Zurich German

File:Zuercher Mundarten.png

File:Karte Kanton Zürich Sprache.png

Isoglosses in the canton of Zürich. The red line marks the transition of /äng/ "narrow" vs. /eng/ in the dialect of the Thurgau. The green line separates the /o:big/ "evening" of the Oberland from /a:big/ elsewhere.

Zurich German (natively ; Template:Langx) is the High Alemannic dialect spoken in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Its area covers most of the canton, with the exception of the parts north of the Thur and the Rhine, which belong to the areal of the northeastern (Schaffhausen and Thurgau) Swiss dialects.

Zurich German was traditionally divided into six sub-dialects, now increasingly homogenised owing to larger commuting distances:

• The dialect of the town of Zurich ()
• The dialect spoken around Lake Zurich ()
• The dialect of the Knonauer Amt west of the Albis ()
• The dialect of the area of Winterthur
• The dialect of the Zürcher Oberland around Lake Pfäffikon and the upper Tösstal valley
• The dialect of the Zürcher Unterland around Bülach and Dielsdorf

Akin to all Swiss German dialects, it is essentially a spoken language, whereas the written language is standard German. Likewise, there is no official orthography of the Zurich dialect. When it is written, it rarely follows the guidelines published by Eugen Dieth in his book . Furthermore, Dieth's spelling uses a lot of diacritical marks not found on a normal keyboard. Young people often use Swiss German for personal messages, such as when texting with their mobile phones. As they do not have a standard way of writing they tend to blend Standard German spelling with Swiss German phrasing.

The Zurich dialect is generally perceived as fast spoken and less melodic than, for example, Bernese German. Characteristic of the city dialect is that it most easily adopts external influences. The second-generation Italian immigrants (secondi) have had a crucial influence, as has the English language through the media. The wave of Turkish and ex-Yugoslavian immigration of the 1990s is also leaving its imprint on the dialect of the city.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemesTemplate:Sfnp

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Plosive	Lenis	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	Fortis	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Affricate		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	Lenis	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Fortis	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)
Approximant		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Rhotic

• The distinction between the lenis on the one hand and the fortis on the other is not one of voice but length, with the fortis obstruents being the longer ones. A difference in tenseness is also claimed by some authors, with the fortes being more tense. does not participate in this distinction and neither do the affricates. The contrast occurs in all contexts (word-initial, word-internal and word-final) in the case of plosives. In the case of fricatives, it occurs only in the word-internal and word-final positions. Word-initially, only lenes appear, except in consonant clusters where fortes (especially ) appear through assimilation. Postvocalic tends to appear only after long vowels. and occur mainly in the word-internal and word-final contexts. Word-initially, tends to appear instead. In monosyllabic nouns, short vowels tend to be followed by fortes. appears only after short vowels.Template:Sfnp See fortis and lenis for more details. In the table above, is classified as lenis on the basis of its length and distribution (it occurs in the word-initial and word-internal positions).
• and are aspirated in borrowings from Standard German, e.g. 'parcel'. In other contexts, they are unaspirated, as is . In borrowings with an aspirated , it is nativized to an affricate , as in 'fight' (cf. Northern Standard German ).Template:Sfnp
• Intervocalic nasals are short traditional Zurich German. However, younger speakers tend to realize at least the bilabial and the velar as long in this position, possibly under the influence of other dialects. This is particularly common before and , as in 'hammer' and 'longer'. This may also apply to , as in 'miller'.Template:Sfnp
• vary between velar and uvular in all contexts, including when in contact with front vowels. The distinction between the and the found in Standard German does not exist in the Zurich dialect. 'chemistry' is thus pronounced or but never , with a voiceless palatal fricative Template:IPAblink found in Northern and Swiss Standard German (with Template:Angbr IPA being a difference in transcription, not in pronunciation). That sound does not exist in Zurich German. Similarly, can also be realized as uvular Template:IPAblink, as in 'thick' (infl.).Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
• The reflex of the Middle High German is an approximant and not a voiced fricative , unlike in Northern Standard German. The voiced labiodental fricative does not occur in Zurich German.Template:Sfnp
• The traditional pronunciation of the rhotic is an alveolar tap Template:IPAblink, but the uvular variants Template:IPAblink (a uvular trill), Template:IPAblink (a voiced uvular fricative), Template:IPAblink (a uvular approximant) and Template:IPAblink (a voiceless lenis uvular fricative) are now more frequent. The last one overlaps phonetically with the uvular realization of . Speakers can switch between alveolar and uvular articulations, as shown in Fleischer & Schmid's transcription of The North Wind and the Sun. This is very similar to the situation in many dialects of Dutch. R-vocalization does not occur; 'to be allowed to' is thus never pronounced , only etc.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Elsewhere in the article, the rhotic is written with Template:Angbr IPA regardless of its precise quality.

Vowels

File:Zürich German monophthongs chart.svg

Monophthongs of the Zürich dialect, from Template:Harvcoltxt

Vowel phonemesTemplate:Sfnp

		Front				Central	Back
		unrounded		rounded
		short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Close-mid		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open-mid		(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link
Open		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link				Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Diphthongs	closing
	centering

• Traditional Zurich German features an additional, near-close series , which seems about to disappear. Vowels from these series can form minimal pairs with the close series, as exemplified by the minimal pair 'dry' vs. 'expensive'.Template:Sfnp
• The short and were originally in complementary distribution, with the latter occurring before and and the former elsewhere. A phonemic split has occurred through analogy and borrowing, with now occurring in places where originally only could appear.Template:Sfnp
• The long can easily form minimal pairs with , as in the minimal pair 'from' vs. 'army'.Template:Sfnp
• The short has a marginal status. In native words, it can only occur before and . The word 'potato' has a common alternative , with an unrounded (cf. Austrian Standard German ). In addition, occurs in loanwords as a substitute for English , as in 'bluff' (n).Template:Sfnp
• appears only in unstressed syllables. In native words, only it and can appear in unstressed syllables, as exemplified by the minimal pair 'to weaken' vs. 'weakness'. In borrowings, other vowels can also appear in the unstressed position, e.g. 'bamboo'.Template:Sfnp
• The open front are phonetically near-front Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
• The open back have a variable rounding and may be realized as unrounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
• All diphthongs are falling, with the first element being more prominent: .Template:Sfnp
• is marginal and occurs only in exclamations such as 'ugh!'.Template:Sfnp
• Originally, two diphthongs with a rounded mid front first element were distinguished. Those were and (phonetically falling , as the rest), distinguished phonemically as in the near-minimal pair 'new' vs. 'hay'. They have since merged into one diphthong .Template:Sfnp

Sample

The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun. It is a recording of a 67-year old male from the town of Meilen, about 15 kilometers from the city of Zurich.Template:Sfnp

Further reading

• (proposed orthography)
• Salzmann, Martin: Resumptive Prolepsis: A study in indirect A'-dependencies. Utrecht: LOT, 2006 (=LOT Dissertation Series 136). Chapter 4: Resumptives in Zurich German relative clauses, online. Template:Open access
• Weber, Albert: Zürichdeutsche Grammatik. Ein Wegweiser zur guten Mundart. With the participation of Eugen Dieth. Zürich (=und Wörterbücher des Schweizerdeutschen in allgemeinverständlicher Darstellung. Bd. I). Template:In lang
• Weber, Albert and Bächtold, Jacques M.. Zürichdeutsches Wörterbuch. Zürich (=Grammatiken und Wörterbücher des Schweizerdeutschen in allgemeinverständlicher Darstellung. Bd. III).