Veliidae
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Veliidae is a family of gregarious predatory insects in the suborder Heteroptera. They are commonly known as riffle bugs, small water striders, or broad-shouldered water striders because the segment immediately behind the head is wider than the rest of the abdomen. Species of the genus Rhagovelia are also referred to as ripple bugs.
Veliidae have a specialized body plan that allows them to walk on water and are neuston. The family Gerridae is another closely related group that is also neuston and both are in the superfamily Gerroidea. Veliidae are smaller however, between Script error: No such module "convert".. They can be found on ponds, near lake shores, and in rivers worldwide. Some species can also be found on plants near water, in salt water or in mud flats.
Description
Veliidae are very similar to Gerridae. The most consistent characteristic used to separate these two families are internal genitalia differences, however external cues are usually sufficient to tell the families apart.
A general description is as follows: an oval to elongate body covered with hydrofuge hairs. Wings can be present or absent; when present the wings range from well devolved to vestigial. The four segmented antennae is longer than the head and readily visible. The antennae is non-aristate. The eyes are usually large, but there are no ocelli.[1]
Males and females can be differentiated by the fore tibiae. Males have smaller tibiae with a grasping comb, as opposed to the larger plain female tibiae.[2]
Distribution
Veliidae is the largest gerromorphan family and has almost 1173 species and 66 genera.[3] The present distribution of these species points to two centers of origin: one in the Indo-Malayan region and another on the shores of the Caribbean Sea.[4] The geographical distance between these points is probably due to continental drift. And now they are present across all continents (except Antarctica).
Life cycle
Like all Heteroptera, the Veliidae go through an egg, nymph and adult stage. They have four or five nymphal instars.[5] Both the adults and nymphs live together gregariously, in loose communities and can often be found in large groups. Eggs are usually laid underwater, attached to the stream bed, rocks or plant material and held together by a gelatinous substance. In most species females lay under 30 eggs. Nymphs are very similar to adults, but have one segmented tarsus on mid and hind leg as opposed to the adults' two. Some species prefer rapids or riffles in streams but many prefer calmer water.[6]
Behaviour
Veliidae can walk on water because they take advantage of the high surface tension of water and have hydrophobic legs that distribute their weight across more water.
Although Gerridae typically have longer legs, Veliidae also have legs that spread out the weight over a relatively large area. Thousands of hydrofugal hairs also coat the entire body, mitigating potential problems incurred by water contact: air bubbles, trapped among the tiny hairs if the insect is submerged, lift the insect towards the surface again.
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Taxonomy
The following genera are recognised in the family Veliidae:[7]
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- Adriennella Poisson, 1942Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Aegilipsicola J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Aegilipsovelia J.Polhemus, 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Aenictovelia Polhemus, 1979Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Altavelia Polhemus, Molano, Morales, Moreira & Floriano, 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Angilia Stål, 1865Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Angilovelia Andersen, 1981Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Aphrovelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Aquulavelia Thirumalai, 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Arcantivelia Solórzano Kraemer & Perrichot, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Austromicrovelia Andersen & Weir, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Balticovelia Andersen, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Baptista Distant, 1904Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Barbivelia Andersen & Weir, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Brechivelia D.Polhemus & J.Polhemus, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Callivelia Polhemus, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Carayonella Poisson, 1948Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Chenevelia Zettel, 1996Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Cylicovelia J.Polhemus & Copeland, 1996Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Drepanovelia Andersen & Weir, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Electrovelia Andersen, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Entomovelia Esaki, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Euvelia Drake, 1957Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Eyarinella Zettel & Laciny, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Fijivelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Geovelia Zimmermann, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gracilovelia Poisson, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Haldwania Tamanini, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Halovelia Bergroth, 1893Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Haloveloides Andersen, 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Hebrovelia Lundblad, 1939Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Husseyella Herring, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lacertovelia Andersen & Weir, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Lathriovelia Andersen, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Macrovelia Tamanini, 1947Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Mangrovelia Linnavuori, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Menuthiasia Poisson, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Microvelia Westwood, 1834Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Microveloidella Poisson, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Microvelopsis Andersen & Weir, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Millotella Poisson, 1948Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Neoalardus Distant, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Nesidovelia Andersen & Weir, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Neusterensifer J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Nilsvelia Cassis, Hodgins, Weir & Tatarnic, 2017Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ocellovelia China & Usinger, 1949Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ocheovelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Ochthecorisa Montrouzier, 1864Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Oiovelia Drake & Maldonado-Capriles, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Pacificovelia Andersen & Weir, 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Papuavelia D.Polhemus & J.Polhemus, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Paravelia Breddin, 1898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Perittopus Fieber, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Petrovelia Andersen & Weir, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Phoreticovelia D.Polhemus & J.Polhemus, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Platyvelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Plesiovelia Tamanini, 1955Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Polhemovelia Zettel & Sehnal, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Pseudovelia Hoberlandt, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Rheovelia D.Polhemus & J.Polhemus, 2004Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Shaverdinia Zettel & Laciny, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Starmuhlneria Poisson, 1964Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Steinovelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Stridulivelia Hungerford, 1929Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Strongylovelia Esaki, 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Submicrovelia Poisson, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tanyvelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tarsovelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 1994Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tarsoveloides Andersen & Weir, 2001Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tenagovelia Kirkaldy, 1908Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tetraripis Lundblad, 1936Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Thirumalaia Zettel & Laciny, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tonkouivelia Linnavuori, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Tubuaivelia J.Polhemus & D.Polhemus, 2008Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Velia Latreille, 1804Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Velohebria Stys, 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Veloidea Gould, 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Xenobates Esaki, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Xiphovelia Lundblad, 1933Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Xiphoveloidea Hoberlandt, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
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External links
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