Viviparous brotula
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The viviparous brotulas form a family, the Bythitidae, of ophidiiform fishes. They are known as viviparous brotulas as they generally bear live young,[1] although there are indications that some species (at least Didymothallus criniceps) do not.[2] They are generally infrequently seen, somewhat tadpole-like in overall shape and mostly about Template:Convert in length,[1] but some species grow far larger and may surpass Template:Convert.[3][4]
Although many live near the coast in tropical or subtropical oceans,[1] there are also species in deep water and cold oceans, for example Bythites.[5] Thermichthys hollisi, which lives at depths of around Template:Convert, is associated with thermal vents.[6] A few are fresh or brackish water cavefish: the Mexican blind brotula (Typhliasina pearsei), Galapagos cuskeel (Ogilbia galapagosensis), Diancistrus typhlops and some Lucifuga species.[2][7]
Since 2002, more than 110 new species have been added to this family.[8] In 2005, 26 new species were described in a single paper by Danish and German scientists[9] and in 2007, an additional eight new genera with 20 new species were described in another paper by the same scientists.[10]
In some classifications the family Aphyonidae is placed within the Bythitidae and the tribe Dinematichthyini of the subfamily Brosmophycinae has been raised to the status of a family, the Dinematichthyidae which contains 25 genera and 114 species.[11]
The Bythitidae is divided as follows:
- Subfamily Brosmophycinae
- Tribe Dinematichthyini
- Alionematichthys
- Beaglichthys
- Brosmolus
- Brotulinella
- Dactylosurculus
- Dermatopsis
- Dermatopsoides
- Diancistrus
- Didymothallus
- Dinematichthys
- Dipulus
- Gunterichthys
- Lapitaichthys
- Majungaichthys
- Mascarenichthys
- Monothrix
- Nielsenichthys
- Ogilbia
- Ogilbichthys
- Paradiancistrus
- Porocephalichthys
- Typhliasina
- Ungusurculus
- Zephyrichthys
- Tribe Brosmophycini
- Tribe Dinematichthyini
- Subfamily Bythitinae
References
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- ↑ a b Nielsen; Schwarzhans; and Hadiaty (2009). A blind, new species of Diancistrus (Teleostei, Bythitidae) from three caves on Muna Island, southeast of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Cybium 33(3): 241–245.
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- ↑ Romero, A., editor (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes. Template:ISBN
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