Urra=hubullu
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The Urra=hubullu (đŻđ đ·đ§đ Script error: No such module "lang".; or HAR-ra = áž«ubullu,[1] or Gegenstandslisten ("lists of objects")[1]) is a major Babylonian glossary or "encyclopedia".[2] It consists of Sumerian and Akkadian lexical lists ordered by topic.[3][4] The canonical version extends to 24 tablets, and contains almost 10,000 words.[5] The conventional title is the first gloss, ur5-ra and áž«ubullu meaning "interest-bearing debt" in Sumerian and Akkadian, respectively. One bilingual version from Ugarit [RS2.(23)+] is Sumerian/Hurrian rather than Sumerian/Akkadian.
A partial table of contents:
- Tablets 1-2: juridicial forms[1] thought to be possibly part of the ana ittiĆĄu series[6]
- Tablets 3-7: names of trees, parts of trees, products of trees, and wooden objects[1]
- Tablet 4: naval vehicles
- Tablet 5: terrestrial vehicles
- Tablets 10-12: names of vessels, ovens, clay objects, hides, chemicals, and objects of bronze, copper, silver[1]
- Tablets 12, 14 & 15: systematic enumeration of the names of domestic animals, terrestrial animals, birds (including bats)[7] and parts of the body
- Tablet 16: stones[1]
- Tablet 17: plants.[8][1]
- Tablet 19: names of wool and vestments[1]
- Tablets 21-22: names of towns, countries, mountains, and rivers[1]
- Tablets 22-23: provisions[1]
- Tablet 24: list of men[1]
The tablets form a series that had been arranged by time of the Sumerian Dynasty of Isin, with a bilingual tradition existing by the time the Kassites.[1] The bulk of the collection was compiled in the Old Babylonian period (early 2nd millennium BC), with pre-canonical forerunner documents extending into the later 3rd millennium.[9]
Like other canonical glossaries, the Urra=hubullu was often used for scribal practice. Other Babylonian glossaries include:
- Ea: a family of lists that give the simple signs of the cuneiform writing system with their pronunciation and Akkadian meanings. (MSL volume 14)
- "Table of Measures": conversion tables for grain, weights and surface measurements. Again, it is not clear how these tablets were used.
- LĂș and LĂș=ĆĄa, a list of professions (MSL volume 12)
- Izi, a list of compound words ordered by increasing complexity
- Diri "limited to compound logograms whose reading cannot be inferred from their individual components; it also includes marginal cases such as reduplications, presence or absence of determinatives, and the like." (MSL volume 14)
- Nigga, ErimhuĆĄ and other school texts
- Ana ittiĆĄu: a legal glossary.[6]
Extant Tablets
Many copies of the series are known in collections such as the Louvre, British Museum and Ashmolean Museum. The original Akkadian texts were found during the Oxford-Field Museum Expedition to Kish, Iraq (1923-1933).[10] The texts are collated and summarised by Meer (1939).[1]
References
- Benno Landsberger The Series HAR-ra="hubullu", Materials for the Sumerian lexicon (MSL), 5. 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1957-
- A. Poebel, The Beginning of the Fourteenth Tablet of Harra Hubullu, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Jan., 1936), pp. 111-114
- Soldt, W. H. van, "Babylonian Lexical, Religious and Literary Texts, and Scribal Education at Ugarit and its Implications for the Alphabetic Literary Texts," in: Ugarit: ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum in Alten Orient: Ergebnisse und Perspektiven der Forschung, Dietrich and Loretz eds., Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-PalĂ€stinas, vol 7, MĂŒnster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995, 171-212
References
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External links
- How to Recognize a Scribal School Template:Webarchive
- The Kish tablets collection at the Ashmolean Library, Oxford; at the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative