 2023
| 2023
| align="right" style="color: red" | 58,997,201
| 58,997,201
| align="right" | 379,890
| align="right" | 379,890
| align="right" | 671,065
| align="right" | 671,065
| align="right" style="color: red" | -291,175
| align="right" style="color: red" | -291,175
| align="right" | 6.4
| align="right" | 6.4
| align="right" | 11.2
| align="right" | 11.2
Line 2,311: Line 2,311:
|-
|-
| 2024
| 2024
| align="right" style="color: red" | 58,971,230
| 58,971,230
| align="right" style="color: red" | 369,922
| align="right" style="color: red" | 369,944
| align="right" | 650,587
| align="right" | 650,587
| align="right" style="color: red" | -280,665
| align="right" style="color: red" | -280,643
| align="right" style="color: red" | 6.3
| align="right" style="color: red" | 6.3
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" | 10.8
Line 2,322: Line 2,322:
|-
|-
| 2025
| 2025
| align="right" style="color: red" | 58,934,177
| 58,934,177
| align="right" style="color: red" |
| align="right" style="color: red" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
Line 2,332: Line 2,332:
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|}
|}
In the year 2023, 80,942 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 21.31% of all newborns in that year (20,084 or 5.29% were born to foreign mothers, 9,411 or 2.48% to foreign fathers, and 51,447 or 13.54% to two foreign parents). In Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) only 9.01 percent of all newborns had 1 or 2 foreign parents, while in Central and Northern Italy their share reached 23.72 and 30.01 percent, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://demo.istat.it/?l=en|title=Birthrate and fertility}}</ref>
In the year 2024, 80,761 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 21.83 percent of all newborns in that year (20,336 or 5.50 percent were born to foreign mothers, 9,832 or 2.66 percent to foreign fathers, and 50,593 or 13.68 percent to two foreign parents). In Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) only 9.47 percent of all newborns had 1 or 2 foreign parents, while in Central and Northern Italy their share reached 23.98 and 30.55 percent, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://demo.istat.it/?l=en|title=Birthrate and fertility|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>


===Current vital statistics===
===Current vital statistics===
<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=D7B&l=en|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|+
Line 2,341: Line 2,342:
! Live births
! Live births
! Deaths
! Deaths
! Natural increase
! Natural change
|-
|-
| '''January - March 2024'''
| '''January—July 2024'''
| 92,127
| 210,938
| 173,018
| 375,606
| -80,891
| -164,668
|-
|-
| '''January - March 2025'''
| '''January—July 2025'''
| 84,927
| 197,956
| 175,409
| 379,056
| -90,482
| -181,100
|-
|-
| '''Difference'''
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -7,200 (-7.82%)
| {{decrease}} -12,982 (-6.22%)
| {{increasenegative}} +2,391 (+1.38%)
| {{increasenegative}} +3,450 (+0.54%)
| {{decrease}} -9,591
| {{decrease}} -16,432
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''Source:'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=D7B&l=en|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
|}
|}


Line 2,431: Line 2,430:
|0.91
|0.91
|}
|}
====Total fertility rates by province====
====Total fertility rates by province====
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=FE1&l=en |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=FE1&l=en |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
Line 2,864: Line 2,864:
| align="right" | 6.66
| align="right" | 6.66
|-
|-
| align="right" | 65-69
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 1 652 948
| align="right" | 1 652 948
| align="right" | 1 821 385
| align="right" | 1 821 385
Line 2,870: Line 2,870:
| align="right" | 5.87
| align="right" | 5.87
|-
|-
| align="right" | 70-74
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 1 609 510
| align="right" | 1 609 510
| align="right" | 1 831 661
| align="right" | 1 831 661
Line 2,876: Line 2,876:
| align="right" | 5.81
| align="right" | 5.81
|-
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 1 140 634
| align="right" | 1 140 634
| align="right" | 1 406 576
| align="right" | 1 406 576
Line 2,882: Line 2,882:
| align="right" | 4.30
| align="right" | 4.30
|-
|-
| align="right" | 80-84
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 953 118
| align="right" | 953 118
| align="right" | 1 324 845
| align="right" | 1 324 845
Line 2,888: Line 2,888:
| align="right" | 3.85
| align="right" | 3.85
|-
|-
| align="right" | 85-89
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 513 213
| align="right" | 513 213
| align="right" | 882 889
| align="right" | 882 889
Line 2,894: Line 2,894:
| align="right" | 2.36
| align="right" | 2.36
|-
|-
| align="right" | 90-94
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 186 194
| align="right" | 186 194
| align="right" | 443 464
| align="right" | 443 464
Line 2,900: Line 2,900:
| align="right" | 1.06
| align="right" | 1.06
|-
|-
| align="right" | 95-99
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 34 670
| align="right" | 34 670
| align="right" | 123 247
| align="right" | 123 247
Line 2,906: Line 2,906:
| align="right" | 0.27
| align="right" | 0.27
|-
|-
| align="right" | 100-104
| align="right" | 100–104
| align="right" | 2 728
| align="right" | 2 728
| align="right" | 13 404
| align="right" | 13 404
Line 2,912: Line 2,912:
| align="right" | 0.03
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
|-
| align="right" | 105-109
| align="right" | 105–109
| align="right" | 117
| align="right" | 117
| align="right" | 907
| align="right" | 907
Line 2,953: Line 2,953:
==Health==
==Health==
'''Obesity – adult prevalence rate'''
'''Obesity – adult prevalence rate'''
:
: 19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108
: 19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108


Line 2,968: Line 2,967:
Italy does not collect data on ethnicity or race of the country, but does collect data on nationality of its residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shendruk |first=Amanda |date=2021-07-08 |title=Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race? |url=https://qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Quartz}}</ref>
Italy does not collect data on ethnicity or race of the country, but does collect data on nationality of its residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shendruk |first=Amanda |date=2021-07-08 |title=Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race? |url=https://qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Quartz}}</ref>


In 2021, [[Istat]] estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population.<ref name="id2020" /> These figures do not include [[naturalized]] foreign-born residents (121,457 foreigners acquired [[Italian citizenship]] in 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Acquisitions of citizenship : Most relevant country of citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=2da4a73f-72e4-46b4-a3dc-1b66e6c78dc7&themetreeid=-200 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> as well as [[illegal immigrants]], the so-called ''clandestini'', whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.<ref>Elisabeth Rosenthal, "[http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/05/16/italy_cracks_down_on_illegal_immigration/ Italy cracks down on illegal immigration]". ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. 16 May 2008.</ref> [[Romanians]] made up the largest community in the country (1,145,718; around 10% of them being ethnic [[Romani people]]<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42404 EUROPE: Home to Roma, And No Place for Them]". [[Inter Press Service|IPS]] ipsnews.net. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305064429/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42404|date=5 March 2012}}</ref>), followed by [[Albanians]] (441,027) and [[Moroccans]] (422,980).<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Cittadini stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2018/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=istat.it |publisher=istat |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lanni, Alessandro |date=27 December 2015 |title=From Morocco to Romania: how immigration to Italy has changed over 10 years |url=https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/from-morocco-to-romania-marocco-how-immigration-to-italy-changed-in-10-years/ |access-date=10 March 2016 |work=Open Migration}}</ref>
In 2021, [[Istat]] estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population.<ref name="id2020">{{cite web|access-date=3 May 2021|url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf|title=Indicatori demografici, anno 2020}}</ref> These figures do not include [[naturalized]] foreign-born residents (121,457 foreigners acquired [[Italian citizenship]] in 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Acquisitions of citizenship: Most relevant country of citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=2da4a73f-72e4-46b4-a3dc-1b66e6c78dc7&themetreeid=-200 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> as well as [[illegal immigrants]], the so-called ''clandestini'', whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.<ref>Elisabeth Rosenthal, "[http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/05/16/italy_cracks_down_on_illegal_immigration/ Italy cracks down on illegal immigration]". ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. 16 May 2008.</ref> [[Romanians]] made up the largest community in the country (1,145,718; around 10% of them being ethnic [[Romani people]]<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42404 EUROPE: Home to Roma, And No Place for Them]". [[Inter Press Service|IPS]] ipsnews.net. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305064429/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42404|date=5 March 2012}}</ref>), followed by [[Albanians]] (441,027) and [[Moroccans]] (422,980).<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Cittadini stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2018/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=istat.it |publisher=istat |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lanni, Alessandro |date=27 December 2015 |title=From Morocco to Romania: how immigration to Italy has changed over 10 years |url=https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/from-morocco-to-romania-marocco-how-immigration-to-italy-changed-in-10-years/ |access-date=10 March 2016 |work=Open Migration}}</ref>


The fourth largest community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the [[Chinese people|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2019 |title=Società Stranieri in Italia, 5,2 milioni i residenti regolari. Romania e Cina le provenienze con i maggiori incrementi negli ultimi 8 anni |agency=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]] |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/09/20/stranieri-in-italia-52-milioni-i-residenti-regolari-romania-e-cina-le-provenienze-con-i-maggiori-incrementi-negli-ultimi-8-anni/5465956/ |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of [[Wenzhou]] in the province of [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chang, Angela |date=24 February 2012 |title=20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264706975 |access-date=11 March 2015 |work=ResearchGate}}</ref> Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=I numeri degli stranieri residenti in Italia |url=https://www.youtrend.it/2020/12/09/i-numeri-degli-stranieri-residenti-in-italia/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Youtrend.it}}</ref>
The fourth largest community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the [[Chinese people|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2019 |title=Società Stranieri in Italia, 5,2 milioni i residenti regolari. Romania e Cina le provenienze con i maggiori incrementi negli ultimi 8 anni |agency=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]] |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/09/20/stranieri-in-italia-52-milioni-i-residenti-regolari-romania-e-cina-le-provenienze-con-i-maggiori-incrementi-negli-ultimi-8-anni/5465956/ |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of [[Wenzhou]] in the province of [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chang, Angela |date=24 February 2012 |title=20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264706975 |access-date=11 March 2015 |work=ResearchGate}}</ref> Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=I numeri degli stranieri residenti in Italia |url=https://www.youtrend.it/2020/12/09/i-numeri-degli-stranieri-residenti-in-italia/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Youtrend.it}}</ref>
Line 2,975: Line 2,974:
:
:
: 3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th
: 3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th
:
 
{{table alignment}}
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable col1left" style="text-align:right;"
{| class="wikitable col1left" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan="3" |Nationality groups
! colspan="14" |Year
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nationality groups
! colspan="2" |2002<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Estimated resident population – Years 2002–2019 |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=12386&lang=en |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2002<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Estimated resident population – Years 2002–2019 |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=12386&lang=en |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2005<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2005<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2010<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2010<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2015<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2015<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2019<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2019<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship: Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128055552/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date= |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship: Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128055552/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en |archive-date=28 January 2022 |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# | title=Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# | title=Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship }}</ref>
|-
|-
Line 3,006: Line 3,004:
!{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italians
!{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italians
!55,651,856
!55,651,856
!97.64%
!97.64
!55,775,350
!55,775,350
!96.09%
!96.09
!{{font color|blue|55,853,967}}
!{{font color|blue|55,853,967}}
!93.57%
!93.57
!55,460,252
!55,460,252
!91.98%
!91.98
!54,820,515
!54,820,515
!91.65%
!91.65
!54,064,319
!54,064,319
!91.27%
!91.27
!53,855,860
!53,855,860
!91.29%
!91.29
|-
|-
!Foreigners
!Foreigners
!1,341,414
!1,341,414
!2.36%
!2.36
!2,269,018
!2,269,018
!3.91%
!3.91
!3,836,349
!3,836,349
!6.43%
!6.43
!4,835,245
!4,835,245
!8.02%
!8.02
!4,996,158
!4,996,158
!8.35%
!8.35
!5,171,894
!5,171,894
!8.73%
!8.73
!5,141,341
!5,141,341
!8.71%
!8.71
|-
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}} EU-27
|{{Flagicon|European Union}} EU-27
Line 3,246: Line 3,244:
!Total
!Total
!56,993,270
!56,993,270
!100%
!100
!58,044,368
!58,044,368
!100%
!100
!59,690,316
!59,690,316
!100%
!100
!60,295,497
!60,295,497
!100%
!100
!59,816,673
!59,816,673
!100%
!100
!59,236,213
!59,236,213
!100%
!100
!58,997,201
!58,997,201
!100%
!100
|}
|}
[[File:COB data Italy.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.]]
[[File:COB data Italy.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.]]
Line 3,265: Line 3,263:
|+ Total foreign resident  population on 1 January<ref group="note">The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.</ref>
|+ Total foreign resident  population on 1 January<ref group="note">The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.</ref>
! Year || Population
! Year || Population
!Ref.
|-
|-
| 2002|| 1,341,209<ref name="ricostruzione">{{cite web |date=26 September 2013 |title=Ricostruzione della popolazione residente per età, sesso e cittadinanza nei comuni |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/99464 |publisher=ISTAT |page=9}}</ref>
| 2002|| 1,341,209
| rowspan="10" |<ref name="ricostruzione">{{cite web |date=26 September 2013 |title=Ricostruzione della popolazione residente per età, sesso e cittadinanza nei comuni |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/99464 |publisher=ISTAT |page=9}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2003|| 1,464,663<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2003|| 1,464,663
|-
|-
| 2004|| 1,854,748<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2004|| 1,854,748
|-
|-
| 2005|| 2,210,478<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2005|| 2,210,478
|-
|-
| 2006|| 2,419,483<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2006|| 2,419,483
|-
|-
| 2007|| 2,592,950<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2007|| 2,592,950
|-
|-
| 2008|| 3,023,317<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2008|| 3,023,317
|-
|-
| 2009|| 3,402,435<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2009|| 3,402,435
|-
|-
| 2010|| 3,648,128<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2010|| 3,648,128
|-
|-
| 2011|| 3,879,224<ref name="ricostruzione" />
| 2011|| 3,879,224
|-
|-
| 2012|| 4,052,081<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str20111009/index.html Statistics for 2011 at istat.it] Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
| 2012|| 4,052,081
|<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str20111009/index.html Statistics for 2011 at istat.it] Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
|-
| 2013|| 4,387,721<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2012/index.html Statistics for 2013 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331033817/http://demo.istat.it/str2012/index.html|date=31 March 2017}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
| 2013|| 4,387,721
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilancio demografico popolazione straniera |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=P03&a=2012 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2014|| 4,922,085<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2013/index.html Statistics for 2013 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730080921/http://demo.istat.it/str2013/index.html|date=30 July 2015}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
| 2014|| 4,922,085
|<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2013/index.html Statistics for 2013 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730080921/http://demo.istat.it/str2013/index.html|date=30 July 2015}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
|-
| 2015|| 5,014,437<ref name="ISTAT2015">{{cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico al 31 dicembre 2014 |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=19 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| 2015|| 5,014,437
|<ref name="ISTAT2015">{{cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico al 31 dicembre 2014 |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=19 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2016|| 5,026,153<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html Statistics for 2015 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613091718/http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html|date=13 June 2016}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
| 2016|| 5,026,153
|<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html Statistics for 2015 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613091718/http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html|date=13 June 2016}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
|-
| 2017|| 5,047,028<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html Statistics for 2017 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707030714/http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html|date=7 July 2017}} Accessed 4 April 2018.</ref>
| 2017|| 5,047,028
|<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html Statistics for 2017 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707030714/http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html|date=7 July 2017}} Accessed 4 April 2018.</ref>
|-
|-
| 2018|| 5,144,440<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2017/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142909/http://www.demo.istat.it/bil2016/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
| 2018|| 5,144,440
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2017/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142909/http://www.demo.istat.it/bil2016/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2019|| 5,255,503<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=5.255.503 cittadini stranieri in Italia |language=it |website=aise.it |url=https://www.aise.it/immigrazione/5.255.503-cittadini-stranieri-in-italia/137126/149 |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
| 2019|| 5,255,503
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=5.255.503 cittadini stranieri in Italia |url=https://www.aise.it/immigrazione/5.255.503-cittadini-stranieri-in-italia/137126/149 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=aise.it |language=it}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2020|| 5,013,215<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=P03&a=2020|title=Bilancio demografico popolazione straniera|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
| 2020|| 5,013,215
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilancio demografico popolazione straniera |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=P03&a=2020 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2021
|2021
|5,171,894 (8.7%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do|title=Population by citizenship}}</ref>
|5,171,894 (8.7%)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by citizenship |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do}}</ref>
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 3,434: Line 3,444:


===Italy migration data===
===Italy migration data===
 
<ref>{{cite web |title=International Migration |url=https://demo.istat.it |access-date=2024-05-31 |publisher=Istat}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ Italy Migration Data of Italian nationals (1971-2014)
|+ Italy Migration Data of Italian nationals (1971–2014)
|-
|-
! Year !! Emigration !! Immigration !! Net Migration
! Year !! Emigration !! Immigration !! Net Migration
Line 3,579: Line 3,589:
| 2024 || 434,579 || 190,967 || 243,612
| 2024 || 434,579 || 190,967 || 243,612
|}
|}
<ref>{{cite web |title=International Migration |url=https://demo.istat.it |publisher=Istat |access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref>


== Languages ==
== Languages ==
{{Main|Regional Italian|Languages of Italy|Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|l3=Historical linguistic minorities of Italy}}
{{Main|Regional Italian|Languages of Italy|Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|l3=Historical linguistic minorities of Italy}}
[[File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg|right|thumb|250px|[[Languages of Italy|Local languages spoken in Italy]]]]
[[File:Linguistic map of Italy corrected.png|thumb|324x324px|[[Languages of Italy|Local languages spoken in Italy]]{{Image reference needed|date=November 2025}}]]
 
Italy's official language is Italian; [[Ethnologue]] has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7&nbsp;million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the [[Italian diaspora]] worldwide.<ref name="ethnologue.com" >[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy)] – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version</ref> Italian, adopted by the central state after the [[unification of Italy]], is a language based on the [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] variety of [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]] and is somewhat intermediate between the [[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] and the [[Gallo-Romance languages]]. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the [[Migration period|post-Roman invaders]]. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ita/|title=Italian &#124; Ethnologue Free|website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/207961|title=L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia|date=9 March 2018|publisher=Istat}}</ref>
Italy's official language is Italian; [[Ethnologue]] has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7&nbsp;million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the [[Italian diaspora]] worldwide.<ref name="ethnologue.com" >[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy)] – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version</ref> Italian, adopted by the central state after the [[unification of Italy]], is a language based on the [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] variety of [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]] and is somewhat intermediate between the [[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] and the [[Gallo-Romance languages]]. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the [[Migration period|post-Roman invaders]]. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ita/|title=Italian &#124; Ethnologue Free|website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/207961|title=L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia|date=9 March 2018|publisher=Istat}}</ref>


Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,<ref>«Italy holds especial treasures for linguists. There is probably no other area of Europe in which such a profusion of linguistic variation is concentrated into so small a geographical area». Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), ''The Dialects of Italy'', Psychology Press, p. 1</ref> as there are not only [[Regional Italian|varieties of Italian]] specific to each cultural region, but also distinct [[Languages of Italy|regional and minority languages]]. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster ([[RAI]]) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.
Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,<ref>«Italy holds especial treasures for linguists. There is probably no other area of Europe in which such a profusion of linguistic variation is concentrated into so small a geographical area». Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), ''The Dialects of Italy'', Psychology Press, p. 1</ref> as there are not only [[Regional Italian|varieties of Italian]] specific to each cultural region, but also distinct [[Languages of Italy|regional and minority languages]]. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster ([[RAI]]) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.


As a way to distance itself from the [[Italianization]] policies promoted because of [[Italian nationalism|nationalism]], Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "[[Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|historical linguistic minorities]]",<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |title=Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche |publisher=Italian parliament |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the [[Aosta Valley]] as the province's [[Prestige (linguistics)|prestige variety]], under which the more commonly spoken [[Franco-Provencal]] dialects have been historically roofed.<ref>L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta</ref> German has the same status in the province of [[South Tyrol|name=Bolzano]] as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring [[Trentino]], does [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref>L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 5, Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige</ref> [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>L.cost. 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1, Statuto speciale della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia</ref> and [[Friulian language|Friulian]] are officially recognised in the provinces of [[Province of Trieste|Trieste]], [[Province of Gorizia|Gorizia]] and [[Province of Udine|Udine]] in [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Venezia Giulia]]. In [[Sardinia]], the [[Sardinian language]] has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;<ref>Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), ''The Dialects of Italy'', Psychology Press, p. 2</ref> in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|url-status=dead}}</ref> the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the [[House of Savoy]] in the 18th century.
As a way to distance itself from the [[Italianization]] policies promoted because of [[Italian nationalism|nationalism]], Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "[[Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|historical linguistic minorities]]",<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |title=Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche |publisher=Italian parliament |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the [[Aosta Valley]] as the province's [[Prestige (linguistics)|prestige variety]], under which the more commonly spoken [[Franco-Provencal]] dialects have been historically roofed.<ref>L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta</ref> German has the same status in the province of [[South Tyrol|Bolzano]] as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring [[Trentino]], does [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref>L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 5, Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige</ref> [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>L.cost. 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1, Statuto speciale della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia</ref> and [[Friulian language|Friulian]] are officially recognised in the provinces of [[Province of Trieste|Trieste]], [[Province of Gorizia|Gorizia]] and [[Province of Udine|Udine]] in [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Venezia Giulia]]. In [[Sardinia]], the [[Sardinian language]] has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;<ref>Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), ''The Dialects of Italy'', Psychology Press, p. 2</ref> in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026}}</ref> the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the [[House of Savoy]] in the 18th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}


In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d'Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of [[Aosta]] itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.
In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d'Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of [[Aosta]] itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}


[[UNESCO]] and other authorities recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Emiliano-Romagnolo language|Emilian-Romagnolo]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]].
[[UNESCO]] and other authorities recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Emiliano-Romagnolo language|Emilian-Romagnolo]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}


== Religion ==
== Religion ==
Line 3,641: Line 3,648:
|color13 = red
|color13 = red
}}
}}
[[Roman Catholicism]] is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the [[state religion]]. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Roman Catholic,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/01_Gennaio/17/cattolici.shtml|title=Italy: 88% of Italy's population declare themselves Catholic|publisher=Corriere della Sera|date=18 January 2006|access-date = 10 May 2009|language=it}}</ref> although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of ''Italian citizens'' self-identified as Roman Catholic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eurispes.eu/content/rapporto-italia-2016-la-sindrome-del-palio|title=Rapporto Italia 2016. La sindrome del Palio|date=28 January 2016 |access-date = 10 November 2018|language=it}}</ref> This increased again to 78% in 2018.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP"/>
[[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the [[state religion]]. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Catholic,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/01_Gennaio/17/cattolici.shtml|title=Italy: 88% of Italy's population declare themselves Catholic|publisher=Corriere della Sera|date=18 January 2006|access-date = 10 May 2009|language=it}}</ref> although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of ''Italian citizens'' self-identified as Catholic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eurispes.eu/content/rapporto-italia-2016-la-sindrome-del-palio|title=Rapporto Italia 2016. La sindrome del Palio|date=28 January 2016 |access-date = 10 November 2018|language=it}}</ref> This increased again to 78% in 2018.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP"/>


Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a [[Eurobarometer]] Poll in 2005:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF|archivedate=24 May 2006}}</ref> 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.
Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a [[Eurobarometer]] Poll in 2005:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|title=ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF|archive-date=24 May 2006}}</ref> 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.


===Christianity===
===Christianity===
The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, [[curia]] in Rome, and the [[Conference of Italian Bishops]]. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, [[San Marino]] and [[Vatican City]]. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article [[List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy]]. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with [[Latin]], Italian is the most spoken and second language of the [[Roman Curia]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1066140.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Country profile: Vatican|date=26 October 2009|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, [[curia]] in Rome, and the [[Conference of Italian Bishops]]. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, [[San Marino]] and [[Vatican City]]. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article [[List of Catholic dioceses in Italy]]. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with [[Latin]], Italian is the most spoken and second language of the [[Roman Curia]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17994868|publisher=BBC News|title=Country profile: Vatican|date=26 October 2009|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>


Italy has a rich [[Catholic culture]], especially as numerous Catholic [[saint]]s, [[martyr]]s and popes were Italian themselves. Roman Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the [[Middle Ages]], [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Titian]] and [[Giotto]]. Roman Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as [[St Peter's Basilica]], [[Florence Cathedral]] and [[St Mark's Basilica]]. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s in the world,<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title= Living cardinals arranged by country|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/countrynow.htm#Top|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621}}</ref> and is the country with the greatest number of Roman Catholic churches per capita.<ref name="kwintessential.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/italy-country-profile.html |title=Italy – Italian Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette |publisher=Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812211310/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/italy-country-profile.html |archive-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Italy has a rich [[Catholic culture]], especially as numerous Catholic [[saint]]s, [[martyr]]s and popes were Italian themselves. Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the [[Middle Ages]], [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Titian]] and [[Giotto]]. Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as [[St Peter's Basilica]], [[Florence Cathedral]] and [[St Mark's Basilica]]. Catholicism is the largest religion and Christian denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s in the world,<ref>{{cite web|author-link=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title= Living cardinals arranged by country|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/countrynow.htm#Top|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621}}</ref> and is the country with the greatest number of Catholic churches per capita.<ref name="kwintessential.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/italy-country-profile.html |title=Italy – Italian Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette |publisher=Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812211310/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/italy-country-profile.html |archive-date=12 August 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:Santa Maria del Fiore.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] cathedral in [[Florence]], which has the biggest brick dome in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence {{pipe}} Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=brunelleschi's dome – Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschisdome.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.]]
[[File:Santa Maria del Fiore.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] cathedral in [[Florence]], which has the biggest brick dome in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence {{pipe}} Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=brunelleschi's dome – Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschisdome.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.]]


Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are some minorities of [[Protestant]], [[Waldensian]], [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other Christian churches.
Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Catholicism, there are some minorities of [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Waldensian]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and other Christian churches.


Immigration from [[Western Africa|Western]], [[Central Africa|Central]], and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of [[Baptist]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.
Immigration from [[Western Africa|Western]], [[Central Africa|Central]], and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of [[Baptist]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.


In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]],<ref>[http://www.ortodossia.it/The%20Holy%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Italy%20ed%20Malta.htm The Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305214703/http://www.ortodossia.it/The%20Holy%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Italy%20ed%20Malta.htm |date=5 March 2009}}</ref> 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the [[Assemblies of God]], about 250,000 are [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.4%),<ref>{{cite book|title=2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watch Tower Society|page=182}}</ref> 30,000 [[Waldensians]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/storia/dove_viviamo.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211233818/http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/storia/dove_viviamo.php|url-status=dead|title=Waldensian Evangelical Church|archivedate=11 February 2006}}</ref> 25,000 [[Seventh-day Adventists]], 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], 4,000 [[Methodists]] (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/italy/evangelical-methodist-church-in-italy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325172232/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/italy/evangelical-methodist-church-in-italy.html|url-status=dead|title=World Council of Churches|archivedate=25 March 2013}}</ref>
In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]],<ref>[http://www.ortodossia.it/The%20Holy%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Italy%20ed%20Malta.htm The Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305214703/http://www.ortodossia.it/The%20Holy%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Italy%20ed%20Malta.htm |date=5 March 2009}}</ref> 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the [[Assemblies of God]], about 250,000 are [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.4%),<ref>{{cite book|title=2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watch Tower Society|page=182}}</ref> 30,000 [[Waldensians]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/storia/dove_viviamo.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211233818/http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/storia/dove_viviamo.php|title=Waldensian Evangelical Church|archive-date=11 February 2006}}</ref> 25,000 [[Seventh-day Adventists]], 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], 4,000 [[Methodists]] (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/italy/evangelical-methodist-church-in-italy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325172232/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/italy/evangelical-methodist-church-in-italy.html|title=World Council of Churches|archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>


===Other religions===
===Other religions===
The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in [[Ancient Rome]] before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister [[Luigi Luzzatti]], who took office in 1910, [[Ernesto Nathan]] served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and [[Shabbethai Donnolo]] (died 982). During the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], Italy took in many Jewish refugees from [[Nazism|Nazi]] Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet [[Italian Social Republic]], about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.
The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in [[Ancient Rome]] before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister [[Luigi Luzzatti]], who took office in 1910, [[Ernesto Nathan]] served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and [[Shabbethai Donnolo]] (died 982). During the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], Italy took in many Jewish refugees from [[Nazism|Nazi]] Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet [[Italian Social Republic]], about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.


Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0&nbsp;million [[Muslims]] in Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=3.0.3202304679|title=Italy: Country's muslims raise funds to help quake victims – Adnkronos Religion|website=adnkronos.com}}</ref> forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide|date=23 December 2005|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> to 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/24/world/europe/24iht-rome.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|date=25 July 2005|access-date=31 March 2010|first=Elisabeth|last=Rosenthal|title=Pressure is growingon Muslims in Italy}}</ref> 50,000 Italian Muslims hold [[Italian citizenship]].
Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0&nbsp;million [[Muslims]] in Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=3.0.3202304679|title=Italy: Country's muslims raise funds to help quake victims – Adnkronos Religion|website=adnkronos.com}}</ref> forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide|date=23 December 2005|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> to 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/24/world/europe/24iht-rome.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|date=25 July 2005|access-date=31 March 2010|first=Elisabeth|last=Rosenthal|title=Pressure is growingon Muslims in Italy}}</ref> 50,000 Italian Muslims hold [[Italian citizenship]].


There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 [[Sikhs]] with 22 [[gurdwaras]] across the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm|title=NRI Sikhs in Italy|website=nriinternet.com}}</ref> 70,000 [[Hindus]], and 50,000 [[Buddhists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhismo.it/ente.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404034319/http://www.buddhismo.it/ente.htm|url-status=dead|title=Unione Buddhista Italiana – UBI: L'Ente|archivedate=4 April 2007|website=www.buddhismo.it}}</ref> There were an estimated 4,900 [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahá'ís]] in Italy in 2005.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >|publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives|year = 2005|url = http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|access-date = 30 January 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|archive-date = 14 April 2010|url-status = dead}}</ref>
There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 [[Sikhs]] with 22 [[gurdwaras]] across the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm|title=NRI Sikhs in Italy|website=nriinternet.com}}</ref> 70,000 [[Hindus]], and 50,000 [[Buddhists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhismo.it/ente.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404034319/http://www.buddhismo.it/ente.htm|title=Unione Buddhista Italiana – UBI: L'Ente|archive-date=4 April 2007|website=www.buddhismo.it}}</ref> There were an estimated 4,900 [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahá'ís]] in Italy in 2005.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >|publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives|year = 2005|url = http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|access-date = 30 January 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|archive-date = 14 April 2010}}</ref>


== Education ==
== Education ==
'''Literacy'''
'''Literacy''' (defined as: ages 15 and over can read and write)
:
: total population: 99.2%
: ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write
:total population: 99.2%
:male: 99.4%
:male: 99.4%
:female: 99% (2018 est.)
:female: 99% (2018 est.)
'''School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)'''
'''School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)'''
:
:total: 16 years
:total: 16 years
:male: 16 years
:male: 16 years
Line 3,679: Line 3,683:
==Genetics and ethnic groups==
==Genetics and ethnic groups==
{{Main|Genetic history of Italy}}
{{Main|Genetic history of Italy}}
[[File:Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.png|thumb|right|[[Principal Component Analysis]] of the Italian population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population|year=2015|journal=BMC Genetics|doi=10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x|last1=Parolo|first1=Silvia|last2=Lisa|first2=Antonella|last3=Gentilini|first3=Davide|last4=Di Blasio|first4=Anna Maria|last5=Barlera|first5=Simona|last6=Nicolis|first6=Enrico B.|last7=Boncoraglio|first7=Giorgio B.|last8=Parati|first8=Eugenio A.|last9=Bione|first9=Silvia|volume=16|page=132|doi-broken-date=5 December 2024 |pmid=26553317|pmc=4640365|s2cid=17969623 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]
[[File:Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.png|thumb|right|[[Principal Component Analysis]] of the Italian population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population|year=2015|journal=BMC Genetics|doi=10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x|last1=Parolo|first1=Silvia|last2=Lisa|first2=Antonella|last3=Gentilini|first3=Davide|last4=Di Blasio|first4=Anna Maria|last5=Barlera|first5=Simona|last6=Nicolis|first6=Enrico B.|last7=Boncoraglio|first7=Giorgio B.|last8=Parati|first8=Eugenio A.|last9=Bione|first9=Silvia|volume=16|article-number=132|doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |pmid=26553317|pmc=4640365|s2cid=17969623 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]


The [[genetic history of Italy]] is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speakers ([[Italic peoples]] such as [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], [[Umbri]]ans, [[Samnites]], [[Oscans]], [[Sicels]] and [[Adriatic Veneti]], as well as [[Cisalpine Gaul|Celts]], [[Iapygians]] and [[Magna Graecia|Greeks]]) and [[pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European]] speakers ([[Etruscans]], [[Ligures]], [[Rhaetians]] and [[Camunni]] in mainland Italy, [[Sicani]] and [[Elymians]] in Sicily and the [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic people]] in [[Sardinia]]). During the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]] of [[Ancient Rome]], the [[city of Rome]] was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including [[Southern Europe]], [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Antonio_2019" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6466 | pages = 708–714 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699931 | pmc = 7093155 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | hdl-access = free | publication-date = November 8, 2019 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..708A | hdl = 2318/1715466 | quote = Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. ... In the Medieval and early modern periods (n = 28 individuals), we observe an ancestry shift toward central and northern Europe in PCA (Fig. 3E), as well as a further increase in the European cluster (C7) and loss of the Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean clusters (C4 and C5) in ChromoPainter (Fig. 4C). The Medieval population is roughly centered on modern-day central Italians (Fig. 3F). It can be modeled as a two-way combination of Rome's Late Antique population and a European donor population, with potential sources including many ancient and modern populations in central and northern Europe: Lombards from Hungary, Saxons from England, and Vikings from Sweden, among others (table S26).}}</ref> Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ralph P, Coop G | title = The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = e1001555 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23667324 | pmc = 3646727 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555 |ref = {{Harvid|Antonio et al.|2019}} | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Raveane_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali I, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino O, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe | journal = Science Advances | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = eaaw3492 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31517044 | pmc = 6726452 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 | bibcode = 2019SciA....5.3492R}}</ref><ref name="Capocasa_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Bachis V, Battaggia C, Bertoncini S, Biondi G, Boattini A, Boschi I, Brisighelli F, Caló CM, Carta M, Coia V, Corrias L, Crivellaro F, De Fanti S, Dominici V, Ferri G, Francalacci P, Franceschi ZA, Luiselli D, Morelli L, Paoli G, Rickards O, Robledo R, Sanna D, Sanna E, Sarno S, Sineo L, Taglioli L, Tagarelli G, Tofanelli S, Vona G, Pettener D, Destro Bisol G | display-authors = 6 | title = Linguistic, geographic and genetic isolation: a collaborative study of Italian populations | journal = Journal of Anthropological Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 92| pages = 201–31 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24607994 | doi = 10.4436/JASS.92001 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259623141}}</ref><ref name="Modietal_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, Strobl C, Bodner M, Schnaller L, Xavier C, Rizzi E, Bonomi Ponzi L, Vai S, Raveane A, Cavadas B, Semino O, Torroni A, Olivieri A, Lari M, Pereira L, Parson W, Caramelli D, Achilli A | display-authors = 6 | title = The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 10700 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32612271 | pmc = 7329865 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1010700M}}</ref>
The [[genetic history of Italy]] is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speakers ([[Italic peoples]] such as [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], [[Umbri]]ans, [[Samnites]], [[Oscans]], [[Sicels]] and [[Adriatic Veneti]], as well as [[Cisalpine Gaul|Celts]], [[Iapygians]] and [[Magna Graecia|Greeks]]) and [[pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European]] speakers ([[Etruscans]], [[Ligures]], [[Rhaetians]] and [[Camunni]] in mainland Italy, [[Sicani]] and [[Elymians]] in Sicily and the [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic people]] in [[Sardinia]]). During the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]] of [[Ancient Rome]], the [[city of Rome]] was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including [[Southern Europe]], [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Antonio_2019" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6466 | pages = 708–714 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699931 | pmc = 7093155 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | hdl-access = free | publication-date = 8 November 2019 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..708A | hdl = 2318/1715466 | quote = Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. ... In the Medieval and early modern periods (n = 28 individuals), we observe an ancestry shift toward central and northern Europe in PCA (Fig. 3E), as well as a further increase in the European cluster (C7) and loss of the Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean clusters (C4 and C5) in ChromoPainter (Fig. 4C). The Medieval population is roughly centered on modern-day central Italians (Fig. 3F). It can be modeled as a two-way combination of Rome's Late Antique population and a European donor population, with potential sources including many ancient and modern populations in central and northern Europe: Lombards from Hungary, Saxons from England, and Vikings from Sweden, among others (table S26).}}</ref> Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ralph P, Coop G | title = The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | article-number = e1001555 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23667324 | pmc = 3646727 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555 |ref = {{Harvid|Antonio et al.|2019}} | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Raveane_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali I, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino O, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe | journal = Science Advances | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | article-number = eaaw3492 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31517044 | pmc = 6726452 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 | bibcode = 2019SciA....5.3492R}}</ref><ref name="Capocasa_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Bachis V, Battaggia C, Bertoncini S, Biondi G, Boattini A, Boschi I, Brisighelli F, Caló CM, Carta M, Coia V, Corrias L, Crivellaro F, De Fanti S, Dominici V, Ferri G, Francalacci P, Franceschi ZA, Luiselli D, Morelli L, Paoli G, Rickards O, Robledo R, Sanna D, Sanna E, Sarno S, Sineo L, Taglioli L, Tagarelli G, Tofanelli S, Vona G, Pettener D, Destro Bisol G | display-authors = 6 | title = Linguistic, geographic and genetic isolation: a collaborative study of Italian populations | journal = Journal of Anthropological Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 92| pages = 201–31 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24607994 | doi = 10.4436/JASS.92001 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259623141}}</ref><ref name="Modietal_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, Strobl C, Bodner M, Schnaller L, Xavier C, Rizzi E, Bonomi Ponzi L, Vai S, Raveane A, Cavadas B, Semino O, Torroni A, Olivieri A, Lari M, Pereira L, Parson W, Caramelli D, Achilli A | display-authors = 6 | title = The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = 10700 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32612271 | pmc = 7329865 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1010700M}}</ref>


The Italian population is marked by considerable [[Italian culture|cultural]], [[Languages of Italy|linguistic]], [[Genetic history of Italy|genetic]] and [[History of Italy#Unification (1814–1861)|historical]] diversity which results in the presence of several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.<ref>«Italians, though often described as a homogeneous people, are divided into several culturally, socially, and politically diverse groups throughout the peninsula.» Jeffrey Cole (edited by), ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'', Santa Barbara (California), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.204</ref> In this regard, peoples like the [[Friulians]], the [[Ladin people|Ladins]], the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] and the [[South Tyrol|'''Tyrolese''']], who are recognized linguistic minorities, or even the [[Sicilians]] who are not, serve as cases in point attesting to such internal diversity.
The Italian population is marked by considerable [[Italian culture|cultural]], [[Languages of Italy|linguistic]], [[Genetic history of Italy|genetic]] and [[History of Italy#Unification (1814–1861)|historical]] diversity which results in the presence of several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.<ref>«Italians, though often described as a homogeneous people, are divided into several culturally, socially, and politically diverse groups throughout the peninsula.» Jeffrey Cole (edited by), ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'', Santa Barbara (California), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.204</ref> In this regard, peoples like the [[Friulians]], the [[Ladin people|Ladins]], the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] and the [[South Tyrol|'''Tyrolese''']], who are recognized linguistic minorities, or even the [[Sicilians]] who are not, serve as cases in point attesting to such internal diversity.
Line 3,697: Line 3,701:
* [[Romani people in Italy]]
* [[Romani people in Italy]]


==Footnotes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 02:36, 17 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox place demographics

File:Italy Animated Population Pyramid.gif
Animated population pyramid 1982–2021. Those born during the World wars are marked in dark

The demography of Italy is monitored by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat).

At the beginning of 2024, Italy had an estimated population of 58.9 million.[1] Its population density, at Template:Convert, is higher than both the EU (106.6/km2) and European (72.9/km2) average. However, the distribution of the population is very uneven: the most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (with about a third of the country's population) in northern Italy and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples in central and southern Italy; landlocked, rural and mountainous areas are very sparsely populated, notably the Alps and Apennines ranges, the plateaus of Basilicata and Puglia, the inland highlands of Sicily and the Mediterranean island of Sardinia.

The population of the country almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the impoverished, largely rural South to the industrial cities of the North, especially during the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, after decades of net emigration, since the late 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale international immigration. As a result, in 2024 there were 5.4 million foreign-born residents in the country, or about 9.2% of Italy's total population.[1]

High fertility and birth rates persisted through the 1970s, then declined sharply in the 1980s and 1990s, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.[2] In 2024, Italy's total fertility rate was 1.18,[1] well below the EU average (1.38)[3] and one of the lowest in the world.

Since the revision of the Lateran Treaty in 1984, Italy has no official religion, although the Catholic Church enjoys a privileged legal status and plays a prominent role in Italian society and politics.[4] In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.[5]

Historical overview

1861 to early 20th century

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File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg
Map of the Italian diaspora in the world

After achieving its unification in 1861, Italy experienced a prolonged period of net emigration, mainly caused by the breakdown of traditional agrarian structures coupled with slow industrialization, that peaked in the years before World War I. Between 1898 and 1914, at the height of Italian diaspora, up to 750,000 Italians left the country every year in search of brighter prospects.[6] As a consequence, significant numbers of people with Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32 million Italian Brazilians),[7][8] Argentina (25 million Italian Argentines),[9] United States (18 million Italian Americans),[10] France (5 million Italian French),[11] Venezuela (5 million Italian Venezuelans),[12] Paraguay (2.5 million Italian Paraguayans),[13][14][15] Colombia (2 million Italian Colombians),[16] Uruguay (1.5 million Italian Uruguayans),[17] Peru (1.5 million Italian Peruvians),[18] Canada (1.5 million Italian Canadians),[19] Germany (1.2 million Italian Germans)[20] and Australia (1 million Italian Australians).[21]

In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former Italian colonial empire. There were about 100,000 settlers living in Eritrea[22] and Somalia, and about 150,000 in Libya;[23] that mostly left Africa after World War II and decolonization.

After 1945

Outcomes of World War II and decolonization

File:Italians leave Pola.jpg
Istrian Italians leave Pola in 1947 during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus

After communist Yugoslavia annexed Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara following the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, up to 350,000 local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) fled to Italy in the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus.[24][25] In addition, World War II itself caused half a million military and civilian casualties. Finally, in 1970 about 20,000 Italians were expelled from Libya by Muammar Gaddafi's regime.[26]

Post-war economic miracle

Rapid economic growth in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s caused massive inflows of migrants from rural areas of Southern Italy to the so-called "industrial triangle", the area containing the major industrial cities of Milan and Turin and the seaport of Genoa, in north-west Italy. Between 1955 and 1971, around 9 million people are estimated to have been involved in inter-regional migrations, uprooting entire communities and creating large metropolitan areas.[27]

21st century

The rapid transition from agrarian to post-industrial society accelerated numerous demographic trends, including a sharp decline in fertility and birth rates, fast population aging and a shrinking workforce; by the 1980s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.[28] By the 1990s, as Italy's TFR dropped below 1.2 and deaths outpaced births, international migration became the main driver of population growth.[29] Foreign-born residents in Italy increased from 1.3 million in 2001, to 4 million in 2011, and 5.2 million in 2021.[30]

In the 2010s, as a combined effect of the global financial crisis, the Eurozone crisis double-dip recession and the Arab Spring, Italy experienced a significant slowdown in legal international migration, that coincided with the arrival of more than 150,000 illegal asylum seekers.[31]

As a direct effect of the 2020-2023 COVID-19 pandemic, Italy registered more than 198,000 excess deaths, while the associated economic uncertainty and disruption of social relations have been linked to a marked decline in fertility rates across numerous Western countries, including Italy.[32] In subsequent years, the average number of births in Italy fell from 494,000 in 2010–19 to 399,000 in 2020–22, while deaths increased from 617,000 to 719,000; as a result, the natural balance declined form -123,000 to -320,000, largely not compensated by net migration,[33] discouraged by COVID-19 restrictions and the Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Population

File:Historic population of Italy.svg
Historic population of Italy

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Template:Historical populations {{#chart:Italy Total Population.chart}} Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Template:Chart

Life expectancy

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File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -regions, names.png
Italian regions by life expectancy in 2022[34]
File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -provinces, names.png
Italian provinces by life expectancy in 2022[34]
File:Life expectancy by WBG -Italy -diff.png
Life expectancy in Italy since 1960 with sex gap
File:Life expectancy in Italy.svg
Life expectancy in Italy since 1872

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations. 1871–1950

Life expectancy in Italy
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[35]
Life expectancy 29.8 29.7 31.6 31.8 31.3 33.6 34.9 34.3 34.0 32.8
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[35]
Life expectancy 34.2 34.3 35.2 36.6 36.9 35.1 36.0 37.0 39.1 38.5
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900[35]
Life expectancy 38.5 38.9 39.8 40.0 39.6 40.7 43.3 42.3 43.7 67.8
Years 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910[35]
Life expectancy 43.5 43.0 43.1 44.4 43.9 45.1 45.4 43.1 44.6 46.7
Years 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920[35]
Life expectancy 44.7 48.9 48.4 49.9 42.5 39.6 38.1 25.8 42.3 45.5
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[35]
Life expectancy 49.2 50.0 51.4 51.5 51.3 50.9 52.5 52.6 52.3 55.2
Years 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940[35]
Life expectancy 54.8 54.7 56.3 56.8 56.2 56.7 55.5 56.1 57.6 57.0
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[35]
Life expectancy 54.7 52.5 49.4 52.4 54.9 59.0 61.2 63.4 64.1 65.8

1950–2020

Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 66.5 1985–1990 76.4
1955–1960 68.4 1990–1995 77.5
1960–1965 69.7 1995–2000 78.8
1965–1970 70.9 2000–2005 80.3
1970–1975 72.2 2005–2010 81.5
1975–1980 73.6 2010–2015 82.4
1980–1985 74.9 2015–2020 83.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects[36]

Fertility

Italy experienced a short-term growth in fertility and birth rates in the 2000s.[37] The TFR temporarily rose from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.46 in 2010.[38] By 2024, Italy's TFR dropped again to 1.18.[1] The decline in fertility, that in Italy and Spain is more pronounced that in northern European countries, has long puzzled demographers; some tentative explanations could be rooted in the lack of affordable childcare services and sociocultural norms regarding family building and female work participation.[39]

In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman

Mother's mean age at first birth; 31.1 years (2017 est.)

Historical Total Fertility Rate

{{#chart:Italy TFR.chart}}

File:Famiglia Giuseppe Riggio 2.jpg
The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871–1960) with his large nuclear family in 1925

.

Age structure

0-14 years: 0–14 years: 13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)
15-24 years: 9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)
25-54 years: 40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)
55-64 years: 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)
65 years and over: 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)

{{#chart:Italy Age Structure.chart}}

Median age

total: 46.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 5th
male: 45.4 years
female: 47.5 years (2020 est.)

Cities

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70.4% of Italian population is classified as urban,[40] a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant devolution in recent decades; the metropolitan area was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a provincial status.

According to OECD,[41] the largest conurbations are:

Urbanization

urban population: 71% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
File:Map of population density in Italy (2011 census) alt colours.jpg
Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census
Metropolitan cities and larger urban zone[42][43]
Metropolitan city Region Area
(km2) 		Population
(1 January 2025) 		Functional Urban
Areas (FUA)
Population
(2016)
Rome Lazio 5,352 4,223,885 4,414,288
Milan Lombardy 1,575 3,247,623 5,111,481
Naples Campania 1,171 2,958,410 3,418,061
Turin Piedmont 6,829 2,207,873 1,769,475
Palermo Sicily 5,009 1,194,439 1,033,226
Bari Apulia 3,821 1,218,191 749,723
Catania Sicily 3,574 1,058,563 658,805
Florence Tuscany 3,514 989,460 807,896
Bologna Emilia-Romagna 3,702 1,020,865 775,247
Genoa Liguria 1,839 818,651 713,243
Venice Veneto 2,462 833,934 561,697
Messina Sicily 3,266 595,948 273,680
Reggio Calabria Calabria 3,183 511,935 221,139
Cagliari Sardinia 1,248 417,079 488,954

Vital statistics

Statistics since 1862

[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]

Average population (1 January) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Crude migration change (per 1,000) Total fertility ratesTemplate:Refn[52][53]
1862 26,328,000 991,000 815,000 176,000 37.7 30.9 6.7 4.93
1863 26,507,000 1,026,000 824,000 202,000 38.7 31.1 7.6 -0.9 4.90
1864 26,712,000 1,000,000 802,000 198,000 37.4 30.0 7.4 0.3 4.90
1865 26,915,000 1,024,000 812,000 212,000 38.0 30.1 7.9 -0.3 4.91
1866 27,131,000 1,044,000 798,000 246,000 38.5 29.4 9.1 -1.1 4.91
1867 27,381,000 991,000 935,000 56,000 36.2 34.1 2.0 7.1 4.92
1868 27,440,000 964,000 844,000 120,000 35.1 30.8 4.4 -2.2 4.92
1869 27,561,000 1,016,000 777,000 239,000 36.9 28.2 8.7 -4.3 4.91
1870 27,801,000 1,016,000 840,000 176,000 36.5 30.2 6.3 2.3 4.90
1871 27,974,000 1,026,000 845,000 181,000 36.7 30.2 6.5 -0.3 4.90
1872 28,151,000 1,060,000 868,000 192,000 37.7 30.9 6.8 -0.5 4.89
1873 28,314,000 1,023,000 854,000 169,000 36.1 30.1 6.0 -0.2 4.88
1874 28,459,000 985,000 868,000 117,000 34.6 30.5 4.1 1.0 4.89
1875 28,551,000 1,072,000 885,000 187,000 37.5 31.0 6.5 -3.3 4.90
1876 28,709,000 1,121,000 835,000 286,000 39.0 29.1 10.0 -4.5 4.90
1877 28,964,000 1,063,000 823,000 240,000 36.7 28.4 8.3 0.5 4.91
1878 29,169,000 1,046,000 850,000 196,000 35.8 29.1 6.7 0.3 4.92
1879 29,334,000 1,097,000 873,000 224,000 37.4 29.7 7.6 -2.0 4.95
1880 29,516,000 989,000 906,000 83,000 33.5 30.7 2.8 3.4 4.98
1881 29,552,000 1,112,000 819,000 293,000 37.7 27.7 9.9 -8.7 5.00
1882 29,791,000 1,090,000 825,000 265,000 36.6 27.7 8.9 -0.9 5.03
1883 30,005,000 1,101,000 830,000 271,000 36.7 27.7 9.0 -1.9 5.06
1884 30,221,000 1,162,000 816,000 346,000 38.5 27.0 11.4 -4.3 5.05
1885 30,511,000 1,156,000 823,000 333,000 37.9 27.0 10.9 -1.4 5.04
1886 30,776,000 1,117,000 882,000 235,000 36.3 28.7 7.6 1.0 5.04
1887 30,937,000 1,184,000 864,000 320,000 38.2 27.9 10.4 -5.2 5.03
1888 31,160,000 1,149,000 855,000 294,000 36.9 27.4 9.4 -2.3 5.02
1889 31,325,000 1,178,000 801,000 377,000 37.6 25.6 12.0 -6.8 4.98
1890 31,611,000 1,110,000 830,000 280,000 35.1 26.2 8.9 0.2 4.95
1891 31,792,000 1,159,000 829,000 330,000 36.5 26.1 10.4 -4.7 4.92
1892 31,992,000 1,137,000 837,000 300,000 35.6 26.2 9.4 -3.1 4.88
1893 32,189,000 1,154,000 809,000 345,000 35.9 25.2 10.7 -4.6 4.84
1894 32,417,000 1,130,000 808,000 322,000 34.9 24.9 10.0 -2.9 4.79
1895 32,608,000 1,120,000 817,000 303,000 34.4 25.1 9.3 -3.4 4.74
1896 32,770,000 1,123,000 790,000 333,000 34.3 24.1 10.2 -5.2 4.69
1897 32,955,000 1,128,000 725,000 403,000 34.2 22.0 12.2 -6.6 4.64
1898 33,200,000 1,097,000 762,000 335,000 33.0 22.9 10.1 -2.7 4.59
1899 33,369,000 1,116,000 734,000 382,000 33.5 22.0 11.4 -6.4 4.56
1900 32,377,000 1,067,376 768,917 298,459 33.0 23.7 9.2 -3.9 4.53
1901 32,550,000 1,057,763 715,036 342,727 32.5 22.0 10.5 -3.2 4.49
1902 32,787,000 1,093,074 727,181 365,893 33.3 22.2 11.2 -4.6 4.46
1903 33,004,000 1,042,090 736,311 305,779 31.6 22.3 9.3 -2.2 4.43
1904 33,237,000 1,085,431 698,604 386,827 32.7 21.0 11.6 -4.0 4.44
1905 33,489,000 1,084,518 730,340 354,178 32.4 21.8 10.6 -3.8 4.45
1906 33,718,000 1,070,978 696,875 374,103 31.8 20.7 11.1 -4.2 4.45
1907 33,952,000 1,062,333 700,333 362,000 31.3 20.6 10.7 -3.5 4.46
1908 34,198,000 1,138,813 770,054 368,759 33.3 22.5 10.8 -3.3 4.47
1909 34,455,000 1,115,831 738,460 377,371 32.4 21.4 11.0 -2.4 4.43
1910 34,751,000 1,144,410 682,459 461,951 32.9 19.6 13.3 -5.2 4.39
1911 35,033,000 1,093,545 742,811 350,734 31.2 21.2 10.0 -3.9 4.36
1912 35,246,000 1,133,985 635,788 498,197 32.2 18.0 14.1 -11.1 4.32
1913 35,351,000 1,122,482 663,966 458,516 31.8 18.8 13.0 -3.1 4.28
1914 35,701,000 1,114,091 643,355 470,736 31.2 18.0 13.2 2.8 4.04
1915 36,271,000 1,109,183 809,703 299,480 30.6 22.3 8.3 -2.5 3.80
1916 36,481,000 881,626 854,703 26,923 24.2 23.4 0.7 -4.5 3.56
1917 36,343,000 691,207 948,710 -257,503 19.6 26.1 -7.1 -4.5 3.32
1918 35,922,000 640,263 1,268,290 -628,027 18.2 35.3 -17.5 11.8 3.08
1919 35,717,000 770,620 676,329 94,291 21.6 18.9 2.6 4.2 3.24
1920 35,960,000 1,158,041 681,749 476,292 32.2 19.0 13.2 39.9 3.41
1921 37,869,000 1,118,344 670,234 448,110 30.7 17.7 13.0 -4.4 3.57
1922 38,196,000 1,127,444 690,054 437,390 30.8 18.1 12.7 -2.9 3.74
1923 38,571,000 1,107,505 654,827 452,678 29.9 17.0 11.7 -2.5 3.90
1924 38,927,000 1,124,470 663,077 461,393 28.9 17.0 11.9 -3.2 3.81
1925 39,265,000 1,109,761 669,695 440,066 28.2 17.1 11.2 -2.9 3.72
1926 39,590,000 1,094,587 680,274 414,313 27.7 17.2 10.5 -2.0 3.64
1927 39,926,000 1,093,772 639,843 453,929 27.4 16.0 11.4 -2.5 3.55
1928 40,281,000 1,072,316 645,654 426,662 26.6 16.0 10.6 -2.5 3.46
1929 40,607,000 1,037,700 667,223 370,477 25.6 16.4 9.1 -0.5 3.42
1930 40,956,000 1,092,678 576,751 515,927 26.7 14.1 12.6 -3.2 3.38
1931 41,339,000 1,026,197 609,405 416,792 24.8 14.7 10.1 -4.2 3.21
1932 41,584,000 990,995 610,646 380,349 23.8 14.7 9.1 -0.8 3.06
1933 41,928,000 995,979 574,113 421,866 23.8 13.7 10.1 -1.8 3.04
1934 42,277,000 992,966 563,339 429,627 23.5 13.3 10.2 -1.8 3.00
1935 42,631,000 996,708 594,722 401,986 23.4 14.0 9.4 -1.6 2.98
1936 42,965,000 962,686 593,380 369,306 22.4 13.8 8.6 -1.5 2.87
1937 43,269,000 991,867 618,290 373,577 22.9 14.3 8.6 -1.0 2.93
1938 43,596,000 1,037,180 614,988 422,192 23.8 14.1 9.7 0 3.05
1939 44,018,000 1,040,213 591,483 448,730 23.6 13.4 10.2 0 3.07
1940 44,467,000 1,046,479 606,907 439,572 23.5 13.6 9.9 -1.7 3.07
1941 44,830,000 937,546 621,735 315,811 20.9 13.9 7.0 -1.0 2.74
1942 45,098,000 926,063 643,607 282,456 20.5 14.3 6.3 -16.4 2.69
1943 44,641,000 882,105 679,708 202,397 19.8 15.2 4.5 -1.1 2.61
1944 44,794,000 814,746 685,171 129,575 18.3 15.3 2.9 0.5 2.39
1945 44,946,000 815,678 615,092 200,586 18.2 13.7 4.5 2.3 2.37
1946 45,253,000 1,036,098 547,952 488,146 23.0 12.1 10.8 -2.2 3.01
1947 45,641,000 1,011,490 524,019 487,471 22.2 11.5 10.8 5.4 2.89
1948 46,381,000 1,005,851 490,450 515,401 21.8 10.6 11.2 -3.6 2.83
1949 46,733,000 937,146 485,277 451,869 20.1 10.4 9.7 -1.8 2.62
1950 47,104,000 908,622 455,169 453,453 19.3 9.7 9.6 -3.0 2.50
1951 47,417,000 860,998 485,208 375,790 18.2 10.2 7.9 -2.6 2.35
1952 47,666,000 [54] 863,661 488,470 375,191 17.7 10.0 7.7 -1.6 2.34
1953 47,957,000 860,345 484,527 375,818 17.5 9.9 7.6 -0.5 2.31
1954 48,299,000 881,845 445,902 435,943 18.0 9.1 8.9 -2.0 2.35
1955 48,633,000 879,130 449,058 430,072 17.9 9.2 8.7 -2.8 2.33
1956 48,920,000 884,043 499,504 384,539 17.9 10.2 7.7 -2.4 2.34
1957 49,181,000 885,812 483,558 402.254 17.9 9.8 8.0 -2.0 2.33
1958 49,475,000 880,361 459,366 420,995 17.6 9.3 8.3 -1.1 2.31
1959 49,831,000 910,628 454,547 456,081 18.1 9.1 9.0 -1.6 2.38
1960 50,198,000 923,004 480,848 442,156 18.1 9.6 8.6 -2.1 2.41
1961 50,523,000 924,203 460,009 464,194 18.4 9.3 9.1 -2.1 2.41
1962 50,878,000 945,842 503,106 442,736 18.4 10.0 8.4 -1.1 2.46
1963 51,251,000 978,143 514,000 464,143 18.8 10.1 8.7 -0.4 2.56
1964 51,675,000 1,035,207 488,601 546,606 19.7 9.5 10.2 -1.7 2.70
1965 52,112,000 1,017,944 516,922 501,022 19.1 10.0 9.1 -1.3 2.66
1966 52,518,000 999,316 493,562 505,754 18.7 9.5 9.2 -1.9 2.62
1967 52,900,000 962,197 507,845 454,352 18.0 9.7 8.3 -2.0 2.53
1968 53,235,000 944,837 530,738 414,099 17.6 10.1 7.5 -1.8 2.49
1969 53,538,000 949,155 530,348 418,807 17.5 10.1 7.4 -2.1 2.51
1970 53,821,000 917,496 528,622 388,874 16.8 9.7 7.1 -2.4 2.42
1971 54,073,000 911,084 515,318 395,766 16.8 9.7 7.1 -1.4 2.41
1972 54,381,000 893,061 518,020 375,041 16.3 9.6 6.7 0.1 2.36
1973 54,751,000 887,953 544,461 343,492 16.0 10.0 6.0 0.6 2.34
1974 55,111,000 886,310 532,753 353,557 15.8 9.7 6.1 -0.1 2.33
1975 55,441,000 841,858 556,019 285,839 14.9 10.0 4.9 0.1 2.20
1976 55,718,000 806,358 556,143 250,215 14.0 9.9 4.1 0.2 2.11
1977 55,955,000 757,281 547,011 210,270 13.2 9.8 3.5 0.1 1.97
1978 56,155,000 720,545 539,685 180,860 12.6 9.6 3.0 -0.1 1.87
1979 56,318,000 682,742 541,825 140,917 11.9 9.6 2.3 -0.2 1.76
1980 56,434,000 657,278 559,376 97,902 11.3 9.8 1.5 -0.3 1.68
1981 56,502,000 628,113 540,764 87,349 11.0 9.7 1.4 -0.7 1.60
1982 56,544,000 634,678 537,727 96,951 10.9 9.5 1.5 -1.1 1.60
1983 56,564,000 612,936 563,807 49,129 10.6 10.0 0.7 -0.5 1.54
1984 56,577,000 597,560 535,661 61,899 10.4 9.5 0.9 -0.6 1.48
1985 56,593,000 589,233 549,529 39,704 10.2 9.7 0.5 -0.4 1.45
1986 56,596,000 562,512 545,189 17,323 9.8 9.5 0.3 -0.2 1.37
1987 56,602,000 560,265 534,993 25,272 9.7 9.3 0.5 0 1.35
1988 56,629,000 577,856 537,545 40,311 10.1 9.5 0.5 0.3 1.38
1989 56,672,000 567,268 531,557 35,711 9.9 9.4 0.5 0.3 1.35
1990 56,719,000 580,761 544,397 36,364 10.0 9.6 0.5 0.2 1.36
1991 56,759,000 556,175 547,131 9,044 9.9 9.8 0.2 0.5 1.32
1992 56,797,000 575,216 545,038 30,178 10.0 9.6 0.4 0.2 1.32
1993 56,832,000 552,587 555,043 -2,456 9.7 9.7 -0.1 0.3 1.26
1994 56,843,000 536,665 557,513 -20,848 9.4 9.8 -0.4 0.4 1.22
1995 56,844,000 526,064 555,203 -29,139 9.2 9.8 -0.5 0.8 1.19
1996 56,860,000 536,740 557,756 -21,016 9.3 9.8 -0.5 1.0 1.22
1997 56,890,000 540,048 564,679 -24,631 9.4 9.9 -0.5 0.8 1.23
1998 56,907,000 532,843 576,911 -44,068 9.3 10.1 -0.8 1.0 1.21
1999 56,917,000 537,242 571,356 -34,114 9.4 10.0 -0.5 0.9 1.23
2000 56,942,000 543,039 560,241 -17,202 9.5 9.8 -0.3 0.9 1.26
2001 56,974,000 535,282 548,254 -12,972 9.4 9.8 -0.4 1.9 1.25
2002 57,059,000 538,198 557,393 -19,195 9.4 9.8 -0.4 4.9 1.27
2003 57,313,000 544,063 586,468 -42,405 9.5 10.3 -0.7 7.2 1.29
2004 57,685,000 562,599 546,658 15,941 9.8 9.5 0.3 4.6 1.34
2005 57,969,000 554,022 567,304 -13,282 9.5 9.8 -0.2 3.2 1.33
2006 58,144,000 560,010 557,892 2,118 9.6 9.6 0.0 5.1 1.37
2007 58,438,000 563,933 570,801 -6,868 9.6 9.8 -0.2 6.9 1.39
2008 58,827,000 576,659 585,126 -8,467 9.8 9.9 -0.1 4.7 1.44
2009 59,095,000 568,857 591,663 -22,806 9.6 9.8 -0.3 3.4 1.44
2010 59,277,000 561,944 587,488 -25,544 9.4 9.7 -0.3 2.0 1.44
2011 59,379,000 546,585 593,402 -46,817 9.1 9.9 -0.8 3.5 1.44
2012 59,540,000 534,186 612,883 -78,697 8.9 10.2 -1.3 13.0 1.42
2013 60,234,000 514,308 600,744 -86,436 8.5 10.0 -1.4 10.6 1.39
2014 60,789,000 502,596 598,364 -95,768 8.3 9.9 -1.6 1.7 1.38
2015 60,796,000 485,780 647,571 -161,791 8.1 10.7 -2.7 0.6 1.36
2016 60,666,000 473,438 615,261 -141,823 7.9 10.2 -2.4 1.0 1.36
2017 60,579,000 458,151 649,061 -190,910 7.6 10.8 -3.2 1.6 1.34
2018 60,484,000 439,747 633,133 -193,386 7.3 10.6 -3.2 -7.8 1.31
2019 59,816,673 420,084 634,417 -214,333 7.0 10.6 -3.6 0.7 1.27
2020 59,641,488 404,892 740,317 -335,425 6.8 12.4 -5.6 -1.2 1.24
2021 59,236,213 400,249 701,346 -301,097 6.8 11.8 -5.2 1.7 1.25
2022 59,030,133 393,333 715,077 -321,744 6.8 12.1 -5.4 4.8 1.24
2023 58,997,201 379,890 671,065 -291,175 6.4 11.2 -4.8 4.7 1.20
2024 58,971,230 369,944 650,587 -280,643 6.3 10.8 -4.5 4.1 1.18
2025 58,934,177

In the year 2024, 80,761 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 21.83 percent of all newborns in that year (20,336 or 5.50 percent were born to foreign mothers, 9,832 or 2.66 percent to foreign fathers, and 50,593 or 13.68 percent to two foreign parents). In Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) only 9.47 percent of all newborns had 1 or 2 foreign parents, while in Central and Northern Italy their share reached 23.98 and 30.55 percent, respectively.[55]

Current vital statistics

[49]

Period Live births Deaths Natural change
January—July 2024 210,938 375,606 -164,668
January—July 2025 197,956 379,056 -181,100
Difference Decrease -12,982 (-6.22%) Template:Increasenegative +3,450 (+0.54%) Decrease -16,432

Total fertility rates by region

Total fertility rate (TFR) in Italy by region as of 2024:

2024
Region TFR
Template:Country data Trentino-Alto Adige 1.39
Template:Country data Sicily 1.27
Template:Country data Campania 1.26
Template:Country data Calabria 1.25
Template:Country data Veneto 1.20
Template:Country data Emilia-Romagna 1.19
Template:Country data Lombardy 1.19
Template:Country data Friuli-Venezia Giulia 1.19
Template:Country data Italy 1.18
Template:Country data Apulia 1.16
Template:Country data Liguria 1.16
Template:Country data Piedmont 1.14
Template:Country data Abruzzo 1.12
Template:Country data Tuscany 1.12
Template:Country data Lazio 1.12
Template:Country data Marche 1.11
Template:Country data Umbria 1.11
Template:Country data Basilicata 1.09
Template:Country data Aosta Valley 1.05
Template:Country data Molise 1.04
Template:Country data Sardinia 0.91

Total fertility rates by province

[56]

2024
Provinces TFR
Template:Country data South Tyrol 1.51
Template:Country data Province of Crotone 1.36
Template:Country data Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria 1.34
Template:Country data Province of Agrigento 1.34
Template:Country data Ragusa 1.34
Template:Country data Catania 1.33
Template:Country data Province of Vibo Valentia 1.32
Template:Country data Palermo 1.31
Template:Country data Napoli 1.30
Template:Country data Province of Lodi 1.28
Template:Country data Province of Vicenza 1.28
Template:Country data Province of Caserta 1.28
Template:Country data Province of Sondrio 1.27
Template:Country data Province of Gorizia 1.27
Template:Country data Province of Piacenza 1.27
Template:Country data Modena 1.27
Template:Country data Province of Cuneo 1.26
Template:Country data Trentino 1.26
Template:Country data Province of Trapani 1.26
Template:Country data Province of Treviso 1.24
Template:Country data Province of Reggio Emilia 1.24
Template:Country data Bergamo 1.23
Template:Country data Brescia 1.23
Template:Country data Cremona 1.23
Template:Country data Province of Asti 1.22
Template:Country data Province of Lecco 1.22
Template:Country data Salerno 1.22
Template:Country data Mantua 1.21
Template:Country data Province of Pordenone 1.21
Template:Country data Parma 1.21
Template:Country data Province of Imperia 1.20
Template:Country data Verona 1.20
Template:Country data Province of Arezzo 1.20
Template:Country data Province of Caltanissetta 1.20
Template:Country data Province of Novara 1.19
Template:Country data Province of Varese 1.19
Template:Country data Monza and Brianza 1.19
Template:Country data Trieste 1.19
Template:Country data Province of Foggia 1.19
Template:Country data Province of Catanzaro 1.19
Template:Country data Province of Syracuse 1.19
Template:Country data Province of La Spezia 1.18
Template:Country data Como 1.18
Template:Country data Province of Pavia 1.18
Template:Country data Province of Siena 1.18
Template:Country data Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani 1.18
Template:Country data Italy 1.18
Template:Country data Genova 1.17
Template:Country data Province of Ravenna 1.17
Template:Country data Province of Forlì-Cesena 1.17
Template:Country data Bari 1.17
Template:Country data Province of Padua 1.16
Template:Country data Udine 1.16
Template:Country data Pisa 1.16
Template:Country data Province of Macerata 1.16
Template:Country data Province of Brindisi 1.16
Template:Country data Venice 1.15
Template:Country data Bologna 1.15
Template:Country data Province of L'Aquila 1.15
Template:Country data Province of Cosenza 1.15
Template:Country data Milano 1.14
Template:Country data Province of Belluno 1.14
Template:Country data Benevento 1.14
Template:Country data Province of Vercelli 1.13
Template:Country data Firenze 1.13
Template:Country data Province of Latina 1.13
Template:Country data Province of Lecce 1.13
Template:Country data Province of Matera 1.13
Template:Country data Torino 1.12
Template:Country data Province of Livorno 1.12
Template:Country data Roma 1.12
Template:Country data Province of Taranto 1.12
Template:Country data Province of Enna 1.12
Template:Country data Ferrara 1.11
Template:Country data Province of Perugia 1.11
Template:Country data Province of Ascoli Piceno 1.11
Template:Country data Province of Rieti 1.11
Template:Country data Province of Teramo 1.11
Template:Country data Province of Pescara 1.11
Template:Country data Province of Grosseto 1.10
Template:Country data Province of Terni 1.10
Template:Country data Province of Ancona 1.10
Template:Country data Province of Frosinone 1.10
Template:Country data Chieti 1.10
Template:Country data Messina 1.10
Template:Country data Alessandria 1.09
Template:Country data Province of Pistoia 1.09
Template:Country data Province of Avellino 1.09
Template:Country data Savona 1.08
Template:Country data Province of Rimini 1.08
Template:Country data Province of Massa-Carrara 1.08
Template:Country data Lucca 1.08
Template:Country data Province of Pesaro and Urbino 1.08
Template:Country data Province of Fermo 1.07
Template:Country data Verbano-Cusio-Ossola 1.06
Template:Country data Province of Potenza 1.06
Template:Country data Aosta Valley 1.05
Template:Country data Province of Rovigo 1.05
Template:Country data Campobasso 1.05
Template:Country data Province of Biella 1.04
Template:Country data Province of Isernia 1.04
Template:Country data Province of Prato 1.01
Template:Country data Viterbo 1.00
Template:Country data Province of Nuoro 0.98
Template:Country data Province of Sassari 0.94
Template:Country data Province of Oristano 0.93
Template:Country data Province of South Sardinia 0.89
Template:Country data Cagliari 0.84

Structure of the population

<templatestyles src="Template:Hidden begin/styles.css"/>

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021):[57]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 28 866 226 30 369 987 59 236 213 100
0–4 1 138 845 1 077 665 2 216 510 3.74
5–9 1 326 061 1 252 279 2 578 340 4.35
10–14 1 463 873 1 377 822 2 841 695 4.80
15–19 1 476 815 1 380 198 2 857 013 4.82
20–24 1 549 500 1 407 840 2 957 340 4.99
25–29 1 566 265 1 479 314 3 045 579 5.14
30–34 1 633 887 1 592 259 3 226 146 5.45
35–39 1 747 529 1 735 723 3 483 252 5.88
40–44 2 001 502 2 007 068 4 008 570 6.77
45–49 2 329 457 2 363 044 4 692 501 7.92
50–54 2 377 041 2 440 634 4 817 675 8.13
55–59 2 261 108 2 362 857 4 623 965 7.81
60–64 1 901 209 2 044 887 3 946 096 6.66
65–69 1 652 948 1 821 385 3 474 333 5.87
70–74 1 609 510 1 831 661 3 441 171 5.81
75–79 1 140 634 1 406 576 2 547 210 4.30
80–84 953 118 1 324 845 2 277 963 3.85
85–89 513 213 882 889 1 396 102 2.36
90–94 186 194 443 464 629 658 1.06
95–99 34 670 123 247 157 917 0.27
100–104 2 728 13 404 16 132 0.03
105–109 117 907 1 024 <0.01
110+ 2 19 21 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 3 928 779 3 707 766 7 636 545 12.89
15–64 18 844 313 18 813 824 37 658 137 63.57
65+ 6 093 134 7 848 397 13 941 531 23.54

Health

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

total: 32.2%. Country comparison to the world: 26th
male: 30.4%
female: 34.8% (2018 est.)

Immigration

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, Italy received growing flows of migrants from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine and Poland).[58] The second most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighboring North Africa (especially Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria).[59] Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, China[60] and the Philippines) and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru) have been recorded.

Italy does not collect data on ethnicity or race of the country, but does collect data on nationality of its residents.[61]

In 2021, Istat estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population.[62] These figures do not include naturalized foreign-born residents (121,457 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship in 2021)[63] as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[64] Romanians made up the largest community in the country (1,145,718; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people[65]), followed by Albanians (441,027) and Moroccans (422,980).[66][67]

The fourth largest community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese.[68] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.[69] Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.[70]

Net migration rate
3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th

Template:Table alignment

Nationality groups 2002[71] 2005[71] 2010[71] 2015[71] 2019[72] 2021[73] 2023[74]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Template:Flagicon Italians 55,651,856 97.64 55,775,350 96.09 55,853,967 93.57 55,460,252 91.98 54,820,515 91.65 54,064,319 91.27 53,855,860 91.29
Foreigners 1,341,414 2.36 2,269,018 3.91 3,836,349 6.43 4,835,245 8.02 4,996,158 8.35 5,171,894 8.73 5,141,341 8.71
Template:Flagicon EU-27 – – – – – – – – 1,472,847 2.46% 1,406,623 2.47% 1,393,782 2.36%
Other European – – – – – – – – 1,036,761 1.73% 1,053,765 1.78% 1,024,029 1.74%
Northern Africa – – – – – – – – 639,994 1.07% 689,649 1.16% 689,083 1.17%
Central and South Asia – – – – – – – – 528,182 0.88% 605,000 1.02% 619,671 1.05%
Eastern Asia – – – – – – – – 464,557 0.78% 521,686 0.88% 489,804 0.83%
Western Africa – – – – – – – – 389,602 0.65% 400,112 0.68% 401,218 0.68%
Central and South America – – – – – – – – 345,466 0.58% 366,062 0.62% 370,415 0.63%
Western Asia – – – – – – – – 36,914 – 44,272 – 71,761 –
Eastern Africa – – – – – – – – 37,131 – 35,486 – 35,833 –
Central and South Africa – – – – – – – – 24,919 – 25,343 – 25,299 –
Northern America – – – – – – – – 17,082 – 21,216 – 17,812 –
Oceania – – – – – – – – 2,120 – 2,248 – 1,991 –
Stateless – – – – – – – – 583 – 432 – 643 –
Total 56,993,270 100 58,044,368 100 59,690,316 100 60,295,497 100 59,816,673 100 59,236,213 100 58,997,201 100
File:COB data Italy.PNG
Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.
Total foreign resident population on 1 January[note 1]
Year Population Ref.
2002 1,341,209 [75]
2003 1,464,663
2004 1,854,748
2005 2,210,478
2006 2,419,483
2007 2,592,950
2008 3,023,317
2009 3,402,435
2010 3,648,128
2011 3,879,224
2012 4,052,081 [76]
2013 4,387,721 [77]
2014 4,922,085 [78]
2015 5,014,437 [79]
2016 5,026,153 [80]
2017 5,047,028 [81]
2018 5,144,440 [82]
2019 5,255,503 [83]
2020 5,013,215 [84]
2021 5,171,894 (8.7%) [85]

There are, as of 2022, 5,030,716 Foreign-born residents, accounting for 8.5% of the total population.

Their distribution by country of origin was as follows:

Country Population[86]
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Country data Romania 1,081,836
Template:Country data Albania 416,829
Template:Country data Morocco 415,088
Template:Country data China 307,038
Template:Country data Ukraine 249,613
Template:Country data Bangladesh 174,058
Template:Country data India 167,333
Template:Country data Philippines 158,926
Template:Country data Egypt 147,797
Template:Country data Pakistan 144,129
Template:Country data Nigeria 123,646
Template:Country data Senegal 112,598
Template:Country data Sri Lanka 109,828
Template:Country data Moldova 109,804
Template:Country data Tunisia 102,422
Template:Country data Peru 98,733
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Country data Poland 74,387
Template:Country data Ecuador 63,211
Template:Country data Brazil 51,125
Template:Country data North Macedonia 51,090
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Country data Bulgaria 49,518
Template:Country data Ghana 47,335
Template:Country data Russia 39,705
Template:Country data Kosovo 36,372
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Country data Germany 34,003
Template:Country data Serbia 30,835
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Country data France 29,942
Template:Country data Dominican Republic 29,571
Template:Country data Georgia 29,222
Template:Country data Ivory Coast 28,559
Template:FlagiconTemplate:Country data Spain 27,854
Template:Country data United Kingdom 27,758
Template:Country data Cuba 23,351
Template:Country data El Salvador 22,693
Template:Country data Gambia 22,637
Template:Country data Mali 21,032
Template:Country data Colombia 20,856
Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,454

Italy migration data

[87]

Italy Migration Data of Italian nationals (1971–2014)
Year Emigration Immigration Net Migration
1971 167,721 128,572 -39,149
1972 141,852 138,246 -3,606
1973 123,802 125,168 1,366
1974 112,020 116,708 4,688
1975 92,666 122,774 30,108
1976 97,247 115,997 18,750
1977 87,655 101,985 14,330
1978 85,550 89,897 4,347
1979 88,950 91,693 2,743
1980 84,877 90,463 5,586
1981 89,221 88,886 -335
1982 98,241 92,423 -5,818
1983 85,138 87,804 2,666
1984 77,318 77,002 -316
1985 66,737 67,277 540
1986 57,862 56,006 -1,856
1987 38,305 57,665 19,360
1988 36,660 52,562 15,902
1989 59,894 53,893 -6,001
1990 48,916 70,035 21,119
1991 51,478 56,004 4,526
1992 50,226 54,849 4,623
1993 54,980 49,261 -5,719
1994 59,402 46,761 -12,641
1995 34,886 28,472 -6,414
1996 39,017 28,816 -10,201
1997 38,984 30,352 -8,632
1998 38,148 29,946 -8,202
1999 56,283 32,152 -24,131
2000 47,480 34,411 -13,069
2001 46,901 35,416 -11,485
2002 34,056 44,476 10,420
2003 39,866 47,530 7,664
2004 39,155 41,794 2,639
2005 41,991 37,326 -4,665
2006 46,308 37,666 -8,642
2007 36,299 36,693 394
2008 39,536 32,118 -7,418
2009 39,024 29,330 -9,694
2010 39,545 28,192 -11,353
2011 50,057 31,466 -18,591
2012 67,998 29,467 -38,531
2013 82,095 28,433 -53,662
2014 88,859 29,271 -59,588
Italy Immigration and Emigration Data
Year Immigration Emigration Net Migration
2002 213,202 41,756 171,446
2003 440,301 48,706 391,595
2004 414,880 49,910 364,970
2005 304,960 53,931 251,029
2006 279,714 58,407 221,307
2007 527,123 51,113 476,010
2008 494,394 67,671 426,723
2009 421,859 64,921 356,938
2010 447,744 67,501 380,243
2011 385,793 82,461 303,332
2012 350,772 106,216 244,556
2013 307,454 125,735 181,719
2014 277,631 136,328 141,303
2015 280,078 146,955 133,123
2016 300,823 157,065 143,758
2017 343,440 155,110 188,330
2018 332,324 159,960 172,364
2019 332,778 179,505 153,273
2020 247,526 158,884 88,642
2021 318,366 158,312 160,054
2022 410,985 150,189 260,796
2023 439,658 158,438 281,220
2024 434,579 190,967 243,612

Languages

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File:Linguistic map of Italy corrected.png
Local languages spoken in ItalyTemplate:Image reference needed

Italy's official language is Italian; Ethnologue has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7 million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the Italian diaspora worldwide.[88] Italian, adopted by the central state after the unification of Italy, is a language based on the Florentine variety of Tuscan and is somewhat intermediate between the Italo-Dalmatian languages and the Gallo-Romance languages. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,[89] even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.[90]

Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,[91] as there are not only varieties of Italian specific to each cultural region, but also distinct regional and minority languages. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster (RAI) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.

As a way to distance itself from the Italianization policies promoted because of nationalism, Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "historical linguistic minorities",[92] which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the Aosta Valley as the province's prestige variety, under which the more commonly spoken Franco-Provencal dialects have been historically roofed.[93] German has the same status in the province of Bolzano as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino, does Ladin.[94] Slovene[95] and Friulian are officially recognised in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine in Venezia Giulia. In Sardinia, the Sardinian language has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;[96] in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,[97] the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the House of Savoy in the 18th century.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d'Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of Aosta itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

UNESCO and other authorities recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: Piedmontese, Venetian, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian-Romagnolo, Neapolitan and Sicilian.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Religion

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Template:Pie chart Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Catholic,[98] although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of Italian citizens self-identified as Catholic.[99] This increased again to 78% in 2018.[5]

Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a Eurobarometer Poll in 2005:[100] 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.

Christianity

The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of Italian Bishops. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, San Marino and Vatican City. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article List of Catholic dioceses in Italy. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with Latin, Italian is the most spoken and second language of the Roman Curia.[101]

Italy has a rich Catholic culture, especially as numerous Catholic saints, martyrs and popes were Italian themselves. Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Caravaggio, Fra Angelico, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Sandro Botticelli, Tintoretto, Titian and Giotto. Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as St Peter's Basilica, Florence Cathedral and St Mark's Basilica. Catholicism is the largest religion and Christian denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of cardinals in the world,[102] and is the country with the greatest number of Catholic churches per capita.[103]

File:Santa Maria del Fiore.jpg
The Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence, which has the biggest brick dome in the world,[104][105] and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.

Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Catholicism, there are some minorities of Protestant, Waldensian, Eastern Orthodox and other Christian churches.

Immigration from Western, Central, and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of Baptist, Anglican, Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.

In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 Greek Orthodox,[106] 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the Assemblies of God, about 250,000 are Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%),[107] 30,000 Waldensians,[108] 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).[109]

Other religions

The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in Ancient Rome before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister Luigi Luzzatti, who took office in 1910, Ernesto Nathan served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and Shabbethai Donnolo (died 982). During the Holocaust, Italy took in many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet Italian Social Republic, about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.

Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0 million Muslims in Italy[110] forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8 million[111] to 1.5 million.[112] 50,000 Italian Muslims hold Italian citizenship.

There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 Sikhs with 22 gurdwaras across the country,[113] 70,000 Hindus, and 50,000 Buddhists.[114] There were an estimated 4,900 Bahá'ís in Italy in 2005.[115]

Education

Literacy (defined as: ages 15 and over can read and write)

total population: 99.2%
male: 99.4%
female: 99% (2018 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2018)

Genetics and ethnic groups

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File:Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.png
Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.[116]

The genetic history of Italy is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly Indo-European speakers (Italic peoples such as Latins, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Celts, Iapygians and Greeks) and pre-Indo-European speakers (Etruscans, Ligures, Rhaetians and Camunni in mainland Italy, Sicani and Elymians in Sicily and the Nuragic people in Sardinia). During the imperial period of Ancient Rome, the city of Rome was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.[117] Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.[118][119][120][121]

The Italian population is marked by considerable cultural, linguistic, genetic and historical diversity which results in the presence of several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.[122] In this regard, peoples like the Friulians, the Ladins, the Sardinians and the Tyrolese, who are recognized linguistic minorities, or even the Sicilians who are not, serve as cases in point attesting to such internal diversity.

Linguistic minorities in Italy include Sardu-speakers 1 million, Tyrolese German-speakers 350,000, Albanians 70,000 – 100,000, Slovenes 60,000, Franco-Provençal-speakers 50,000 – 70,000, Occitans 20,000 – 40,000, Ladins 30,000, Catalans 15,000, Greek-speakers 12,000, Croatians 3,000 and Friulians 600,000. The Roma community is one of the largest ethnic minorities in Italy. Due to the lack of disaggregated data the size of the Italian Roma community remains unknown. The Council of Europe estimates that between 120,000 and 180,000 Roma live in Italy. A significant proportion of Roma in Italy do not have Italian citizenship.[123]

See also

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Notes

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References

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External links

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Template:Ethnic groups in Italy Template:Italy topics Template:Demographics of Europe

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  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  11. ↑ "The Cambridge survey of world migration". Robin Cohen (1995). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. Template:ISBN
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  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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