Ziziphus
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Ziziphus Script error: No such module "IPAc-en".[1] is a genus of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It includes 68 species native to tropical and subtropical Africa, Eurasia, and Australia and tropical South America.[2] The leaves are alternate, entire, with three prominent basal veins, and often aromatic. The flowers are small, inconspicuous yellow-green. The fruit is an edible drupe, often very sweet and sugary, reminiscent of a date in texture and flavour.
Well known species include the commonly cultivated Ziziphus jujuba (jujube), Ziziphus spina-christi from southwestern Asia, Ziziphus lotus from the Mediterranean region, and ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), which is found from western Africa to India.
Etymology
The genus name is derived via classical Latin from Hellenistic Greek, where it is presumed to have been borrowed from another language, perhaps from zizfum or zizafun, the Persian word for Z. lotus.[3]
Ecology
Ziziphus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix zizyphella, which feeds exclusively on the genus, and Endoclita malabaricus.
Species are distributed throughout the world in tropical and warm temperate areas, from rain forests to deserts. Some species are evergreen, others are winter or drought deciduous.
Species adapted to dry climates are smaller and have oleifera cells that produce a fragrant aroma.
Uses
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The temperate Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese jujube) and the tropical Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian Jujube) are economically important fruit trees.
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), suan zao ren (Ziziphus jujuba) is considered to be sweet and sour in taste, and neutral in action. It is believed to nourish the heart yin, augment the liver blood, and calm the spirit (TCM medical terms).[4] It is used to treat irritability, insomnia and heart palpitations.
Mythology
The mythological lotus tree which occurs in Homer's Odyssey is often equated with Z. lotus.[5]
The Islamic mythological lote tree of Seventh Heaven, the Sidrat al-Muntaha is often equated with either Ziziphus spina-christi.[6]
Species
68 species are accepted.[2]
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- Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich. – dry zones of tropical Africa
- Ziziphus affinis Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus andamanica Bhandari & BhansaliScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus angustifolia (Miq.) Hatus. ex SteenisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus apetala Hook.f. ex M.A.Lawson
- Ziziphus attopensis Pierre
- Ziziphus borneensis Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus brunoniana C.B.Clarke ex A.W.HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus budhensis Bhattarai & Pathak – Central Nepal
- Ziziphus calophylla Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus cambodiana PierreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
- Ziziphus colombiana Suess. & OverkottScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus cotinifolia Reissek
- Ziziphus crebrivenosa C.B.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus cumingiana Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus djamuensis Lauterb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus elegans Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus fungii Merr.
- Ziziphus funiculosa Buch.-Ham. ex M.A.Lawson
- Ziziphus glabrata (B.Heyne ex Schult.) B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus globularis Wall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus guaranitica Malme
- Ziziphus hajarensis Duling, Ghaz. & Prend.
- Ziziphus hamur Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus havilandii Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus hoaensis PierreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus horrida Roth
- Ziziphus horsfieldii Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Philippines
- Ziziphus incurva Roxb.
- Ziziphus javanensis Blume
- Ziziphus jujuba Mill. – Jujube
- Ziziphus kunstleri KingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus laui Merr.
- Ziziphus leucodermis (Baker) O.SchwartzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus linnaei M.A.LawsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. – Mediterranean region
- Ziziphus mairei Dode
- Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. – widespread through Old World tropics and subtropics
- Ziziphus melastomoides Pittier
- Ziziphus montana W.W.Smith
- Ziziphus mucronata Willd. buffalo thorn – southern Africa
- Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. – Thar Desert of India and Pakistan
- Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.
- Ziziphus otanesii Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew.
- Ziziphus papuana Lauterb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus pernettyoides Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus poilanei Tardieu
- Ziziphus pubescens Oliv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus pubinervis Rehder
- Ziziphus quadrilocularis F.Muell. – northern Australia
- Ziziphus ridleyana Rasingam & Karthig.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus rivularis CoddScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus robertsoniana BeentjeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus rubiginosa D.G.Long & RaeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus rugosa Lam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.
- Ziziphus subquinquenervia Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus suluensis Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus talanae (Blanco) Merr. – Philippines
- Ziziphus timoriensis DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ziziphus trinervis (Cav.) Poir.
- Ziziphus truncata Blatt. & Hallb.
- Ziziphus williamii Bhandari & Bhansali
- Ziziphus xiangchengensis Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
- Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.
- Ziziphus zeyheriana Sond.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Ziziphus Blossom in Behbahan, Iran Ziziphus Blossom in Behbahan, Iran
Other list sources:[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
Formerly placed here
- Condaliopsis obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & A.Gray) Suess.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Lotebush (as Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray)
- Pseudoziziphus celata (Judd & D.W.Hall) HauenschildScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Ziziphus celata Judd & Hall)
- Pseudoziziphus parryi (Torr.) HauenschildScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Parry's Jujube (as Ziziphus parryi Torr.)
- Sarcomphalus mistol (Griseb.) HauenschildScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Ziziphus mistol Griseb.)
- Ziziphus lloydi A.Gray
Fossil species
- † Ziziphus hyperboreus Heer (Greenland, Eocene fossil)
- † Ziziphus wyomingianis Berry (Tipperary, Wind River Basin Wyoming, USA, Eocene fossil)[14]
- † = Extinct
Gallery
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Ziziphus jujuba foliage
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Dried fruits (azufaifas) in southern Spain of Ziziphus jujuba
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Azufaifas from Almería
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Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India
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Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India
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Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India
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Persian Zizyphus in Iran
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Ziziphus blossom in Behbahan, Iran
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Ziziphus fruit, Behbahan, Iran
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References
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- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
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