Cananga odorata

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File:Starr 061224-2876 Cananga odorata.jpg
A Cananga odorata in Maui

Cananga odorata, known as ylang-ylang (Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell".) or cananga tree, is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. It is also native to parts of Thailand and Vietnam.Template:R It is valued for the essential oils extracted from its flowers (also called "ylang-ylang"), which has a strong floral fragrance. Ylang-ylang is one of the most extensively used natural materials in the perfume industry, earning it the name "Queen of Perfumes".[1][2][3]

A related plant in the same family, the climbing ylang-ylang vine, Artabotrys hexapetalus[4] (synonym A. odoratissimus) is a woody, evergreen climbing plant, which is also a source of perfume.[5]

Etymology and nomenclature

The name ylang-ylang is the Spanish spelling of the Tagalog term for the tree, Script error: No such module "Lang". - a reduplicative form of the word Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "wilderness", alluding to the tree's natural habitat.[6] A common mistranslation is "flower of flowers".[5]

The tree is also called the fragrant cananga, Macassar-oil plant, or perfume tree.[7][8] It is called kenanga in Malay, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kanaŋa.[9] Its traditional Polynesian names include mataʻoi (Cook Islands), mohokoi (Tonga), mosoʻoi (Samoa), motoʻoi (Hawaii), and mokosoi, mokasoi or mokohoi (Fiji).[10] Other traditional names include sampangi (Telugu).[11]

Description

File:Cananga odorata Blanco1.221-original.png
Cananga odorata illustrated in Francisco Manuel Blanco's Flora de Filipinas

Cananga odorata is a fast-growing tree of the custard apple family Annonaceae. Its growth exceeds Script error: No such module "convert". per year, and it attains an average height of Script error: No such module "convert". in an ideal climate.[5] The compound evergreen leaves are pinnate, smooth and glossy, and Script error: No such module "convert". long. Leaflets are oval, pointed and with wavy margins. The flower is drooping, long-stalked, with six narrow, greenish-yellow (rarely pink) petals, rather like a sea star in appearance, and yields a highly fragrant essential oil. Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[12]

Cananga odorata var. fruticosa, dwarf ylang-ylang, grows as a small tree or compact shrub.

Distribution and habitat

The plant is native to Maritime Southeast Asia and Near Oceania, from the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. It is also native to parts of Thailand, and Vietnam. It has been introduced to other tropical regions in the Pacific Islands, South Asia, Africa, and the Americas.Template:R It is commonly grown in Madagascar,[13] Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and the Comoros Islands.[14] It grows in full or partial sun, and prefers the acidic soils of its native rainforest habitat. Ylang-ylang has been cultivated in temperate climates under conservatory conditions.

In Madagascar, it is grown in plantations with Hewittia malabarica (L.) SureshScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". as a groundcover plant.[13]

Ecology

Its clusters of black fruit are an important food item for birds, such as the collared imperial pigeon, purple-tailed imperial pigeon, Zoe's imperial pigeon, superb fruit dove, pink-spotted fruit dove, coroneted fruit dove, orange-bellied fruit dove, and wompoo fruit dove.[15] The Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbill serves as an effective seed disperser for C. odorata.[16]

Uses

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. The oil from ylang-ylang is widely used in perfumery for oriental- or floral-themed perfumes (such as Chanel No. 5). Ylang-ylang blends well with most floral, fruit, and wood scents.

In Indonesia, ylang-ylang flowers are spread on the bed of newlywed couples. In the Philippines, its flowers, together with the flowers of the sampaguita, are strung into a necklace (lei) and worn by women and used to adorn religious images.

Ylang-ylang's essential oil makes up 29% of the Comoros' annual export (1998).[17]

Ylang-ylang is grown in Madagascar and exported globally for its essential oils.[18]

Ylang-ylang essential oil is one of the basic ingredients of macassar oil.

Ylang-ylang essential oil

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File:YlangYlangEssentialOil.png
Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil

Characteristics

The fragrance of ylang-ylang is rich and deep with notes of rubber and custard, and bright with hints of jasmine and neroli, thus it is sometimes described as heavy, sweet, and carries a slightly fruity floral scent. The essential oil of the flower is obtained through steam distillation of the flowers and separated into different grades (extra, 1, 2, or 3) according to when the distillates are obtained. The main aromatic components of ylang-ylang oil are benzyl acetate, linalool, p-cresyl methyl ether, and methyl benzoate, responsible for its characteristic odor.[19]

Chemical constituents

Typical chemical compositions of the various grades of ylang-ylang essential oil are reported as:[20]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ English, Leo James (1987). Tagalog-English Dictionary. Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer/National Bookstore, Manila. p. 685 Template:ISBN
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ p. 12 In: Vanoverbergh, Morice (1968). Iloko-English Dictionary:Rev. Andres Carro's Vocabulario Iloco-Español. Catholic School Press, Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Baguio City, Philippines. 370pp.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.
  13. ↑ a b G. J. H. Grubben and O.A. Denton Template:Trim&pg=PA311 Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2;Vegetables (2004), p. 311, at Google Books
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Frith, H.J.; Rome, F.H.J.C. & Wolfe, T.O. (1976): Food of fruit-pigeons in New Guinea. Emu 76(2): 49-58. HTML abstract
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Manner, Harley and Craig Elevitch,Traditional Tree Initiative: Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (2006), Permanent Agricultural Resources, Honolulu, Hi.
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading

  • Elevitch, Craig (ed.) (2006): Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment and Use. Permanent Agricultural Resources Publishers, Honolulu. Template:ISBN
  • Manner, Harley & Elevitch, Craig (ed.) (2006): Traditional Tree Initiative: Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agricultural Resources Publishers, Honolulu.
  • Davis, Patricia (2000): "Aromatherapy An A-Z". Vermilion:Ebury Publishing, London.

External links

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