Yamas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Template:Contains special characters The Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Langx), and their complement, the niyamas, represent a series of "right living" or ethical rules within Yoga philosophy. The word Script error: No such module "lang". means "reining in" or "control".[1] They are restraints for proper conduct given in the Vedas and the Yoga Sutras as moral imperatives, commandments, rules or goals. The Script error: No such module "lang". are a "don't"s list of self-restraints, typically representing commitments that affect one's relations with others and self.[2] The complementary Script error: No such module "lang". represent the "do"s. Together Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". are personal obligations to live well.[2]

The earliest mention of Script error: No such module "lang". is in the Rigveda. More than fifty texts of Hinduism, from its various traditions, discuss Script error: No such module "lang"..[3] Patañjali lists five Script error: No such module "lang". in his Yoga Sūtras. Ten yamas are codified as "the restraints" in numerous Hindu texts, including Yajnavalkya Smriti in verse 3.313,[1] the Śāṇḍilya and Vārāha Upanishads, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Svātmārāma,[4] and the Tirumantiram of Tirumular.[5]

The Script error: No such module "lang". apply broadly and include self-restraints in one's actions, words, and thoughts.[6]

Etymology and meaning

The earliest mention of Script error: No such module "lang". is found in the Hindu scripture Rigveda, such as in verse 5.61.2, and later in the Jain Agamas.[1][7][8] The word Script error: No such module "lang". in the Rigveda means a "rein, curb", the act of checking or curbing, restraining such as by a charioteer or a driver.[1] The term evolves into a moral restraint and ethical duty in the Jain Agamas.[1][9] The Script error: No such module "lang". were explained in detail by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras of Patanjali as the first step of the eight-fold path of yogic philosophy and practice for attaining enlightenment and union of the mind, body and soul.[7]

Script error: No such module "lang". means "restraint", particularly "from actions, words, or thoughts that may cause harm".[10]

Yamas by source

The number of Yamas varies with the source:

No. 5 Yamas
Yogasūtra 2.30[11]
cf. Ethics of Jainism		 10 Yamas
Śāṇḍilya Upanishad,[12]
Svātmārāma[4][13]
1 Ahiṃsā (अहिंसा): Non-violence (literally "Non-harming")
2 Satya (सत्य): Truthfulness (Not lying); speech that is non-deceptive, non-distorted, and purposeful[14]
3 Asteya (अस्तेय): Not stealing
4 Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्य): Chastity,[15] sexual restraint,[16] focus (not distracted)
5 Aparigraha (अपरिग्रहः): Non-avarice, non-possessiveness
6 — Kṣamā (क्षमा): Patience, forgiveness.[17]
7 — Dhrti (धृति): Fortitude, perseverance with the aim to reach the goal
8 — Dayā (दया): Compassion[17]
9 — Ārjava (आर्जव): Non-hypocrisy, sincerity[18]
10 — Mitāhāra (मिताहार): Measured diet

At least sixty ancient and medieval era Indian texts are known that discuss Script error: No such module "lang"..[3] Most are in Sanskrit, but some are in regional Indian languages. Of the sixty, the lists in eleven of these texts are similar, but not the same, as that of Patanjali's.[3] Other texts list between one and ten Script error: No such module "lang".; however, ten is the most common.[3]

The order of listed Script error: No such module "lang"., the names and nature of each Script error: No such module "lang"., as well as the relative emphasis vary between the texts. Some texts use the reverse of Script error: No such module "lang". in other texts, as Script error: No such module "lang".; for example, Script error: No such module "lang". (dispassion from hedonism, somewhat reverse of the Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) is described in verse 33 of Trishikhi Brahmana Upanishad in its list of Script error: No such module "lang"..[3] Many texts substitute one or more different concepts in their list of Script error: No such module "lang".. For example, in the ten Script error: No such module "lang". listed by Yatidharma Sangraha, Script error: No such module "lang". (non-anger) is included as a Script error: No such module "lang"..[3] Ahirbudhnya Samhita in verse 31.19 and Darshana Upanishad in verses 1.14-15 include Script error: No such module "lang". as a Script error: No such module "lang"., and explain it as the ethical restraint of not jumping to conclusions, being compassionate to every being, and considering suffering of others as one's own.[19] In verse 31.21, Ahirbudhnya Samhita includes Script error: No such module "lang". as the virtue of forgiveness and restraint from continued agitation from wrong others have done.[3] Mahakala Samhita in verses II.11.723 through II.11.738[20] lists many of the ten Script error: No such module "lang". above, but explains why it is a virtue in a different way. For example, the text explains Script error: No such module "lang". is an ethical precept and the restraint from too much and too little emotions. It suggests Script error: No such module "lang". reflects one's inner state, is the expression of kindness towards kin, friend, stranger, and even a hostile person, and that one must remain good and kind no matter what the circumstances. This view of Script error: No such module "lang". is shared in Shandilya Upanishad and Jabala Darshana Upanishad.[3][21] Atri Samhita in verse 48, lists Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[22] as the restraint from cruelty to any living being by one's actions, words or in thoughts. Shivayoga Dipika in verse 2.9 substitutes Script error: No such module "lang". for Script error: No such module "lang"., defining Script error: No such module "lang". as "sweet and true speech".[3]

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Sanskrit: क्व वोऽश्वाः क्वाभीशवः कथं शेक कथा यय । पृष्ठे सदो नसोर्यमः ॥२॥ (ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ५.६१ Rigveda, Wikisource)
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Template:Multiref2
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Hindudharma Template:Virtues Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Yamas&oldid=5640362"