Virola
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Virola is a genus of flowering plants in the nutmeg family, Myristicaceae. It includes medium-sized trees native to rainforests of the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil.[1] Species are known commonly as epená, patricá, or cumala. They have glossy, dark green leaves and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, and may emit a pungent odor.
Traditional use
Several species of this genus have been used to create hallucinogenic snuff powders.[2]
Chemical constituents
The tops of Virola oleifera have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have antifungal action regarding Cladosporium sphaerospermum in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for Cladosporium cladosporioides starting as low as 10 micrograms.[3]
Species
71 species are accepted.[1] Template:Div col
- Virola aequatorialis Muriel & BalslevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola aguarunana D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola albidiflora DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola allenii D.Santam. & AguilarScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola alvaroperezii D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola amistadensis D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola bombuscaroensis D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola caducifolia W.A.RodriguesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola calimensis D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
- Virola calophylloidea Markgr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola carinata (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola chrysocarpa D.Santam. & AguilarScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola coelhoi W.A.RodriguesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola cogolloi D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola crebrinervia DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola cumala D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola cuspidata (Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola decorticans DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola divergens DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola dixonii LittleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola duckei A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola elongata (Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola flexuosa A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola fosteri D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola gardneri (A.DC.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola guatemalensis (Hemsl.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola guggenheimii W.A.RodriguesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola koschnyi Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola kwatae SabatierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola laevigata Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola lieneana Paula & E.P.HeringerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola loretensis A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola macrocarpa A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola malmei A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola marleneae W.A.RodriguesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola megacarpa A.H.GentryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola michelii HeckelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola micrantha A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola minutiflora DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola mollissima (Poepp. ex A.DC.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola montana D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola multicostata DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola multiflora (Standl.) A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola multinervia DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola nobilis A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola obovata DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola officinalis Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola otobifolia D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola parkeri D.Santam. & Lagom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola parvifolia DuckeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola pavonis (A.DC.) A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola peruviana (A.DC.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola polyneura W.A.RodriguesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola reidii LittleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola rugulosa (Spruce) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola sanguinea D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola schultesii A.C.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola sebifera Aubl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola sessilis (A.DC.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola steyermarkii W.A.RodriguesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola subsessilis (Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonym Virola rufula Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Virola tuckerae D.Santam. & Lagom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola urbaniana Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola venosa (Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola villosa (Benth.) Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola weberbaueri Markgr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Virola yasuniana D.Santam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gallery
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Virola elongata fruit
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Virola elongata seeds
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Virola carinata embryo
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Virola sebifera
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Virola surinamensis
Legal status
United States
Louisiana
Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing Virola spp. is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.
See also
- Myristica — some species of this genus have been reclassified into Virola.
- Ayahuasca
- Entheogen
- Psychedelic plants
References
Notes
General references
- Jonathan Ott – Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines (2001) Template:ISBN
- Richard Evans Schultes – Plants of the Gods (1992) Template:ISBN
- Erowid Virola Vault
External links
- Template:Commons category-inline
- Sura.ots.ac.cr: Virola koschnyi — photos and info.
- Gardening.eu: Info on Growing Virola
Template:Taxonbar Template:Psychedelics Template:Authority control
- ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpowo - ↑ Torres, C. M., et al. (1991). "Snuff powders from pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and contextual analysis". Current Anthropology, 640–649. Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Sartorelli, P.; Young, M.C.M.; Kato, M.J., "Antifungal lignans from the arils of Virola oleifera". Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. March 1998. v. 47 (6) p. 1003–1006.
- ↑ Template:GRIN