Urochloa

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Urochloa, commonly known as signalgrass,[1][2][3][4] is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various islands.[5][6][7][8]

Several species of the genus Urochloa are cultivated as forage and some species of were probably first introduced unintentionally to the Americas in the colonial period, from slave ships. Urochloa eminii was introduced to Brazil in 1952. Urochloa is the most widely used tropical grass in Central and South America, with about 40 million hectares planted in Brazil alone.[9]

Biology

This genus was described in 1812. It is similar to the genus Panicum, and some authors believe Panicum is ancestral to it.[9] A phylogenetic analysis concluded that species of the former genus Brachiaria formed a monophyletic group with those of Urochloa, along with the genera Eriochloa and Melinis, and that further molecular and morphological work is needed to establish clear relationships.[10]

Urochloa species are annual or perennial grasses, most lacking rhizomes. The inflorescence is a branching panicle, and the plant reaches about a meter in height.[11] The plants are bisexual[11] and the flowers are fleshy, with 3 anthers.[12] Some species have a prominent vein in the center of the leaf.[11] Brachiaria are C4 species and can tolerate drier conditions and more light exposure than some other plants.[11]

Ecology and conservation

File:Brachiaria3.jpg
Cultivated Brachiaria

Urochloa species can grow in many environments, from swamps to shady forest to semidesert, but generally do best in savannas and other open tropical ecosystems such as in East Africa.[10] In Angola, Urochloa brizantha grows on termite mounds and in the ecotone between grassland and woodland habitat.[13] In the Kora National Reserve in Kenya, Urochloa species dominate the ground layer along with those of the genus Aristida.[14] In India, the native Urochloa ramosa is an important food source for the Eurasian collared dove and Urochloa species are forage for other local herbivores.[15]

In North America, the native Urochloa platyphylla (broadleaf signalgrass), grows after heavy rains and then reproduces prodigiously and quickly, sometimes becoming a weed.[16]

Wide expanses of the tropics, especially the Neotropics, have been converted to pastures of Urochloa species to support livestock. In Brazil, 80 million hectares of native habitat have been planted with African grasses, mostly Urochloa.[17]

Introduced species such as Urochloa grasses can degrade habitat and compete with native species. In Northern Australia, the exotic Urochloa eminii competes with the native tree Alphitonia petriei by inhibiting the growth of seedlings, slowing the conversion of abandoned pastureland to natural forest.[18] In the Paragominas area of Brazil, however, native forest outcompetes cultivated stands of Urochloa and other exotic forage grasses, and ranchers struggle to maintain pasture cover.[19] Native species may also utilize exotic Urochloa as a food resource, such as the rock cavy, a native rodent of the caatinga.[20]

Cultivation

File:Brachiaria field in colombia.jpg
Brachiaria cultivation in Colombia

Urochloa is the single most important genus of forage grass for pastures in the tropics.[20] Urochloa cultivars can grow in infertile and acidic soils.[20] Brazil is the leading user and producer of Urochloa seeds in the Americas.[20]

Mexico has put effort into improving its trade in Urochloa cultivars, and the grass is thought to have made a positive impact on its milk and beef industries.[21] Central American countries have also increased seed sales and area planted in the grass.[21] The annual growth rate of seed sales in 2009 was 32% in Mexico, 62% in Honduras, 45% in Nicaragua, 39% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The area planted with Urochloa during this period was about 6.5% of the total surface of permanent grasses in Mexico, 12.5% in Honduras, 1% in Nicaragua, 18.7% in Costa Rica, and 0.1% in Panama.[21]

Agricultural pests of Urochloa include spittlebugs,[22] leafcutter ants, and mound-building termites.[12]

Other insect pests include:[23]

Species

As of 2024, more than a hundred species have been accepted in the genus Urochloa:[24]

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa adspersa (Trin.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa advena (Vickery) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa albicoma (Swallen & García-Barr.) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa ambigens (Chiov.) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa argentea (R.Br.) HughesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa arida (Mez) RudovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa arizonica (Scribn. & Merr.) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T.Durand & Schinz) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa atrisola R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa bovonei (Chiov.) A.M.Torres & C.M.MortonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa brachyura (Hack.) StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - eastern and southern Africa
  • Urochloa breviglumis (Clayton) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa brevispicata (Rendle) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - tropical and southern Africa
  • Urochloa burmanica (Bor) VeldkampScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa caboverdiana (Conert & C.Kohler) Veldkamp, Potdar & S.R.YadavScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa chusqueoides (Hack.) RudovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa ciliatissima (Buckley) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa clavipila (Chiov.) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa comata (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa comorense (Mez) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa deflexa (Schumach.) H.ScholzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa dictyoneura (Fig. & De Not.) VeldkampScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa distachyoides (Stapf) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa distachyos (L.) T.Q.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa dura (Stapf) A.M.Torres & C.M.MortonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa echinolaenoides StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia
  • Urochloa eminii (Mez) DavidseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa falcifera (Trin.) ZonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa foliosa (R.Br.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa fusca (Sw.) B.F.Hansen & WunderlinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (browntop signalgrass) - southern USA to Argentina
  • Urochloa fusiformis (Reeder) VeldkampScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa gilesii (Benth.) HughesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa glomerata (Stapf) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) VeldkampScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - SE Asia, Indian subcontinent
  • Urochloa grossa (Stapf) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa holosericea (R.Br.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa humbertiana (A.Camus) Voronts.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa jaliscana (Santana Mich.) Espejo & López-Ferr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa jubata (Fig. & De Not.) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa kurzii (Hook.f.) T.Q.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa lachnantha (Hochst.) A.M.Torres & C.M.MortonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa lata (Schumach.) C.E.Hubb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa leersioides (Hochst.) A.M.Torres & C.M.MortonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa lindiensis (Pilg.) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa longiflora (Clayton) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa lorentziana (Mez) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa marlothii (Hack.) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa megastachya (Nees ex Trin.) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa meziana (Hitchc.) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa mollis (Sw.) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa multiculma (Andersson) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa nana (Stapf) Voronts.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa nigropedata (Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern) A.M.Torres & C.M.MortonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa notochthona (Domin) HughesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa oblita (Swallen) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa occidentalis (C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb.) B.K.SimonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa oligobrachiata (Pilg.) KarteszScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa oligotricha (Fig. & De Not.) HenrardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Africa
  • Urochloa olivacea Sánchez-KenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - western Mexico
  • Urochloa ophryodes (Chase) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa orthostachys (Mez) K.M.Ibrahim & P.M.PetersonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa ovalis (Stapf) ZonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (panic liverseed grass) - Africa, southern Asia
  • Urochloa pauciflora Sánchez-KenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - western Mexico
  • Urochloa paucispicata (Morong) Morrone & ZuloagaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa piligera (F.Muell. ex Benth.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa platynota (K.Schum.) Pilg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa platyphylla (Munro ex C.Wright) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa platyrrhachis C.E.Hubb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Urochloa polyphylla (R.Br.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa polystachya (Kunth) Mabb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa praetervisa (Domin) HughesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa psammophila (Welw. ex Rendle) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa pseudodichotoma (Bosser) Voronts.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa pubigera (Roem. & Schult.) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa reptans (L.) StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa reticulata (Stapf) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa rudis StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania
  • Urochloa rugulosa (Stapf) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa sclerochlaena Chiov.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Ethiopia, Kenya
  • Urochloa semiundulata (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Ashal. & V.J.NairScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa serrata (Thunb.) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa serrifolia (Hochst.) ZonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa setigera (Retz.) StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Indian subcontinent, southern China, SE. Asia
  • Urochloa stigmatisata (Mez) K.M.Ibrahim & P.M.PetersonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa subulifolia (Mez) Torres Gonz. & C.M.MortonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa tanimbarensis (Ohwi) VeldkampScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa texana (Buckley) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa trichopodioides (Mez & K.Schum.) S.M.Phillips & S.L.ChenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia
  • Urochloa trichopus (Hochst.) StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Africa, Arabian Peninsula
  • Urochloa turbinata (Van der Veken) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa umbellata (Trin.) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa umbratilis (Napper) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa uzondoiensis (Sánchez-Ken) Oulo, Zon & SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa villosa (Lam.) T.Q.NguyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa whiteana (Domin) R.D.WebsterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa wittei (Robyns) SosefScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Urochloa xantholeuca (Hack.) H.ScholzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Formerly included

Numerous species once considered members of Urochloa but are now regarded as better suited to other genera,[25] such as Alloteropsis, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, and Rupichloa.

References

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  1. ↑ Flora of Pakistan
  2. ↑ Urochloa. USDA PLANTS.
  3. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 523 尾稃草属 wei fu cao shu Urochloa P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 52. 1812.
  4. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
  5. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 52-53 descriptions in Latin, commentary in French
  6. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XI (11), figure I (1) line drawings of flower parts of Urochloa panicoides
  7. ↑ Urochloa. Grass Manual. Flora of North America.
  8. ↑ Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. Urochloa. The Grass Genera of the World. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy.
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c d Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. (2008). Brachiaria. Script error: No such module "webarchive". The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  12. ↑ a b Clayton, W. D., et al. (2002 onwards). Brachiaria. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
  13. ↑ Estes, R. D. and R. K. Estes. (1974). The biology and conservation of the giant sable antelope, Hippotragus niger variani Thomas, 1916. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 126, 73-104.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c Holmann, F., et al. (2004). Impact of the adoption of Brachiaria grasses: Central America and Mexico. Livestock Research for Rural Development 16, Art. #98.
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  25. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

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External links

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