Voiced retroflex trill
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The voiced retroflex trill is not a single consonant quality, but a sliding cluster sound within the time of a single segment. It has been reported in Toda and confirmed with laboratory measurements. Peter Ladefoged transcribes it with the IPA symbol that is normally associated with the retroflex flap, Template:Angbr IPA. Although the tongue starts out in a subapical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge. Thus, the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration, like other retroflex consonants, but the vibration itself is not much different from an alveolar trill. Thus, the narrower transcription Template:Angbr IPA is also appropriate.
Wintu and Lardil are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate, but it is not subapical, unlike in Toda. The trill has a retroflex flap allophone that occurs between vowels.
Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., including Mapudungun, Malagasy and Fijian. However, the exact articulation is rarely clear from descriptions.
In Fijian, for example, further investigation has revealed that the sound (written Template:Anglebracket) is rarely trilled, but is usually realized as a postalveolar stop Script error: No such module "IPA". instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written tr) is strongly retroflex, causing Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. The southern dialect varies between Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., but it is not clear whether the letter Template:Angbr IPA represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | North Brabant[1] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'belt' | A rare variant of Script error: No such module "IPA"., which occurs almost exclusively word-initially.[2] Realization of Script error: No such module "IPA". varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| North Holland[1] | |||||
| Toda[3] | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'pen for calves' | Subapical. Toda contrasts plain and palatalized fronted alveolar, alveolar and retroflex trills.[3] | ||
| Wintu[4] | boloy nor-toror | [Script error: No such module "IPA".] | '(ridge on a trail from Hayfork to Hyampom)' | Apico-postalveolar. Occurs [ɽ] when intervocalic. | |
Notes
References
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