Vargulin
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Vargulin,[1] also called Cypridinid luciferin,[2] Cypridina luciferin, or Vargula luciferin, is the luciferin found in the ostracod Cypridina hilgendorfii, also named Vargula hilgendorfii.[3] These bottom dwelling ostracods emit a light stream into water when disturbed presumably to deter predation. Vargulin is also used by the midshipman fish, Porichthys.
History
A partial extraction procedure was developed in 1935 which involved reacting the compound with benzoyl chloride to allow it to be separated from the water-soluble components.[4] The compound was first isolated and purified to crystals by Osamu Shimomura.[5] The structure of the compound was confirmed some years later.[6] Feeding experiments suggest that the compound is synthesized in the animal from three amino-acids: tryptophan, isoleucine, and arginine.[7]
Biochemistry
Vargulin is oxidized by the Vargula luciferase,[8] a 62 kDa enzyme, to produce blue light at 462 nm (max emission, detected with a 425 to 525 nm filter). The vargulin does not cross react with luciferases using coelenterazine or Firefly luciferin.
Uses
Vargulin (with the associated luciferase) has applications in biotechnology:
- in a variety of assays, to report gene or gene expression after luciferase have been genetically introduced in cells,
- to detect ATP, that is used in the vargulin/luciferase reaction (cell viability assays).[9]
Although less stable, the Cypridina system is useful because can be used in multiplex assays with other (red-emitting) luciferin assays.
References
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