Vṛddhi

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi) is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit and of Proto-Indo-European. The term is derived from Sanskrit वृद्धि vṛddhi, , Template:Lit. 'growth',Template:Efn from Template:Proto.Template:Efn

Origins

Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language originally for forming possessive derivatives of ablauting noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from". To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the zero-grade of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *e in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:

PIE Template:Wikt-lang "sky" (cf. Latin Template:Wikt-lang, Sanskrit "day"; Hittite Template:Tlit "god") → zero grade → proto-vṛddhi derivative Template:Wikt-lang "god, sky god", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit , Latin Template:Wikt-lang, etc.)

However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained *e, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened *ē:

PIE Template:Wikt-lang "father-in-law" (cf. Latin Template:Wikt-lang, Sanskrit ) → proto-vṛddhi derivative Template:Wikt-lang "brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit , Old High German Template:Wikt-lang "brother-in-law")

The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.

Vṛddhi in Sanskrit

The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation, has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of the grammarian Pāṇini.

For example:

• "carried" (zero grade)
• "burden" (first grade, full grade, or guṇa)
• "to be carried" (second grade, lengthened grade, or vṛddhi)

The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:

Vowel gradation

	Zero grade	← 1st grade →	2nd grade
Open	∅	a	ā
Palatal	i/ī y i/ī	eTemplate:Efn ay ya	aiTemplate:Efn āy yā
Labial	u/ū v u/ū	oTemplate:Efn av va	auTemplate:Efn āv vā
Retroflex	ṛ r ṛ	ar ar ra	ār ār rā
Dental	ḷ	al	āl

Vṛddhi in Indo-European

In modern Indo-European linguistics it is used in Pāṇini's sense and applied to the Indo-European languages in general. The feature is considered to have been inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language.

• Template:Efn (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")
• Template:Wikt-lang (full grade)
• (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)

Sources

• Template:Place missingTemplate:Publisher missing
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• Template:Cite QTemplate:Sfn whitelist
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