Yakiniku
Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Infobox food Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., meaning "grilled meat", is a Japanese term that, in its broadest sense, refers to grilled meat cuisine.
Today, "yakiniku" commonly refers to a style of cooking bite-size meat (usually beef and offal) and vegetables on gridirons or griddles over a flame of wood charcoals carbonized by dry distillation (sumibi, 炭火) or a gas or electric grill. It is one of the most popular dishes in Japan. The origin of contemporary yakiniku is considered to be Korean barbecue, one of the most popular dishes in Korean cuisine.[1][2]
"Yakiniku" originally referred to western "barbecue" food, the term being popularized by Japanese writer Kanagaki Robun (仮名垣魯文) in his Seiyo Ryoritsu (i.e. "western food handbook") in 1872 (Meiji period).[3] The term later became associated with Korean-derived cuisine (Korean barbecue) during the early Shōwa period.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Due to the Korean War, the terms associated with Korea in Japan were divided into North Korea (Kita Chōsen) and South Korea (Kankoku); the reference to a "yakiniku restaurant" arose as a politically correct term for restaurants of either origin.[10][11]
The present style of yakiniku restaurants are derived from Korean restaurants in Osaka and Tokyo, which opened around 1945 by Koreans in Japan.[12][13] In a yakiniku restaurant, diners order prepared raw ingredients (individually or as a set) which are brought to the table. The ingredients are cooked by the diners on a grill built into the table, several pieces at a time. The ingredients are then dipped in sauces known as tare before being eaten. The most common sauce is made of soy sauce mixed with sake, mirin, sugar, garlic, fruit juice and sesame.[14][15] Garlic-and-shallot or miso-based dips are sometimes used.
History
Etymology
After officially being prohibited for many years, beef consumption was legalised in 1871 following the Meiji Restoration[16] as part of an effort to introduce western culture to the country.[17] The Emperor Meiji became part of a campaign to promote beef consumption, publicly eating beef on January 24, 1873.[18][19] Steak and roasted meat were translated as yakiniku (焼肉) and iriniku (焙肉), respectively, as proposed western-style menus in Seiyō Ryōri Shinan[20] although this usage of the former word was eventually replaced by the loanword sutēki.
Jingisukan, the Japanese transliteration of Genghis Khan, is a style of grilling mutton, which is also referred to as a type of yakiniku. The dish was conceived in Hokkaidō, where it has been a popular blue-collar dish that has only recently gained nationwide popularity. The name Jingisukan is thought to have been invented by Sapporo-born Tokuzo Komai, who was inspired by the grilled mutton dishes of Northeastern Chinese cuisine. The first written mention of the dish under this name was in 1931.[21][22]
Origin
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Common Japanese style of yakiniku, drawing heavy influences from Korean dishes such as bulgogi and galbi, became widespread in Japan during the 20th century, most notably after the Second World War. Restaurants serving this dish either advertised themselves as horumonyaki (Script error: No such module "Lang"., offal-grill) or simply Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[23] The division of the Korean peninsula led to disagreements in the mid-1960s in the naming of "Korean food", with pro-South businesses changing their signs to "Script error: No such module "Nihongo"." ('Kankoku' being the Japanization of 'Hanguk' (Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler), the name for Korea used in South Korea) to replace the term Script error: No such module "Nihongo". (from Joseon, 조선), an older name for Korea which by then had been appropriated by the North.[12]
According to "Nippon Yakiniku Monogatari written by Toshio Miyatsuka" , the name "yakiniku" became widespread in the latter half of the 1960s, and before that, "yakiniku" was called "Korean cuisine (朝鮮料理, Chōsen ryōri)". The Korean Peninsula was divided into north and south, and in Japan around this time, the restaurants that served yakiniku and naengmyeon called themselves "Chōsen ryōri (朝鮮料理, Joseon cuisine)", but with treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965, the name "Kankoku ryōri (韓国料理, Korean cuisine)" has increased. Eventually, North Koreans in Japan claimed "Chōsen ryōri" and South Koreans in Japan claimed "Kankoku ryōri", which means "Korean cuisine", which means yakiniku today. It is said that the word "yakiniku" was used as a compromise of political conflict to put an end to this turmoil.[11][24]
Ventilated barbecue systems, introduced by Shinpo Co., Ltd. in March 1980,[25] quickly spread throughout Japan as they enabled diners to eat yakiniku in a smoke-free environment and greatly extended the clientele.
The popularity of yakiniku was given a further boost in 1991 when the easing of beef import restrictions led to a drop in the price of beef.[26] However, the industry was dealt an unprecedented blow in 2001 with the occurrence of BSE (mad cow disease) in Japan.
Typical ingredients
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Typical ingredients include:
- Beef
- Rōsu — loin and chuck slices
- Karubi or baraniku — short ribs. From the Korean word "galbi". In Japan, it is usually served without the bones, unless it is hone-tsuki-karubi.
- Harami — tender meat around the diaphragm.
- Tan — beef tongue. From the English word "tongue". Often served with crushed Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum), salt and lemon juice.
- Misuji — tender meat around the shoulder.
- Pork
- Butabara or samugyopusaru — pork belly.
- P-toro / Tontoro — fatty meat around the cheek and the neck. From the word "Pork toro".
- Horumon or motsu — offal. Horumon means "discarded items" and comes from the Kansai dialect.
- Rebā — beef liver. From the German word "Leber".
- Tetchan — intestine. From the Korean word daechang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Category handler). May simply be referred to as horumon.
- Hatsu — heart. From the English word "heart".
- Kobukuro — Pork uterus. Enjoyed for its gristly texture.
- Tēru — From the English word "tail". Slices of beef tail cut crosswise, bone attached.
- Mino / hachinosu — beef tripe
- Gatsu — Pork stomach. From the English word "gut".
- Chicken
- Seafood — squid, shellfish, shrimp.
- Vegetables — bell pepper, carrots, shiitake and other mushrooms, onions, cabbage, eggplant, bean sprout (moyashi), garlic and kabocha squash are common.
Yakiniku Day
In 1993, the All Japan Yakiniku Association proclaimed 29 August as official "Yakiniku Day" (焼き肉の日, yakiniku no hi),[27] a form of goroawase (numerical wordplay), as the date 8月29 can be (roughly) read as ya-(tsu)ki-ni-ku (8 = ya, 2 = ni, 9 = ku).
See also
- Asado
- Yakitori
- Teriyaki
- Teppanyaki
- Shichirin
- Yakisoba
- Galbi
- Bulgogi
- Gyu-Kaku, a chain of yakiniku restaurants
- Cuisine of Japan
- Barbecue
- Korean barbecue
Notes
References
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Yakiniku Web, the official site of the All Japan Yakiniku Association (in Japanese)
- 'Life picture of east Asia' 2008-2 Kanagawa University (in Japanese), p. 112
Template:Japanese food and drink Template:Barbecue
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Modern Japanese cuisine: food, power and national identity, Katarzyna Joanna Cwiertka
- ↑ Lie, John (2001). Multiethnic Japan. Harvard University Press, 77 Template:ISBN
- ↑ japan-guide.com [1] "Yakiniku-ya specialize in Korean style barbecue, where small pieces of meat are cooked on a grill at the table. Other popular Korean dishes such as bibimba are also usually available at a yakiniku-ya."
- ↑ Chantal Garcia Japanese BBQ a best kept L.A. secret, Daily Trojan, 11/10/04
- ↑ Noelle Chun Yakiniku lets you cook and choose, The Honolulu Advertiser, August 20, 2004
- ↑ Yakiniku and Bulgogi: Japanese, Korean, and Global Foodways 中國飲食文化 Vol.6 No. 2 (2010/07)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b pulgogi.net "History of Yakiniku" [2] "昭和20年頃、焼肉屋のルーツといわれる東京の「明月館」、大阪千日前の「食道園」が開店しました。" ・ "昭和40年代 朝鮮半島問題がきっかけとなって、韓国を支持する派閥が自らの店を「韓国料理屋」と名乗りました。これに伴い、それまで全てが「朝鮮料理」「ホルモン屋」であったモノが、北朝鮮を支持する経営者が「焼肉店」を名乗るようになりました。これは苦肉の策で、プルゴギを日本語に直訳しました"
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:In lang 日本における肉食の歴史, 歴史と世間のウラのウラ
- ↑ Template:In lang 館内展示パネル－洋食 欧米食と和食の融合, Kikkoman Institute for International Food Culture
- ↑ Donald Ritche What made Japan join the fast-food nations?, The Japan Times, March 11, 2007.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:In lang 敬学堂主人 (Keigakudō shujin) 西洋料理指南 (Seiyō Ryōri Shinan), 1872, P28.
- ↑ Template:In lang /03.html「探偵団がたどる ジンギスカン物語」調査報告その3 ルーツを探る Template:Webarchive, Hokkaido Shimbun, 2003/01/09.
- ↑ "Ghengis Khan gets hip", The Japan Times, Feb. 3, 2006.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:In lang 会社概要－沿革 Template:Webarchive Shimpo Co., Ltd. "1980年3月 無煙ロースター（モスマック）の販売を開始。(introduced a smokeless roaster (Mosumakku) in March, 1980)." OGASAWARA SEIJI (小笠原静司)/SHINPO KK, ロースターの排気システム 特公昭57-052050 (EXHAUST SYSTEM OF ROASTER, JPB57075620 (1982)). YAMADA TAKESHI (山田武司)/SHINPO KK, ロースターの消煙装置 特開昭61-234822 (SMOKE DISTINCTING APPARATUS OF ROASTER, JPA61234822 (1986)).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., Kansai food business society, http://shokubi.hp.infoseek.co.jp/soga.htm 炭火焼きブームは何故起こったのか], "この炭火焼ブームは焼肉ブームに端を発している。規制緩和の問題により、肉が輸入自由化となり、米・豪から安い輸入肉が入るようになった。このことにより激安焼肉店が生まれてくるわけだが、店としては「肉が旨い」というフレーズを使いたい。かといってその代名詞である「和牛オンリー」とは言いづらい、そのため「旨い」という印象を与える「炭火」という言葉を使ってそのイメージアップをはかっているのである。"
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".