Yuat languages
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The Yuat languages are an independent family of five Papuan languages spoken along the Yuat River in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. They are an independent family in the classification of Malcolm Ross, but are included in Stephen Wurm's Sepik–Ramu proposal. However, Foley and Ross could find no lexical or morphological evidence that they are related to the Sepik or Ramu languages.
It is named after the Yuat River of northern Papua New Guinea. Yuat languages are spoken mostly in Yuat Rural LLG of East Sepik Province.[1][2]
Languages
The Yuat languages proper are:
Classification
Foley (2018) provides the following classification.[3]
- Yuat family
Changriwa and Mekmek are attested only by short words, and are tentatively grouped as separate branches by Foley (2018: 226) due to scanty evidence.
Pronouns
The pronouns Ross (2005) reconstructs for proto-Yuat are:
I *ŋun we *amba thou *ndi you *mba s/he *wu they ?
Mundukumo and Miyak pronouns are:[3]
person Mundukumo Miyak Template:Gcl ŋə ŋə Template:Gcl də də Template:Gcl u u Template:Gcl i ni Template:Gcl abə aba Template:Gcl ya be Template:Gcl wa vara
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Davies & Comrie (1985),[4] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[5]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ŋkaᵐbaᵐgat∘, ŋgambaŋ for “leg”) or not (e.g. fufuimaye, ϕə'ziru for “hair”).
gloss Biwat[6] Kyenele (Kyaimbarang dialect) Kyenele (Miyak dialect) head fop; fopeh ϕɔp∘ ᵽop hair fufuimaivi; fufuimaye ϕə'ziru fusibɩľu ear tuanhe; tundu 'twan tandu eye siketeh; sipta 'ɕikɯ sɩpʰala nose gerekeh; ŋerek 'ŋəŋərɩ nʌnɛlɩŋ tooth andu; andusivahe 'ŋandu ŋandu tongue be; behe 'mbᴶe mpe leg gambang; geambangeh ŋkaᵐbaᵐgat∘ ŋgambaŋ louse uta; utaeh uta wututʰoma dog ken; kenhe kᴶɛn gɛn pig vereh; vre βɛrɩ ƀeǏe bird kaok; kaokhek hɔpᴶɛ wanma egg momoateh; mumuat 'majmuma wanmuma blood amberaeh; ambra ambara ambala bone amfuva; amfuvaheh amϕu amᵽuwa skin gamfuin; iaveteh 'vɨza nᵽɩsakʰ breast meru; meruhe mi miřu tree mung; mungeh mu mï man foakpa; fuakpahe aβɨd aƀɷt woman arepa; arepahe mᴶe miandu sun va; vaeh βanma ƀanma moon mumere; mumereh 'gəŋat∘ ŋgɨŋat water mam; mumeh 'maŋam maŋam fire mehen; men mɨn mɨn stone ghateh; yiak mɨndəm mɨndɩm road, path maikua; miakuahe maj mayt name vu'geh; vuŋ wuŋ eat ueh jiveh; u-u give ɕɛnɕɛn tšɛntšɛntšuƀa one nategeh; natek ŋajkə ŋaykʰʌkʰ two arauu; aravueh aɽawi aǏawin
Grammar
Yuat languages distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person pronouns, a feature not found in most other Papuan languages. This tyopological feature has also diffused from Yuat into the Grass languages, which are spoken contiguously to the Yuat languages.[3]
Yuat grammar and phonology are similar to those of the neighboring Ramu languages.[3] Yuat verbal morphology is relatively simple.[3]Template:Rp
Yuat languages are accusative, unlike many other Papuan languages, e.g., Trans New Guinea, East Cenderawasih Bay, Lakes Plain, South Bougainville, which are all ergative.[7]
Word order in Yuat languages, like in the Yawa languages, is rigidly SOV, whereas in many other Papuan families, OSV word order is often permitted (as long as the verb is final).[7]Template:Rp
See also
- Maramba language, a possibly spurious language often listed as Yuat.
- Upper Yuat languages
References
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- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Davies, J. and Comrie, B. "A linguistic survey of the Upper Yuat". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 22. A-63:275-312. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ SIL (1975) & SIL (1976)
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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