Zephyranthes formosissima

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Zephyranthes formosissima (formerly Sprekelia formosissima),[1] also known as Aztec lilies or Jacobean lilies,[2] is a species of bulbous perennial herb[3] in the family Amaryllidaceae endemic to Mexico.[4][5] After its former genus Sprekelia has been merged into the genus Zephyranthes in 2019,[6] it was formally transferred to Zephyranthes in 2024.[1]

Description

File:Sprekelia.formosissima.1.jpg
Flowering Zephyranthes formosissima cultivated in a pot
File:Sprekelia formosissima 2.jpg
Zephyranthes formosissima flower
File:Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herb.jpg
Zephyranthes formosissima bulb with scale bar (10 cm)

Vegetative characteristics

Zephyranthes formosissima is a bulbous,[7] perennial herb[3] with ovate to globose,[8] up to 5 cm wide,[9][3] long-necked bulbs,[10] bearing 3–6[9] annual,[11] strap-shaped,[2] linear,[3] bright green,[11] sometimes glaucous,[12] up to 50 cm long, and 2 cm wide leaves.[3] The bulbs produce offsets.[7] The roots are fibrous.[13]

Generative characteristics

The 1–2 flowered,[6][8] but usually solitary inflorescence[13][6] with a hollow,[11] 40–70(–90) cm tall scape[12] has zygomorphic,[6] bright red flowers.[9] The flowers has 6 tepals.[7] The androecium consists of 6 stamens.[13][14] The gynoecium consists of 3 carpels.[3] The stigma is trifid.[11] The triangular[3] 1.5–2.7 cm wide capsule fruit[13] bears black, flat, winged,[3] 9–11 mm long, and 6.5–8 mm wide seeds.[13]

Cytology

Various chromosome counts have been observed: 2n = 60, 120, 150, 180.[6]

Taxonomy

It was first published as Amaryllis formosissima Template:Au by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[15][16] A new genus Sprekelia Template:Au was created by Lorenz Heister in 1748,[17] honouring Johann Heinrich von Spreckelsen (1691–1764), who supplied the plants to Lorenz Heister.[18] Heister however did not transfer any species to the new genus.[19] It was placed into the genus Sprekelia Template:Au as Sprekelia formosissima Template:Au by William Herbert in 1821.[4][20] The genus Sprekelia Template:Au was merged into Zephyranthes Template:Au, due to genetic analyses.[6] As Sprekelia Template:Au is the earlier name than Zephyranthes Template:Au, it was proposed to conserve Zephyranthes Template:Au against Sprekelia Template:Au.[19] Upon acceptance of this proposal, Sprekelia formosissima Template:Au was merged into Zephyranthes Template:Au as Zephyranthes formosissima Template:Au published by Zhen-Hao Feng in 2024.[1][21][22] It is placed in the tribe Hippeastreae.[6]

Etymology

The specific epithet formosissima means "most beautiful" or "best formed".[7]

Hybridisation

There are crosses between the genera Hippeastrum and Sprekelia, referred to as "x Hippeastrelia",[23] as well as at least one cross between the three genera Hippeastrum, Sprekelia, and Zephyranthes, x Howardara.[24]

Distribution and habitat

Zephyranthes formosissima is endemic to Mexico. It has been introduced to the Mariana Islands.[4] It occurs in various habitats, ranging from hot and xeric to temperate and humid conditions. It grows in rocky, loamy, or sandy soils[10] on rocky slopes and outcrops.[7]

Ecology

Pollination

The flowers are adapted to hummingbird pollination.[12][11]

Cultivation

Zephyranthes formosissima is common in cultivation, planted in warm climates or raised in pots in colder climates, or planted and lifted, much as the gladiolus. Even when well grown, bulbs often do not bloom every year.[25][26] The Royal Horticultural Society recommends it as an interesting choice for heated conservatories or greenhouses.[27]

References

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  1. ↑ a b c Z.-H. Feng, Z.-J. Huang, B. Liu, and S. Liu. 2024. Nomenclatural novelties for intergeneric nothotaxa. Phytoneuron 2024-85: 1–41. Published 18 December 2024. ISSN 2153-733X
  2. ↑ a b Sprekelia formosissima  Aztec lily. (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/17705/sprekelia-formosissima/details
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-c). Sprekelia formosissima (L.) A.D.Herb. Jacobean Lily. HortFlora Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://hortflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/taxon/adac5b6e-5340-11e7-b82b-005056b0018f
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Template:Link note
  7. ↑ a b c d e Sprekelia formosissima. (n.d.). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275850&isprofile=0&
  8. ↑ a b Bischoff, G. W. (1840). Lehrbuch der Botanik. p. 890. Deutschland: Schweizerbart.
  9. ↑ a b c Sprekelia formosissima (L.) HERB. (n.d.). Botanischen Garten Der Justus-Liebig-Universität. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from http://fb08heilpflanze.bot1.bio.uni-giessen.de/zeigePflanzeDetails?p_id=963
  10. ↑ a b Borys, M. W., Leszczyńska-Borys, H., & Galván, J. L. (2005). Variants in Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herbert.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Meerow, A.W., Snijman, D.A. (1998). Amaryllidaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (eds) Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  12. ↑ a b c Tapia-Campos, E., Rodriguez-Dominguez, J. M., Revuelta-Arreola, M. M., Van Tuyl, J. M., & Barba-Gonzalez, R. (2012). Mexican Geophytes II. The Genera Hymenocallis, Sprekelia and Zephyranthes. Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology, 6(SI 1), 129-139.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Alejandro, V. R. (2017). Variabilidad genética y distribución espacial del lirio azteca (Sprekelia formosissima).
  14. ↑ Vilmorin's illustrirte Blumengärtnerei: 1872-1873. Translation of Les Fleurs de pleine terre, ed. 3. (iii, 1363 p. ; 1235 ill.). p. 83. (1873). Deutschland: Wiegandt, Hempel & Parey.
  15. ↑ Linné, Carl von, & Salvius, Lars. (1753). Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... (Vol. 1, p. 293). Impensis Laurentii Salvii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358312
  16. ↑ Amaryllis formosissima L. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/62814-1
  17. ↑ Sprekelia Heist. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/1638-1
  18. ↑ Heister, Lorenz 1755. Geschreibung eines neuen Geschlechts 15, 19.
  19. ↑ a b García, N., Meerow, A. W., Arroyo‐Leuenberger, S., & Judd, W. S. (2019). (2692) Proposal to conserve Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae), nom. cons. against an additional name, Sprekelia. Taxon, 68(3), 596-596.
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Zephyranthes formosissima (L.) Z.H.Feng. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/77353849-1
  22. ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-ar). Zephyranthes formosissima (L.) Z.-H. Feng. Tropicos. Retrieved March 6, 2025, from https://tropicos.org/name/100555120
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Brent And Becky's Bulbs: Product Profile - Sprekelia - formosissima
  26. ↑ Shields Gardens The Amaryllis Family: Sprekelia
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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