Bumin Qaghan: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)}}
{{distinguish|Yami Qaghan|Illig Qaghan}}{{Short description|Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)}}
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox monarch
| name        = Bumin Qaghan
| name        = Bumin Qaghan
Line 20: Line 20:
| full name    = Bumin Qaghan<br>Ellig Qaghan
| full name    = Bumin Qaghan<br>Ellig Qaghan
| successor    = [[Issik Qaghan]]
| successor    = [[Issik Qaghan]]
| spouse      = Princess Changle
| spouse      = ''Unknown wives''<br>
| issue        = [[Issik Qaghan]]
[[Princess Changle (Western Wei)|Princess Changle]] (551)
[[Muqan Qaghan]]
| issue        = [[Issik Qaghan]]<br>
[[Taspar Qaghan]]
[[Muqan Qaghan]]<br>
[[Taspar Qaghan]] (through Princess Changle)<br>
[[Böri Qaghan]]
[[Böri Qaghan]]
| royal house  = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina Clan]]
| royal house  = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina Clan]]
Line 33: Line 34:
| religion    = [[Tengrism]]
| religion    = [[Tengrism]]
}}
}}
'''Bumin Qaghan''' ({{langx|otk|𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣|Bumïn qaɣan}},<ref name="Kultegin">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1| title = Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref> also known as '''Illig Qaghan''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 伊利可汗, [[Pinyin]]: Yīlì Kèhán, [[Wade–Giles]]: i-li k'o-han) or '''Yamï Qaghan'''{{efn|''Yamï Qağan'' on the Ongin inscription is often identified as [[Yami Qaghan|''Qǐmín Kěhàn'']] 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]]<ref>Baumer's ''History of Central Asia'' (2016), p 324.</ref> W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),<ref>S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11</ref> G.Aidarov,<ref>G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88</ref> Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),<ref>Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132</ref> Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.}} ({{langx|otk|𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣|Yamï qaɣan}}, died 552 AD) was the founder of the [[First Turkic Khaganate|Turkic Khaganate]]. He was the eldest son of [[Ashina Tuwu]] (吐務 / 吐务).<ref>[[Ouyang Xiu]] et al., ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', [[:zh:s:新唐書/卷215下|Cilt 215-II]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of [[Rouran Khaganate]].<ref name="Ma Zhangshou">馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, ''Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate''), pp. 10-11. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Fengxiang">陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, {{ISBN|978-957-11-2881-8}} (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, ''General history of China''), p. 155. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Gao Yang">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRpAAAAMAAJ&q=slave++Rouran| title = Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", ''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler'', V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.| year = 1986| publisher = Kenan Matbaası| isbn = 9789751604033}}</ref><ref name="Burhan Oğuz">Burhan Oğuz, ''Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri'', İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=kOwBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22demirci+k%C3%B6le%22 «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> He is also mentioned as '''Tumen''' ({{linktext|lang=zh|土門}}, {{linktext|lang=zh|吐門}}, commander of ten thousand<ref>"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in ''[[Secret History of the Mongols]]'', Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", ''Asian folklore studies'', Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.</ref>) of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Beckwith">{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=387, 390 |isbn=978-0691135892 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>
'''Bumin Qaghan''' ({{langx|otk|𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣|Bumïn qaɣan}}<ref name="Kultegin">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1| title = Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref>) or '''Yamï Qaghan'''{{efn|''Yamï Qağan'' on the Ongin inscription is often identified as [[Yami Qaghan|''Qǐmín Kěhàn'']] 啟民可汗 (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]]<ref>Baumer's ''History of Central Asia'' (2016), p 324.</ref> W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),<ref>S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11</ref> G.Aidarov,<ref>G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88</ref> Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),<ref>Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132</ref> Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.}} ({{langx|otk|𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣|Yamï qaɣan}}, died 552 AD) also known as '''Illig Qaghan''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 伊利可汗, [[Pinyin]]: Yīlì Kèhán, [[Wade–Giles]]: i-li k'o-han) was the founder of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]]. He was the eldest son of [[Ashina Tuwu]] (吐務 / 吐务).<ref>[[Ouyang Xiu]] et al., ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', [[:zh:s:新唐書/卷215下|Cilt 215-II]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of the [[Rouran Khaganate]].<ref name="Ma Zhangshou">馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, ''Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate''), pp. 10-11. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Fengxiang">陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, {{ISBN|978-957-11-2881-8}} (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, ''General history of China''), p. 155. {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Gao Yang">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRpAAAAMAAJ&q=slave++Rouran| title = Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", ''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler'', V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.| year = 1986| publisher = Kenan Matbaası| isbn = 9789751604033}}</ref><ref name="Burhan Oğuz">Burhan Oğuz, ''Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri'', İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=kOwBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22demirci+k%C3%B6le%22 «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> He is also mentioned as '''Tumen''' ({{linktext|lang=zh|土門}}, {{linktext|lang=zh|吐門}}, commander of ten thousand<ref>"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in ''[[Secret History of the Mongols]]'', Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", ''Asian folklore studies'', Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.</ref>) of the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Beckwith">{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=387, 390 |isbn=978-0691135892 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>


== Early life and reign ==
== Early life and reign ==
According to ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'' and ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of [[Cao Wei|Wei]]. The [[Chancellor (China)|chancellor]] of [[Western Wei]], [[Yuwen Tai]], sent [[An Nuopanto]] (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a [[Sogdian people|Sogdian]] from [[Bukhara]],<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. [http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Japanologie/noag/noag2008_7.pdf p. 123.] {{in lang|de}}</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''History of Northern Dynasties'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">[[Sima Guang]], ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷159|Vol. 159.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the [[Tiele people|Tiele tribes]] against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, [[Yujiulü Anagui|Anagui]], sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">[[Linghu Defen]] et al., ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', [[:zh:s:周書/卷50|Vol. 50.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷164|Vol. 164.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" ([[wikt:鍛|鍛]][[wikt:奴|奴]] / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. [[John Curtis Perry]], Bardwell L. Smith, ''Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces'', Brill Archive, 1976, {{ISBN|978-90-04-04761-7}}, p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5s4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=Blacksmith+slave+Juan+Juan&pg=PA65 ''Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.'']</ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.
According to the ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'' and the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of [[Cao Wei|Wei]]. The [[Chancellor (China)|chancellor]] of [[Western Wei]], [[Yuwen Tai]], sent [[An Nuopanto]] (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a [[Sogdian people|Sogdian]] from [[Bukhara]],<ref>Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. [http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Japanologie/noag/noag2008_7.pdf p. 123.] {{in lang|de}}</ref>) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.<ref name="Northern99">Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''History of Northern Dynasties'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi159">[[Sima Guang]], ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷159|Vol. 159.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the [[Tiele people|Tiele tribes]] against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.<ref name="Zizhi159" /> Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess to be his wife. The Rouran khagan, [[Yujiulü Anagui]], sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50">[[Linghu Defen]] et al., ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', [[:zh:s:周書/卷50|Vol. 50.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Zizhi164">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷164|Vol. 164.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present'', Princeton University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}, p. 9.</ref> Anagui's "blacksmith" ([[wikt:鍛|鍛]][[wikt:奴|奴]] / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,<ref name="Ma Zhangshou" /><ref name="Fengxiang" /><ref name="Gao Yang" /><ref name="Burhan Oğuz" /> and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.<ref>Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. [[John Curtis Perry]], Bardwell L. Smith, ''Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces'', Brill Archive, 1976, {{ISBN|978-90-04-04761-7}}, p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5s4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=Blacksmith+slave+Juan+Juan&pg=PA65 ''Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.'']</ref> Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against the Rouran.
[[File:First Turk Khaganate(600).PNG|thumb|Gokturk khaganate.]]
[[File:First Turk Khaganate(600).PNG|thumb|Gokturk khaganate.]]
In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent [[:zh:长乐公主 (西魏)|Princess Changle(長樂公主)]] of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year when [[Emperor Wen of Western Wei]] died, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />
In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess for marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent [[Princess Changle (Western Wei)|Princess Changle]] of Western Wei to Bumin.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" /><ref name="Zizhi164" /> In the same year [[Emperor Wen of Western Wei]] died, and Bumin sent a mission and gave two hundred horses.<ref name="Northern99" /><ref name="Zhou50" />


The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and threw off the yoke of the [[Rouran]] domination. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of [[Six Frontier Towns|Huaihuang]] and then Anagui committed suicide.<ref name="Zhou50" /> With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "'''Illig Qaghan'''" and made his wife [[Khatun|qaghatun]].<ref name="Zhou50" /> "Illig" means [[Ilkhan (title)|Ilkhan]] (i.e. ruler of people) in [[Old Turkic]].<ref>Talat Tekin, (1968), ''A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic'', p. 58</ref> According to the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex]] and the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Kul Tigin's memorial complex]], Bumin and [[Istemi]] ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.<ref name="Kultegin" /><ref name="Bilge">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1| title = Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref>
The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and ended their subservience to the Rouran. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of [[Six Frontier Towns|Huaihuang]] and then Anagui committed suicide.<ref name="Zhou50" /> With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "Illig Qaghan" and made his wife [[Khatun|qaghatun]].<ref name="Zhou50" /> "Illig" means [[Ilkhan (title)|Ilkhan]] (i.e. ruler of people) in [[Old Turkic]].<ref>Talat Tekin, (1968), ''A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic'', p. 58</ref> According to the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex]] and the [[Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments|Kul Tigin's memorial complex]], Bumin and [[Istemi]] ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.<ref name="Kultegin" /><ref name="Bilge">{{cite web| url = http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1| title = Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG}}</ref>


== Death and family ==
== Death and family ==
Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle of [[Western Wei]].  
Bumin died within several months of proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |year=2006 |isbn=978-9231032110 |pages=327}}</ref> He was married to Princess Changle of [[Western Wei]].  


Issue:
Issue:
Line 50: Line 51:
* Ashina Qijin (阿史那俟斤) - [[Muqan Qaghan]]
* Ashina Qijin (阿史那俟斤) - [[Muqan Qaghan]]
* [[Taspar Qaghan]]
* [[Taspar Qaghan]]
* Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by [[Muqan Qaghan]] to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733|title=Book of Zhou|last=Linghu|first=Defen|pages=33}}</ref>
* Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by Muqan Qaghan to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B733|title=Book of Zhou|last=Linghu|first=Defen|pages=33}}</ref>
* Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by [[Taspar Qaghan]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alyılmaz|first=Cengiz|title=Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine|url=http://sutad.selcuk.edu.tr/sutad/article/view/203|journal=Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi|year=2003 |volume=1 |issue=13 |pages=11–21 }}</ref>
* Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by Taspar Qaghan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alyılmaz|first=Cengiz|title=Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine|url=http://sutad.selcuk.edu.tr/sutad/article/view/203|journal=Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi|year=2003 |volume=1 |issue=13 |pages=11–21 }}</ref>
* Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099|script-title=zh:北史/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆|website=zh.wikisource.org|language=zh|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>
* Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099|script-title=zh:北史/卷099 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆|website=zh.wikisource.org|language=zh|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>
** Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by [[Taspar Qaghan]]<ref name=":0" />
** Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by Taspar Qaghan<ref name=":0" />
 
=== Genetics ===
[[File:An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in Yurt (detail). Xi’an, 579 CE. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg|thumb|Contemporary depiction of the encounter in a Turkic [[yurt]] of the [[Sogdia]]n trader [[Tomb of An Jia|An Jia]] (left) and a Turkic Chieftain (right). 579 CE, [[Tomb of An Jia]], [[Xi’an]], China.]]
A complete genetic analysis of [[Empress Ashina]] (551–582), Bumin Qaghan' granddaughter through his son Muqan Qaghan, by Xiaoming Yang et al. in 2023 , found nearly exclusively [[Ancient Northeast Asian]] ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports the Northeast Asian origin of the [[Ashina tribe]] and the [[Göktürk Khanate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaomin |title=Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |date=2023 |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1056–1064 |doi=10.1111/jse.12938 |s2cid=255690237 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366965287|quote=In the principal component analysis (PCA) (Figs. 1B, S3), the Ashina individual clustered with modern Tungusic and Mongolic speakers, ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunter‐gatherers previously referred to as “Ancient Northeast Asian” (ANA), that is, DevilsCave_N, Mongolia_N_North, Boisman_MN, AR_EN (Jeong et al., 2020; Ning et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021), as well as post‐Iron Age Eastern Steppe nomadic people including Xianbei, Rouran, Khitan, and part of the Mongol population. The shared genetic similarity between Ashina and Northeast Eurasians, especially ANA, was also evident in outgroup‐f3 statistics (Fig. S5A).}}</ref> According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Türks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaomin |last2=Meng |first2=Hailiang |last3=Zhang |first3=Jianlin |last4=Yu |first4=Yao |last5=Allen |first5=Edward |last6=Xia |first6=Ziyang |last7=Zhu |first7=Kongyang |last8=Du |first8=Panxin |last9=Ren |first9=Xiaoying |last10=Xiong |first10=Jianxue |last11=Lu |first11=Xiaoyu |last12=Ding |first12=Yi |last13=Han |first13=Sheng |last14=Liu |first14=Weipeng |last15=Jin |first15=Li |date=2023-01-09 |title=Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=61 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=1056–1064 |doi=10.1111/jse.12938 |s2cid=255690237 |issn=1674-4918|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Istemi]]<ref name="MichaelKappler2009">{{cite book|author1=Michalis N. Michael|author2=Matthias Kappler|author3=Eftihios Gavriel|title=Archivum Ottomanicum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjwMAQAAMAAJ&q=mentioned+brother|year=2009|publisher=Mouton.|pages=68, 69|isbn=9783447058995 }}</ref> in the western part and by his son [[Issik Qaghan]] in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most of [[Central Asia]].
He was succeeded by his younger brother [[Istemi]]<ref name="MichaelKappler2009">{{cite book|author1=Michalis N. Michael|author2=Matthias Kappler|author3=Eftihios Gavriel|title=Archivum Ottomanicum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjwMAQAAMAAJ&q=mentioned+brother|year=2009|publisher=Mouton.|pages=68, 69|isbn=9783447058995 }}</ref> in the western part and by his son [[Issik Qaghan]] in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most of [[Central Asia]].
His accomplishments are mentioned in the [[Tariat inscriptions|Tariat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bitig.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=24&m=1|title=Turk Bitig}}</ref> and [[Bugut inscription|Bugut inscriptions.]]<ref name="proboards">{{cite web|url=http://steppes.proboards.com/thread/358/bugut-inscription|title=The Bugut Inscription &#124; Steppe History Forum|website=steppes.proboards.com|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
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[[Category:552 deaths]]
[[Category:552 deaths]]
[[Category:Göktürk khagans]]
[[Category:Göktürk khagans]]
[[Category:Tengrist monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire]]
[[Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Rouran Khaganate]]
[[Category:Rouran Khaganate]]


{{Rouran rulers}}
{{Rouran rulers}}

Latest revision as of 16:14, 18 November 2025

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  1. REDIRECT Template:Infobox royalty

Bumin Qaghan (Template:Langx[1]) or Yamï QaghanTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx, died 552 AD) also known as Illig Qaghan (Chinese: 伊利可汗, Pinyin: Yīlì Kèhán, Wade–Giles: i-li k'o-han) was the founder of the First Turkic Khaganate. He was the eldest son of Ashina Tuwu (吐務 / 吐务).[2] He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of the Rouran Khaganate.[3][4][5][6] He is also mentioned as Tumen (Template:Linktext, Template:Linktext, commander of ten thousand[7]) of the Rouran Khaganate.[8]

Early life and reign

According to the History of the Northern Dynasties and the Zizhi Tongjian, in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier of Wei. The chancellor of Western Wei, Yuwen Tai, sent An Nuopanto (安諾盤陀, Nanai-Banda, a Sogdian from Bukhara,[9]) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.[10][11] In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.[11] In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of the Tiele tribes against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.[11] Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess to be his wife. The Rouran khagan, Yujiulü Anagui, sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.[10][12][13][14] Anagui's "blacksmith" (鍛奴 / 锻奴, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,[3][4][5][6] and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.[15] Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against the Rouran.

File:First Turk Khaganate(600).PNG
Gokturk khaganate.

In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess for marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sent Princess Changle of Western Wei to Bumin.[10][12][13] In the same year Emperor Wen of Western Wei died, and Bumin sent a mission and gave two hundred horses.[10][12]

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and ended their subservience to the Rouran. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of Huaihuang and then Anagui committed suicide.[12] With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "Illig Qaghan" and made his wife qaghatun.[12] "Illig" means Ilkhan (i.e. ruler of people) in Old Turkic.[16] According to the Bilge Qaghan's memorial complex and the Kul Tigin's memorial complex, Bumin and Istemi ruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.[1][17]

Death and family

Bumin died within several months of proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan.[18] He was married to Princess Changle of Western Wei.

Issue:

  • Ashina Keluo (阿史那科罗) - Issig Qaghan
  • Ashina Qijin (阿史那俟斤) - Muqan Qaghan
  • Taspar Qaghan
  • Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) - Ditou Qaghan (appointed by Muqan Qaghan to be lesser khagan of eastern wing of Turkic Empire)[19]
  • Mahan Tigin - Lesser khagan appointed by Taspar Qaghan[20]
  • Rudan Qaghan (褥但可汗)[21]
    • Böri Qaghan (步離可汗) - Lesser khagan of appointed by Taspar Qaghan[21]

Genetics

File:An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in Yurt (detail). Xi’an, 579 CE. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg
Contemporary depiction of the encounter in a Turkic yurt of the Sogdian trader An Jia (left) and a Turkic Chieftain (right). 579 CE, Tomb of An Jia, Xi’an, China.

A complete genetic analysis of Empress Ashina (551–582), Bumin Qaghan' granddaughter through his son Muqan Qaghan, by Xiaoming Yang et al. in 2023 , found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. This supports the Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Göktürk Khanate.[22] According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Türks.[23]

Legacy

He was succeeded by his younger brother Istemi[24] in the western part and by his son Issik Qaghan in the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most of Central Asia.

His accomplishments are mentioned in the Tariat[25] and Bugut inscriptions.[26]

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Template:S-endTemplate:GöktürksTemplate:Rouran rulers
Bumin Qaghan
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate
552 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Ouyang Xiu et al., New Book of Tang, Cilt 215-II Template:In lang
  3. ↑ a b 馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate), pp. 10-11. Template:In lang
  4. ↑ a b 陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, Template:ISBN (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, General history of China), p. 155. Template:In lang
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Burhan Oğuz, Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri, İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147. «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e Template:In lang
  7. ↑ "Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in Secret History of the Mongols, Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", Asian folklore studies, Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008. p. 123. Template:In lang
  10. ↑ a b c d Li Yanshou (李延寿), History of Northern Dynasties, Vol. 99. Template:In lang
  11. ↑ a b c Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 159. Template:In lang
  12. ↑ a b c d e Linghu Defen et al., Book of Zhou, Vol. 50. Template:In lang
  13. ↑ a b Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 164. Template:In lang
  14. ↑ Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present, Princeton University Press, 2009, Template:ISBN, p. 9.
  15. ↑ Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. John Curtis Perry, Bardwell L. Smith, Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, Brill Archive, 1976, Template:ISBN, p. 65. Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.
  16. ↑ Talat Tekin, (1968), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, p. 58
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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