Yuracaré language

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Yuracaré (also Yurakaré, Yurakar, Yuracare, Yurucare, Yuracar, Yurakare, Yurujuré, Yurújare[1]) is an endangered language isolate of central Bolivia in Cochabamba and Beni departments spoken by the Yuracaré people.

Speakers refer to their own language as Yurújare [juˈɹ̟uhaɹ̟e].[1]Template:Rp

Distribution

There are 2,000–3,000 Yurakaré speakers in the upper Mamoré River valley of eastern Bolivia. They live along the Chapare and Ichilo Rivers in Cochabamba Department, as well as along the Isiboro and Sécure Rivers in Isiboro-Sécure National Park.[1]Template:Rp

Loukotka (1968) reported that Yuracaré was spoken at the sources of the Sécure River, and on the Chapare River and Chimoré River.[2]

Classification

Suárez (1977) suggests a relationship between Yuracaré and the Mosetenan, Pano–Tacanan, Arawakan, and Chon families. His earlier Macro-Panoan proposal is the same minus Arawakan (Suárez 1969).

Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Moseten-Tsimane languages.[3]

Dialects

Two dialects, now extinct, were:[2]

  • Western - Mansiño, Oromo
  • Eastern - Mage, Soloto

Coni, Cuchi, and Enete are possible dialects (Brinton 1891).[4]

Usage

There are approximately 2,500 speakers. These numbers are in decline as the youngest generation no longer learns the language.[5] (See Language death.)

Documentation

Yuracaré is documented with a grammar based on an old missionary manuscript by de la Cueva (Adam 1893). The language is currently being studied by Rik van Gijn. A Foundation for Endangered Languages grant was awarded for a Yuracaré–Spanish / Spanish–Yuracaré dictionary project in 2005.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink (Template:IPAlink)
voiced Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Fricative voiceless Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
voiced Template:IPA link
Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Lateral Template:IPAlink
Approximant Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
  • The glottal stop [ʔ] only occurs in intervocalic positions.
  • /n/ may be pronounced as [ŋ] when preceding /k/.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Mid Template:IPAlink Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
  • /ɨ/ may also be heard as a front-rounded [y], in free variation among speakers.
  • Sounds /e, o, a/ may also be heard as [ɛ, ɔ, ɑ] when in closed syllables.[6]

Grammar

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Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[2]

gloss Yuracare
one letha
two läshie
three lívui
tooth sansa
tongue erume
hand té-banau
woman señe
water záma
fire áima
moon shúhui
maize sil
jaguar samo
house siba

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Adam, Lucien. (1893). Principes et dictionnaire de la langue Yuracaré ou Yurujuré composés par le R. P. de la Cueva et publiés conformément au manuscrit de A. d'Orbigny. Bibliothèque linguistique américaine (No. 16). Paris: Maisonneuve.
  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language History in South America: What We Know and How To Know More. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The Native Languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Ribera, J.; Rivero, W.; Rocha, A. (1991). Vocabulario yuracaré-castellano, castellano-yuracaré. Trinidad: MISEREOR.
  • Suárez, Jorge. (1969). Moseten and Pano–Tacanan. Anthropological Linguistics, 11 (9), 255-266.
  • Suárez, Jorge. (1977). La posición lingüística del pano-tacana y del arahuaco. Anales de Antropología, 14, 243-255.
  • van Gijn, Rik. (2004). Number in the Yurakaré Noun Phrase. In L. Cornips & J. Doetjes (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2004 (pp. 69–79). Linguistics in the Netherlands (No. 21). John Benjamins.
  • van Gijn, Rik (2005). Head Marking and Dependent Marking of Grammatical Relations in Yurakaré. In M. Amberber & H. de Hoop (eds.) Competition and Variation in Natural Languages: The Case for Case. (pp. 41–72) Elsevier.
  • van Gijn, Rik (2006) A Grammar of Yurakaré. Ph.D. dissertation Radboud University Nijmegen. Template:Hdl

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Languages of Bolivia Template:Language families Template:South American languages

  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  4. ↑ Brinton, Daniel G. 1891. The American race. New York: D. C. Hodges.
  5. ↑ Documentation of Endangered Languages.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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