Xiao'erjing

File:Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png

A book on law in Arabic, with a parallel Chinese translation in the Xiao'erjing script, published in Tashkent in 1899. The page on the left side shows the book information in Arabic. The page on the right has mixed lines of Arabic—marked by a continuous black line on top—and their Chinese translation in Xiao'erjing script, that follow the Arabic original on the same line.

File:Questions and Answers on the Faith in Islam - Muhammad Musa Abdul Haq - Pgs 76-77.jpg

Pages from a Book titled "Questions and Answers on the Faith in Islam", Published in Xining, which includes a Xiao'erjing–Hanji transliteration chart, as well a paragraph that includes Arabic loanwords

Xiao'erjing,Template:Efn Xiaorjing, XiaojingTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn or Benjing,Template:Efn is a Perso-Arabic script used to write Sinitic languages, including Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Northeastern Mandarin, and Dungan. It is used on occasion by many ethnic minorities who adhere to Islam in China—mostly the Hui, but also the Dongxiang and the Salar—and formerly by their Dungan descendants in Central Asia. Orthographic reforms introduced the Latin script and later the Cyrillic script to the Dungan language, which continue to be used today.

Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, like other Perso-Arabic writing systems.

Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated with diacritics, making it an abugida. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as the Uyghur Arabic alphabet, use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels.

Nomenclature

Xiao'erjing does not have a single, standard name. In Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and eastern Shaanxi, as well as also Beijing, Tianjin and the northeastern provinces, the script is referred to as , which when shortened becomes or (the latter has the meaning of "to review" in the aforementioned regions). In Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, western Shaanxi and the northwestern provinces, the script is referred to as . The Dongxiang people refer to it as the "Dongxiang script" or the "Huihui script"; The Salar refer to it as the "Salar script"; The Dungan of Central Asia used a variation of Xiao'erjing called the "Hui script", before being made to abandon the Arabic script for Latin and Cyrillic. According to A. Kalimov, a famous Dungan linguist, the Dungan of the former Soviet Union called this script (, ).

Origins

Since the arrival of Islam in Tang dynasty China beginning in the mid-7th century, many Arabic and Persian speaking people migrated into China. Centuries later, these peoples assimilated with the native Han Chinese, forming the Hui ethnicity of today. Many Chinese Muslim students attended madrasas to study Classical Arabic and the Qur'an. Because these students had a very basic understanding of Chinese characters but would have a better command of the spoken tongue once assimilated, they started using the Arabic script for Chinese. This was often done by writing notes in Chinese to aid in the memorization of suras. This method was also used to write Chinese translations of Arabic vocabulary learned in the madrasas. Thus, a system of writing the Chinese language with Arabic script gradually developed and standardized to some extent. Currently, the oldest known artifact showing signs of Xiao'erjing is a stone stele in the courtyard of Template:Ill in Xi'an. The stele shows inscribed Qur'anic verses in Arabic as well as a short note of the names of the inscribers in Xiao'erjing. The stele was done in the year AH 740 in the Islamic calendar (between July 9, 1339, and June 26, 1340). Some old Xiao'erjing manuscripts (along with other rare texts including those from Dunhuang) are preserved in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Usage

Xiao'erjing can be divided into two sets, the "Mosque system" and the "Daily system". The "Mosque system" is the system used by pupils and imams in mosques and madrasahs. It contains much Arabic and Persian religious lexicon, and no usage of Chinese characters. This system is relatively standardised, and could be considered a true writing system. The "Daily system" is the system used by the less educated for letters and correspondences on a personal level. Often simple Chinese characters are mixed in with the Arabic script, mostly discussing non-religious matters, and therewith relatively little Arabic and Persian loans. This practice can differ drastically from person to person. The system would be devised by the writer himself, with one's own understanding of the Arabic and Persian alphabets, mapped accordingly to one's own dialectal pronunciation. Often, only the letter's sender and the letter's receiver can understand completely what is written, while being very difficult for others to read. Unlike Hui Muslims in other areas of China, Muslims of the northwest provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu had no knowledge of the Han Kitab or Literary Chinese, they used Xiao'erjing. Xiao'erjing was used to annotate foreign language Islamic documents (in languages like Persian) using the Chinese language.

Xiao'erjing was used mostly by Muslims who could not read Chinese characters. It was imperfect due to various factors. The differing Chinese dialects would require multiple different depictions with Xiao'erjing. Xiao'erjing cannot display the tones present in Chinese, syllable endings are indistinguishable, i.e. xi'an and xian. Xiao'erjing was much simpler than Chinese characters for representing Chinese.

Modern usage

In recent years, the usage of Xiao'erjing is nearing extinction due to the growing Chinese economy and the improvement of Chinese character education in rural parts of the country. Chinese characters, along with pinyin, have since replaced Xiao'erjing. Since the mid-1980s, there has been much scholarly work done within and outside China concerning Xiao'erjing. On-location research has been conducted and the users of Xiao'erjing have been interviewed. Written and printed materials of Xiao'erjing were also collected by researchers, the ones at Nanjing University being the most comprehensive. Template:Ill is leading a project in Japan concerning Xiao'erjing. Books are printed in Xiao'erjing. In Arabic language Qur'ans, Xiao'erjing annotations are used to help women read. Xiao'erjing is used to explain certain terms when used as annotations. Xiao'erjing is also used to write Chinese language Qurans.

A Dachang Hui Imam, Ma Zhenwu, wrote a Qur'an translation into Chinese including Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing.

Alphabet

Xiao'erjing has 31 letters, 4 of which are used to represent vowel sounds. The 31 letters consists of 28 letters borrowed from Arabic, 4 letters borrowed from Persian along with 2 modified letters and 1 extra letter unique to Xiao'erjing.

Initials and consonants

Below table demonstrates the list of consonants, and cases in which two consonants represent the same initial, in the bopomofo order.

ب B b	پ P p	م M m	ف F f	د D d	ت / ط T t	ن N n	ل L l
ق G g	ک K k	ح / خ H h	ݣ‌ (د)1 J j	ک (ٿ)2 Q q	ث X x	ج Zh zh	چ Ch ch
ش Sh sh	ژ / ر R r	ز / ظ Z z	ڞ C c	س / ص S s	ی Y y	و W w	ء / ا / ع Glottal

Note:

1. Template:Angbr is more commonly used instead of Template:Angbr in Linxia manuscripts to better closely match the local dialect's pronunciation.
2. Template:Angbr is more commonly used instead of Template:Angbr in Linxia manuscripts to better closely match the local dialect's pronunciation.

Below is the list of initials and consonants used in Xiao'erjing.

	Symbol	Final–Medial–Initial	Standard Chinese	Bopomofo	Pinyin	Arabic	Persian	Example	Notes
1	File:Alif-individua.svg (ا)	File:Alif-fina.svg (ـا)	/a/ ,	ㄚ	a, a-, -a, -a-	, ,	, ,	Template:Script/Arabic (阿 ā)	Vowel sound
2	File:Baa-individua.svg (ب)	File:Baa-finamezakomenca.svg (ببب)	/p/ , -	ㄅ	b-			Template:Script/Arabic (爸 bà)
3	File:Paa-individua.svg (پ)	File:Paa-finamezakomenca.svg (پپپ)	/pʰ/ -	ㄆ	p-	none		Template:Script/Arabic (婆 pó)	Borrowed from Persian
4	File:Taa-individua.svg (ت)	File:Taa-finamezakomenca.svg (تتت)	/tʰ/ -	ㄊ	t-			Template:Script/Arabic (塔 tǎ)	Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo
5	File:THaa-individua.svg (ث)	File:THaa-finamezakomenca.svg (ثثث)	-, -	ㄑ、ㄒ	x-			Template:Script/Arabic (些 xiē)	Historically, manuscripts have also used س and ش
6	File:Jiim-individua.svg (ج)	File:Jiim-finamezakomenca.svg (ججج)	/ʈ͡ʂ/ ,	ㄓ	zh-	|		Template:Script/Arabic (这/這 zhè)	Sound change occurs when representing Chinese
7	File:CHaa-individua.svg (چ)	File:CHaa-finamezakomenca.svg (چچچ)	/ʈ͡ʂʰ/	ㄔ	ch-	none		Template:Script/Arabic (车/車 chē)	Borrowed from Persian
8	File:HHaa-individua.svg (ح)	File:HHaa-finamezakomenca.svg (ححح)	/x/ -	ㄏ	h-			Template:Script/Arabic (河 hé)	Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -e, -ei, -en, -eng
9	File:KHaa-individua.svg (خ)	File:KHaa-finamezakomenca.svg (خخخ)	/x/ -	ㄏ	h-			Template:Script/Arabic (湖 hú)	Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -e, -ei, -en, -eng
10	File:Daal-individua.svg (د)	File:Daal-fina.svg (د)	/t/ , -; -	ㄉ	d-			Template:Script/Arabic (钉/釘 dīng)	Used by some manuscripts to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial j-. More commonly "ݣ" was used
11	File:Raa-individua.svg (ر)	File:Raa-fina.svg (ر)	/ɻ/ , -	ㄖ	r-			Template:Script/Arabic (仍 réng)	Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -eng, -un, -uo
			/ɻ/ -	ㄦ	-r			Template:Script/Arabic (二 èr)	Represents the rhotic final -r sound
12	File:Zai-individua.svg (ز)	File:Zai-fina.svg (ز)	/ʦ/ , -	ㄗ	z-			Template:Script/Arabic (在 zài)	Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -ui, -un, -uo "ذ" is used by some manuscripts instead
13	File:Jaa-individua.svg (ژ)	File:Jaa-fina.svg (ژ)	/ɻ/ , -	ㄖ	r-	none		Template:Script/Arabic (热/熱 rè)	Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -eng, -un, -uo
14	File:Siin-individua.svg (س)	File:Siin-finamezakomenca.svg (سسس)	/s/ -, -	ㄙ	s-			Template:Script/Arabic (四 sì)	Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ua, -ui, -un, -uo. Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x-
15	File:SHiin-individua.svg (ش)	File:SHiin-finamezakomenca.svg (ششش)	/ʂ/ -, -	ㄕ	sh-			Template:Script/Arabic (是 shì)	Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x-
16	File:SSaad-individua.svg (ص)	File:SSaad-finamezakomenca.svg (صصص)	/s/ -	ㄙ	s-	|		Template:Script/Arabic (岁/歲 suì)	Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ua, -ui, -un, -uo
17	File:Caa-individua.svg (ڞ)	File:Caa-finamezakomenca.svg (ڞڞڞ)	/ʦʰ/ -	ㄘ	c-	none	none	Template:Script/Arabic (册/冊 cè)
18	File:TTaa-individua.svg (ط)	File:TTaa-finamezakomenca.svg (ططط)	/t/ , -; -	ㄉ	t-	|		Template:Script/Arabic (吞 tūn)	Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo
19	File:ZZaa-individua.svg (ظ)	File:ZZaa-finamezakomenca.svg (ظظظ)	/ʦ/ , -	ㄗ	z-	|		Template:Script/Arabic (作 zuò)	Sound change occurs when representing Chinese. Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -ui, -un, -uo
20	File:Ain-individua.svg (ع)	File:Ain-finamezakomenca.svg (ععع)		ㄜ, ㄦ, ㄛ, ㄡ	e, er, o, ou			Template:Script/Arabic (恶/惡 è)	A vowel when representing Chinese, but considered a consonant when representing Arabic and Persian loans
21	File:Faa-individua.svg (ف)	File:Faa-finamezakomenca.svg (ففف)	/f/ -	ㄈ	f-			Template:Script/Arabic (废/廢 fèi)
22	File:Qaaf-individua.svg (ق)	File:Qaaf-finamezakomenca.svg (ققق)	/k/ , -	ㄍ	g-		,	Template:Script/Arabic (个/個 ge)	Sound change occurs when representing Chinese
23	File:Kahah-individua.svg (ک)	File:Kahah-finamezakomenca.svg (ککک)	/kʰ/ -	ㄎ	k-	none		Template:Script/Arabic (可 kě)
			-	ㄑ	q-			Template:Script/Arabic (穷/窮 qióng)	Historically, in Linxia manuscripts, ٿ is more commonly used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation
24	File:NGaa-individua.svg (ݣ)	File:NGaa-finamezakomenca.svg (ݣݣݣ)	-	ㄐ	j-	none	none	Template:Script/Arabic (脚/腳 jiǎo)	Used in most manuscripts to represent "j-". Some manuscripts drop the three dots and simply use "ک"
25	File:Laam-individua.svg (ل)	File:Laam-finamezakomenca.svg (للل)	/l/ -	ㄌ	l-			Template:Script/Arabic (里 lǐ)
26	File:Miim-individua.svg (م)	File:Miim-finamezakomenca.svg (ممم)	/m/ -	ㄇ	m-			Template:Script/Arabic (秘 mì)
27	File:Nuun-individua.svg (ن)	File:Nuun-finamezakomenca.svg (ننن)	/n/ -	ㄋ	n-			Template:Script/Arabic (你 nǐ)
28	File:Waau-individua.svg (و)	File:Waau-fina.svg (و)	/u/ ,	ㄨ	wu, wa, wai, wang, wan, wei, wen, weng, wo, u-, -u, -u-	,	, , ,	Template:Script/Arabic (无/無 wú)	Vowel sound
29	File:Yaa-Persa-individua.svg (ی)	File:Yaa-Persa-finamezakomenca.svg (ییی)	/i/ ,	ㄧ	yi, i-, -i, -i-	, ,	, ,	Template:Script/Arabic (呀 ya)	Borrowed from Persian and a vowel sound. (See Perso-Arabic ye)
30	File:Hamzah-individua.svg (ء)	File:Hamzah-individua.svg (ء)	, ,	ㄩ	yi, yin, yun			Template:Script/Arabic (孕 yùn)

Additional consonants

The consonants in this list are either lesser used alternatives used in regional varieties of Xiao'erjing, or they are common Arabic or Persian letters that are exclusively used for writing loan words in Xiao'erjing texts.

	Symbol	Final–Medial–Initial	Standard Mandarin pronunciation	Bopomofo	Hanyu Pinyin	Arabic pronunciation	Persian pronunciation	Example	Notes
1	File:Tahah-individua.svg (ٿ)	File:Tahah-finamezakomenca.svg (ٿٿٿ)	-	ㄑ	q-	none	none	Template:Script/Arabic (穷/窮 qióng)	Unique Xiao'erjing letter. Historically, in Linxia manuscripts, this letter instead of ک was used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation
2	File:DHaal-individua.svg (ذ)	File:DHaal-fina.svg (ذ)	/ʦ/ , -	ㄗ	z-			Template:Script/Arabic (在 zài)	Some manuscripts use this letter instead of ز
3	File:DDaad-individua.svg (ض)	File:DDaad-finamezakomenca.svg (ضضض)	none		none			Template:Script/Arabic (letter ḍād)	Only used with Arabic loans
4	File:GHain-individua.svg (غ)	File:GHain-finamezakomenca.svg (غغغ)	none		none	|		Template:Script/Arabic (criminal fraud)	Only used with Arabic loans
5	File:Gaaf-individua.svg (گ)	File:Gaaf-finamezakomenca.svg (گگگ)	none	ㄍ	none	none		Template:Script/Arabic (treasure)	Borrowed from Persian and only used with Persian loans
6	File:Haa-individua.svg (ه)	File:Haa-finamezakomenca.svg (ههه)	/x/ -	ㄏ	h-		, ,	Template:Script/Arabic (air)	Only used with Persian and Arabic loans

Finals and vowels

Below is the list of final and vowel endings in each syllable representing each Hanzi in Xiao'erjing.

	Script	Standard Chinese pronunciation	Bopomofo	Hanyu Pinyin	Example	Notes
1	File:AlifFatHHah.svg		ㄚ	a	Template:Script/Arabic (阿 ā)
2	File:FatHHahAlif-malplena.svg	-	ㄚ	-a	Template:Script/Arabic (大 dà)
3	File:AlifFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg		ㄞ	ai	Template:Script/Arabic (爱/愛 ài)
4	File:FatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg	-	ㄞ	-ai	Template:Script/Arabic (凯/凱 kǎi)
5	File:AlifFatHHatan-malplena.png		ㄢ	an	Template:Script/Arabic (安 ān)
6	File:FatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg	-	ㄢ	-an	Template:Script/Arabic (但 dàn)
7	File:AlifFatHHahNuunSukuun-malplena.png		ㄤ	ang	Template:Script/Arabic (昂 áng)
8	File:FatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png	-	ㄤ	-ang	Template:Script/Arabic (刚/剛 gāng)
9	File:AlifFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg		ㄠ	ao	Template:Script/Arabic (奥/奧 ào)
10	File:FatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg	-	ㄠ	-ao	Template:Script/Arabic (高 gāo)
11	File:AinFatHHah.svg	|	ㄜ	e	Template:Script/Arabic (恶/惡 è)
12	File:Sukuun-malplena.svg	-|	ㄜ	-e	Template:Script/Arabic (德 dé)	For Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, g-, k, t-
	File:FatHHah-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (册/冊 cè)	For other Hanyu Pinyin initials
13	none		ㄟ	ei	none	Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing
14	File:DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg	-	ㄟ	-ei	Template:Script/Arabic (玫 méi）	For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, l-, m-, n-, p-
	File:Kasrah-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (飞/飛 fēi）	For other Hanyu Pinyin initials Arabic diacritic ﹾ is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided
	File:SukuunKasrah-malplena.png				Template:Script/Arabic (得 děi)
15	File:AinKasratan.svg		ㄣ	en	Template:Script/Arabic (恩 ēn)
16	File:Dammatan-malplena.svg	-	ㄣ	-en	Template:Script/Arabic (们/們 mén)	For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, f-, m-, n-, p-
	File:Kasratan-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (根 gēn)	For other Hanyu Pinyin initials
17	none		ㄥ	eng	none	Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing
18	File:Kasratan-malplena.svg	-	ㄥ	-eng	Template:Script/Arabic (仍 réng)	Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial r-
	File:SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (更 gèng)	For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials
19	File:AinFatHHahRaa.svg		ㄦ	er	Template:Script/Arabic (儿/兒 er)
20	File:Raa-malplena.svg	-	ㄦ	-r	Template:Script/Arabic (粒儿/粒兒 lìr)	Represents the rhotic final -r sound
21	File:HamzahKasrah.svg		ㄧ	yi	Template:Script/Arabic (意 yì)
22	File:SukuunKasrah-malplena.png	- / -[ɯ] / -[ɨ]	ㄧ	-i	Template:Script/Arabic (四 sì)	Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s-
	File:Kasrah-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (其 qí)	For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials
23	File:YaaFatHHahAlif.svg		ㄧㄚ	ya	Template:Script/Arabic (呀 ya)
24	File:KasrahYaaFatHHahAlif.png	-	ㄧㄚ	-ia	Template:Script/Arabic (家 jiā)	Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, j-, q-, x-, l-
25	File:YaaFatHHatanAlif.svg		ㄧㄢ	yan	Template:Script/Arabic (严/嚴 yán)
26	File:KasrahYaaFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg	-	ㄧㄢ	-ian	Template:Script/Arabic (练/練 liàn)
27	File:YaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png		ㄧㄤ	yang	Template:Script/Arabic (羊 yáng)
28	File:KasrahYaaFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png	-	ㄧㄤ	-iang	Template:Script/Arabic (良 liáng)
29	File:YaaFatHHahWaauSukuun.svg		ㄧㄠ	yao	Template:Script/Arabic (要 yào)
30	File:KasrahYaaFatHHahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg	-	ㄧㄠ	-iao	Template:Script/Arabic (教 jiào)
31	File:YaaFatHHah.png		ㄧㄝ	ye	Template:Script/Arabic (耶 yē)
32	File:KasrahYaaHamzah-malplena.svg	-	ㄧㄝ	-Template:Not a typo	Template:Script/Arabic (解 jiě)
33	File:HamzahKasratan.svg		ㄧㄣ	yin	Template:Script/Arabic (因 yīn)
34	File:Kasratan-malplena.svg	-	ㄧㄣ	-in	Template:Script/Arabic (勤 qín)
35	File:YaaSukuunKasratan.svg		ㄧㄥ	ying	Template:Script/Arabic (应/應 yīng)
36	File:Kasratan-malplena.svg	-	ㄧㄥ	-ing	Template:Script/Arabic (圢 tǐng)	After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, t-
	File:SukuunKasratan-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (汫 jǐng)	After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
	File:KasrahYaaKasratanHamzah-malplena.png				Template:Script/Arabic (平 píng)	After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, n-, l-
37	File:YaaDammatan.svg		ㄩㄥ	yong	Template:Script/Arabic (用 yòng)
38	File:SukuunKasrahWaau-malplena.svgor File:SukuunWaau-malplena.svg	-	ㄩㄥ	-iong	Template:Script/Arabic (穷/窮 qióng)	Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
39	File:YaaKasrahWaauSukuun.svg	|	ㄧㄡ	you	Template:Script/Arabic (有 yǒu)
40	File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauSukuun-malplena.png	-|	ㄧㄡ	-iu	Template:Script/Arabic (牛 niú)
41	File:AinKasrahWaau.png		ㄛ	o	Template:Script/Arabic (哦 ó)
42	File:Dammatan-malplena.svg	-	ㄨㄥ	-ong	Template:Script/Arabic (讼/訟 sòng)	Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s-, r-
	File:SukuunWaau-malplena.svg				Template:Script/Arabic (宏 hóng)	For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials
43	File:AinKasrahWaauSukuun.svg	|	ㄡ	ou	Template:Script/Arabic (偶 ǒu)
44	File:KasrahWaauSukuun-malplena.svg	-|	ㄡ	-ou	Template:Script/Arabic (口 kǒu)
45	File:WaauDammah.png		ㄨ	wu	Template:Script/Arabic (无/無 wú)
46	File:Dammah-malplena.svg	-	ㄨ	-u	Template:Script/Arabic (苦 kǔ)	Arabic letter و is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided
	File:DammahWaau-malplena (Not Connected).png				Template:Script/Arabic (足 zú)
47	File:WaauFatHHahAlif.png		ㄨㄚ	wa	Template:Script/Arabic (娃 wá)
48	File:DammahWaauFatHHahAlif-malplena.png	-	ㄨㄚ	-ua	Template:Script/Arabic (刮 guā)
49	File:WaauFatHHahYaaSukuun.svg		ㄨㄞ	wai	Template:Script/Arabic (歪 wāi)
50	File:DammahWaauFatHHahYaaSukuun-malplena.svg	-	ㄨㄞ	-uai	Template:Script/Arabic (块/塊 kuài)
51	File:WaauFatHHatanAlif.svg	|	ㄨㄢ	wan	Template:Script/Arabic (万/萬 wàn)
52	File:DammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.svg	-	ㄨㄢ	-uan	Template:Script/Arabic (宽/寬 kuān)
53	File:WaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun.png	|	ㄨㄤ	wang	Template:Script/Arabic (忘 wàng)
54	File:DammahWaauFatHHahAlifNuunSukuun-malplena.png	-	ㄨㄤ	-uang	Template:Script/Arabic (况/況 kuàng)
55	File:WaauKasrah.svg		ㄨㄟ	wei	Template:Script/Arabic (为/為 wèi)
56	File:DammahWaauKasrah-malplena.svg	-	ㄨㄟ	-ui	Template:Script/Arabic (回 huí)
57	File:WaauDammatan.svg	|	ㄨㄣ	wen	Template:Script/Arabic (问/問 wèn)
58	File:Dammatan-malplena.svg	-	ㄨㄣ	-un	Template:Script/Arabic (困 kùn)
59	File:WaauSukuunKasratan.png	|	ㄨㄥ	weng	Template:Script/Arabic (翁 wēng)
60	File:WaauFatHHah.svg		ㄨㄛ	wo	Template:Script/Arabic (我 wǒ)
61	File:DammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.svg	-	ㄨㄛ	-uo	Template:Script/Arabic (国/國 guó)
				-o	Template:Script/Arabic (拨/撥 bō)	Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, f-
62	File:YaaDammahWaauKasrah.png		ㄩ	yu	Template:Script/Arabic (与/與 yǔ)
63	File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauKasrah-malplena.png	-	ㄩ	-ü, -u	Template:Script/Arabic (女 nǚ)	Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n-
64	File:YaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif.svg		ㄩㄢ	yuan	Template:Script/Arabic (源 yuán)
65	File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHatanAlif-malplena.png	-	ㄩㄢ	-uan	Template:Script/Arabic (捐 juān)	Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-
66	File:YaaDammahWaauFatHHah.png		ㄩㄝ	yue	Template:Script/Arabic (约/約 yuē)
67	File:KasrahYaaDammahWaauFatHHah-malplena.png	-	ㄩㄝ	-üe, -ue	Template:Script/Arabic (决/決 jué)	Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n-
68	File:HamzahDammatan.svg		ㄩㄣ	yun	Template:Script/Arabic (孕 yùn)
69	File:Dammatan-malplena.svg	-	ㄩㄣ	-un	Template:Script/Arabic (均 jūn)	Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-

• Vowels in Arabic and Persian loans follow their respective orthographies, namely, only the long vowels are represented and the short vowels are omitted. Although the sukun (File:Sukuun.svg) can be omitted when representing Arabic and Persian loans, it cannot be omitted when representing Chinese. The exception being that of oft-used monosyllabic words which can have the sukun omitted from writing. For example, when emphasised, "的" and "和" are written as (Template:Script/Arabic) and (Template:Script/Arabic); when unemphasised, they can be written with the sukuns as (Template:Script/Arabic) and (Template:Script/Arabic), or without the sukuns as (Template:Script/Arabic) and (Template:Script/Arabic).
• Similarly, the sukun can also sometimes represent the Chinese - final, as such (Template:Script/Arabic). This is sometimes replaced by the fatḥatan (File:FatHHatan.svg), the kasratan (File:Kasratan.svg), or the dammatan (File:Dammatan.svg) in manuscripts.

In polysyllabic words, the final 'alif (Template:Script/Arabic) that represents the long vowel -ā can be omitted and replaced by a fatḥah (Fatḥah) representing the short vowel -ă.

• Xiao'erjing is similar to Hanyu Pinyin in the respect that words are written as one, while a space is inserted between words. A Template:Unichar shall be used for separation between different syllables within the same word. Unlike Persian or Arabic, syllables (each representing one Hanji character) are not continuously connected.
• When representing Chinese words, the shaddah sign represents a doubling of the entire syllable on which it rests. It has the same function as the Chinese iteration mark "々".
• Arabic punctuation marks can be used with Xiao'erjing as can Chinese punctuation marks, they can also be mixed (Chinese pauses and periods with Arabic commas and quotation marks).

Example

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Xiao'erjing, as well as simplified and traditional Chinese characters, pinyin, and English:

Xiao'erjing

Template:Script/Arabic

Simplified characters

Traditional characters

Correspondence between Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing

Pinyin

Template:Transliteration

English

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

Al-Fatiha (الفَاتِحَةِ)

Below is the first sura (chapter) of the Quran, Al-Fatiha, its original Arabic text, English translation, as well as the Chinese translation in Simplified Chinese characters and in Xiao'erjing, as published (un-edited) in 1995 by Ma Zhenwu (马振武).

In the Xiao'erjing version of this sura, the author may have made minor choices about characters and pronunciations that may differ from what's shown in this article, and they may even have minor inconsistencies in the text itself. Furthermore, as is the tradition for Xiao'erjing texts, there are instances where Arabic or Persian loanwords are used and written directly, these are shown in bold. It's noteworthy to mention that in this document, the Hanzi characters are written from right to left, following the flow of the Arabic text of the Quran and the Xiao'erjing translation.

English translation	Simplified Characters	Pinyin	Xiao'erjing	Al-Fatiha Arabic original
1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful! 2. [All] praise is [due] to Allāh, Lord of the worlds, 3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, 4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense! 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help! 6-7. Guide us to the straight path, the path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray.

See also

• Category:Arabic alphabets
• Islam in China
• Sini
• Jawi alphabet
• Aljamiado
• Arebica
• Uyghur Arabic alphabet
• Jingtang Jiaoyu

References

Sources

• A. Forke. "Ein islamisches Tractat aus Turkistan". T'oung pao. Vol. VIII. 1907.
• O.I. Zavyalova. "Sino-Islamic language contacts along the Great Silk Road: Chinese texts written in Arabic Script". Chinese Studies (《漢學研究》). Taipei: 1999. No. 1.
• Xiaojing Qur'an (《小經古蘭》), Dongxiang County, Lingxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, PRC, 1987.
• Huijiao Bizun (Xiaojing) (《回教必遵（小經）》), Islam Book Publishers, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PRC, 1993, 154 pp., photocopied edition.
• Muhammad Musa Abdulihakim. Islamic faith Q&A (《伊斯兰信仰问答》) (2nd ed.). Beiguan Street Mosque, Xining, Qinghai, PRC, appendix contains a Xiao'erjing–Pinyin–Arabic comparison chart.
• Feng Zenglie. "Beginning Dissertation on Xiao'erjing: Introducing a phonetic writing system of the Arabic script adopted for Chinese" in The Arab World (《阿拉伯世界》) Issue #1. 1982.
• Chen Yuanlong. "The Xiaojing writing system of the Dongxiang ethnicity" in China's Dongxiang Ethnicity (《中国东乡族》). People's Publishing House of Gansu. 1999.

Further reading

• — blog post about the decline of Xiao'erjing and problems surrounding its use
• — Chinese to Xiao'erjing online transcription tool.

External links

• archive.org/details/20241115_20241115_1438 Quran (1995, December), The first 18 sura (The first half of the Quran, first 15 out of 30 portions) - In original Arabic, as well as with Chinese translations, written in Hanzi and in Xiao'erjing transliteration:
• https://transliterationtools.blogspot.com/2023/10/xiaoerjing-tool.html Online tool that converts Chinese characters to and from Xiao'erjing