Viscum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Viscum is a genus of over 100 species of mistletoes, native to temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia.[1] Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. Its name is the origin of the English word viscous, after the Latin viscum, a sticky bird lime made from the plants' berries.

They are woody, obligate hemiparasitic shrubs with branches Script error: No such module "convert". long. Their hosts are woody shrubs and trees. The foliage is dichotomously or verticillately branching, with opposite pairs or whorls of green leaves which perform some photosynthesis (minimal in some species, notably V. nudum), but with the plant drawing its mineral and water needs from the host tree. Different species of Viscum tend to use different host species; most species are able to use several different host species.

The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, Script error: No such module "convert". diameter. The fruit is a berry, white, yellow, orange, or red when mature, containing one or more seeds embedded in very sticky juice; the seeds are dispersed when birds (notably the mistle thrush) eat the fruit, and remove the sticky seeds from the bill by wiping them on tree branches where they can germinate.

Toxicity in the genus Viscum

Viscum species are poisonous to humans; eating the fruit causes a weak pulse and acute gastrointestinal problems including stomach pain and diarrhea.[2] At least one of the active ingredients is the lectin viscumin, which is intensely toxic. It inhibits protein synthesis by catalytically inactivating ribosomes.[3] In spite of this, many species of animals are adapted to eating the fruit as a significant part of their diet.[4]

Fossil record

†Viscum morlotii from the early Miocene, has been described from fossil leaf compressions that have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.[5]

Species

File:Mistletoe with berries.jpg
Mistletoe Viscum album with berries
File:Viscum coloratum on Aspen about Khabarovsk Russia.jpg
Viscum coloratum on Aspen

112 species are accepted.[6]

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum acaciae DanserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum album L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – European mistletoe
  • Viscum ambongoense BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum apiculatum LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum articulatum Burm.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum bagshawei RendleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum bancroftii BlakelyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum bandipurense Thriveni, Shivam., Amruthesh, Vijay & SadanandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum birmanicum Gand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum boivinii Tiegh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum calcaratum Lecomte ex BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum calvinii Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum capense L.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Cape mistletoe (South Africa)
  • Viscum capitellatum Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum ceibarum BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum chyuluense Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum coloratum (Kom.) NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Korean mistletoe[7] (Korea)
  • Viscum combreticola Engl. – combretum mistletoe
  • Viscum congdonii Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum congolense De Wild. & T.DurandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum continuum E.Mey. ex SpragueScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum coursii BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum crassulae Eckl. & Zeyh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum cruciatum Sieber ex Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – red-berried mistletoe
  • Viscum cuneifolium BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum cylindricum Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum decaryi LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum decurrens (Engl.) Baker & SpragueScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum dielsianum Dinter ex NeusserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum diospyrosicola HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum dryophilum Rech.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum echinocarpum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum engleri Tiegh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum exiguum Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum exile BarlowScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum fargesii LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum fastigiatum BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum fischeri Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum goetzei Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum grandicaule Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum griseum Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum hainanense R.L.Han & D.X.ZhangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum hexapterum BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum heyneanum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum hildebrandtii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum hoolei (Wiens) Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum indosinense DanserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum iringense Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum itrafanaombense BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum junodii (Tiegh.) Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum katikianum BarlowScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum liquidambaricola HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum littorum Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum longiarticulatum Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum longipetiolatum BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum lophiocladum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum loranthi ElmerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum loranthicola Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum luisengense Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum macrofalcatum R.L.Han & D.X.ZhangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum malurianum Sanjai & N.P.Balakr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum menyharthii Engl. & SchinzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum meyeri Sosnovsky, Krasyl. & NachychkoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum minimum Harv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum multicostatum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum multiflorum LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum multinerve (Hayata) HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum multipedunculatum LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum myriophlebium BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum mysorense GambleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum nepalense Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum nudum DanserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum obovatum Harv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum obscurum Thunb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum oreophilum WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum orientale Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum pauciflorum L.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum pentanthum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum perrieri LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum petiolatum Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum radula BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum ramosissimum Roxb. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum rhipsaloides BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum roncartii BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum rotundifolium L.f. – round-leaved or red-berry mistletoe
  • Viscum sahyadricum Sardesai, S.P.Gaikwad & S.R.YadavScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum schaeferi Engl. & K.KrauseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum schimperi Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum scurruloideum BarlowScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum semialatum LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum songimveloensis Oosth. & K.BalkwillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum stenocarpum DanserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum subracemosum Sanjai & N.P.Balakr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum subserratum Schltr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum subverrucosum Polhill & WiensScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum taiwanianum S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum tenue Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum tieghemii BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum trachycarpum BakerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum triflorum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum trilobatum TalbotScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum tsaratananense LecomteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum tsiafajavonense BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum tuberculatum A.Rich.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum verrucosum Harv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum vohimavoense BalleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum whitei BlakelyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum wrayi King ex GambleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Viscum yunnanense H.S.KiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Sjur Olsnes, Fiorenzo Stirpe, Kirsten Sandvig, Alexander Pihl. Isolation and Characterization of Viscumin, a Toxic Lectin from Viscum album L. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 257, No 22, November 25, pp. 13263-13270, 1982.
  4. ↑ David M. Watson, "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide" Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (2001:219–249).
  5. ↑ A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118
  6. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Other sources

Template:Taxonbar Script error: No such module "Authority control".

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Viscum&oldid=2881606"