Warpalawas II

Template:Short description Template:Contains special characters Template:Infobox royalty Warpalawas II (Template:LangxTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn) was a Luwian king of the Syro-Hittite kingdom of Tuwana in the region of Tabal who reigned during the late 8th century BC, from around Template:C. to Template:C..Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Name

Etymology

The Luwian name was pronounced Template:TransliterationTemplate:Sfn and was derived by adding the adjectival suffix Template:Transliteration to the adjective Template:Transliteration/Template:Transliteration (),Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn meaning Template:Lit and Template:Lit, and cognate with the Hittite term Template:Transliteration (), meaning Template:Lit.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

According to the linguist Ilya Yakubovich, Template:Transliteration/Template:Transliteration could also be used as a title meaning "warrior," while the Template:Transliteration denoted status, thus giving the name Template:Transliteration the meaning of Template:Lit.Template:Sfn

The linguist Rostyslav Oreshko meanwhile interprets Template:Transliteration/Template:Transliteration as a substantivised epithet of the Luwian Storm-god Tarḫunzas, meaning Template:Lit, therefore giving to the name Template:Transliteration the meaning of Template:Lit, that is Template:Lit, being thus semantically similar to the name Template:Transliteration (), meaning Template:Lit.Template:Sfn

Cognates

A Lydian cognate of the name Template:Transliteration is attested in the form Template:Transliteration () or Template:Transliteration () recorded in Phrygia.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A Pisidian cognate of Template:Transliteration is also attested in the form Template:Transliteration ().Template:Sfn

In Akkadian

Warpallawas II is referred to in Neo-Assyrian Akkadian sources as Template:Transliteration () and Template:Transliteration ( and ).Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Life

Warpalawas II was the son of the previous king of Tuwana, Muwaḫḫaranis I.Template:Sfn

Both Warpalawas II and Muwaḫḫaranis I may have been part of a dynasty which had ruled Tuwana for much of the 8th century BC, with another king of the same name, Warpalawas I, having been possibly ruled Tuwana in the earlier 8th century BC, and who might have been an ancestor of Muwaḫḫaranis I and Warpalawas II.Template:Sfn

Reign

Warpalawas II appears to have succeeded his father Muwaḫḫaranis I on the throne of Tuwana around Template:C..Template:Sfn

Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire

File:Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png

Tuwana on the map of Luwian (Neo-Hittite) and Aramean states during the 8th century BCE

Warpalawas II was mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under the name of UrpallâTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn as one of five kings who offered tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 and 737 BC, along with Tuwattīs II of Tabal and Ašḫiti of Atuna, and he appears to have maintained a policy of cooperating with the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Warpalawas II's pro-Assyrian orientation is visible in how his monuments used an Assyrianising style of sculpture: the best known of these monuments is a relief from Ivriz, on which Warpalawas II, himself represented in Assyrian style, is depicted praying to the Luwian Storm-god Tarḫunzas, with both of the images being influenced by Neo-Assyrian artistic features; likewise, the Bor stele of Warpalawas II also depicted him in Assyrianising style, reflecting his close ties with the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:IvrizRelief.JPG

İvriz relief, depicting Warpalawas II (smaller, on the right) worshipping the Storm-god Tarḫunza (taller, on the left)

Vassals

The kingdom of Tuwana was powerful enough to have included a sub-kingdom,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn located at the site corresponding to present-day Porsuk,Template:Sfn and ruled by a king named Tarḫunazzas who identified himself as a "servant" of Warpalawas II.Template:Sfn

Tarḫunazzas himself recorded in his inscription that, in exchange for his services, Warpalawas II had rewarded himTemplate:Sfn with Mount Mudi, which was a rocky outcrop of the Taurus Mountains near the Cilician Gates likely identical with the Mount Mulî mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Relations with Tabal

The king Wasusarmas of the kingdom of Tabal claimed that Warpalawas II supported him during his war against a coalition of eight kings led by the king of Phrygia that was trying to encroach on the Tabalian region,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn although the veracity of Wasusarmas's claim regarding the participation of Warpalawas in this war as his ally is still uncertain.Template:Sfn

Under direct Neo-Assyrian rule

Tuwana however was coming under the direct Neo-Assyrian rule during the later years of Warpalawas II's reign, especially following the annexation of the nearby kingdom of Tabal, then reorganised as the kingdom of Bīt-Burutaš. Its rebellious vassal king Ambaris was deported to Assyria in 713 BC, after which Sargon II appointed one Aššur-šarru-uṣur as governor of Que based in Ḫiyawa. Aššur-šarru-uṣur also held authority over Ḫilakku and the Tabalian region, including Bīt-Burutaš, as well as the general oversight over Tuwana.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Thus Tuwana and other nearby Anatolian kingdoms were placed the authority of Aššur-šarru-uṣur.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Following the appointment of Aššur-šarru-uṣur, Warpalawas II of Tuwana and Awarikus of Ḫiyawa became largely symbolic rulers although they might have still held the power to manage their kingdoms locally.Template:Sfn

The reason for these changes was due to the fact that, although Warpalawas II and Awarikus had been loyal Neo-Assyrian vassals, Sargon II considered them as being too elderly to be able to efficiently uphold Neo-Assyrian authority in southeastern Anatolia, where the situation had become volatile because of encroachment by the then growing power of Phrygian kingdom.Template:Sfn

This reorganisation also increased Warpalawas II's authority in Tabal/Bīt-Burutaš so that Warpalawas II was ruling at least part of this kingdom's territory, as attested by Aššur-šarru-uṣur's report that two other Tabalian kingdoms, Atuna and Ištuanda, had seized certain cities of Bīt-Burutaš from Warpalawas II.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The attack by Atuna and Ištuanda caused Aššur-šarru-uṣur to worry that Warpallawas II might end up renouncing Neo-Assyrian overlordship. Nevertheless, Sargon II then informed him that Midas had made peace with Assyria, which would leave the Tabalian kings incapable of relying on Phrygian power against the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Warpalawas II seems to have continued his pro-Assyrian policy throughout his reign, thanks to which he was able to rule in Tuwana for a very long period until at least Template:C., at which date he was mentioned in the letter of Aššur-šarru-uṣur.Template:Sfn

Relations with Phrygia

Warpalawas II also carried out relations with the Phrygian kingdom to the north-west of Tuwana, as attested by a report from Template:C. or Template:C. by Aššur-šarru-uṣur that Warpalawas II had demanded an audience with him in the company of an envoy of Midas of Phrygia, with Aššur-šarru-uṣur being doubtful whether Warpalawas II was indeed loyal to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

This suggests that Warpalawas was one of the last still independent kings of the Tabal region who was being increasingly pressured by Phrygia and AssyriaTemplate:Sfn because of the location of his kingdom between these two powers.Template:Sfn

Some Old Phrygian inscriptions on basalt, possibly dated from Warpalawas II's reign, as well as the robe decorated with Phrygian geometric designs depicted as worn by Warpalawas II in his Ivriz monument, suggest that aspects of Phrygian culture were arriving into Tuwana at this time.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The presence of the name "Midas" on one of these inscriptions has led to the archaeologist M. J. Mellink hypothesising that this was the king Midas of Phrygia, who had set up a monument in the city of his friend and ally, Warpalawas II. However, the long-time staunch pro-Assyrian orientation of Warpalawas II makes this hypothesis unlikely, and there is no evidence that Warpalawas II was ever an ally of Midas.Template:Sfn

An alternative hypothesis regarding Phrygian influence in Tuwana, proposed by the Hittitologist Trevor Bryce, is that Midas might have attempted to fill the power vacuum left in Tabal that followed the death of Sargon II in battle in Tabal in Template:C..Template:Sfn

Legacy

Warpalawas II was succeeded by his son, Muwaḫḫaranis II.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

See also

• List of Neo-Hittite kings

External links

Template:S-endTemplate:Rulers of the Ancient Near East