Urera
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Urera is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.[1]
Description
Urera are lianas,[2] shrubs, and small trees.[1] Climbing species root along the stems and can reach the crowns of the trees they use for support.[2] Some are spiny.[1] They almost always have urticating hairs, often on bumps in the epidermis.[2] These are stiff, stinging trichomes with swollen bases.[1] The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species. Also useful is the varying appearance and arrangement of cystoliths on the leaf surface. The inflorescence is a divided, branching panicle of flowers. Most species are dioecious, but a few are monoecious. Most species have male flowers with either four or five stamens and tepals.[1] Female flowers generally have four uneven, free to mostly fused tepals. The fruit is an achene covered in orange or red flesh.[2]
Systematics and taxonomy
The genus Urera was first described by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré in 1826 in his review of the studies done on Louis de Freycinet's voyage of the Uranie.[3] He noted its distinctness, proposing the subtribe Urereae. This was later raised to the rank of tribe,[4] and subsequently merged into Urticeae.[5]
No botanical monographs have been devoted to Urera since 1869.[1] Knowledge of the systematics of the genus has accumulated mainly from new descriptions of species and floristic accounts.[1]
About 113 species epithets have been published for the genus.[6] Plants of the World Online currently accepts 28 species. Many species have been transferred to other genera, including Boehmeria, Dendrocnide, Girardinia, Gyrotaenia, Laportea, Obetia, and Scepocarpus. Other estimates for the number of valid species in Urera range up to 75.[1] The genus is not well known, with current knowledge dependent mainly on outdated studies, and there is little agreement regarding its taxonomy.[1]
Analysis of trnL-F chloroplast DNA sequence data suggests that Urera could be sister to Poikilospermum within the Urticaceae.[7]
Species
28 species are accepted.[8]
- Urera acuminata (Poir.) Gaudich. ex Decne.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera altissima LilloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera aurantiaca Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd., 1852 – guaritoto, scratchbush
- Urera capitata Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudich. ex Griseb. – flameberry
- Urera elata (Sw.) Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera expansa (Sw.) Griseb.
- Urera fenestrata A.K.Monro & Al.Rodr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera filiformis RusbyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera glabriuscula V.W.Steinm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera gravenreuthii Engl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera guanacastensis A.K.Monro & Al.Rodr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera kaalae Wawra – Opuhe (Oʻahu in Hawaii)
- Urera keayi LetouzeyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera killipiana Standl. & Steyerm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera laciniata Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera lianoides A.K.Monro & Al.Rodr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera lobulata Urb. & EkmanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera martiniana V.W.Steinm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera nitida (Vell.) P.BrackScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera pacifica V.W.Steinm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera simplex Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera talbotii RendleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Urera verrucosa (Liebm.) V.W.Steinm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – chichicastle, mala mujer
Formerly placed here
- Touchardia sandwicensis (Wedd.) ined.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – hopue, Ōpuhe (Hawaii)[9] (as Urera sandwicensis Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., U. glabra (Hook. & Arn.) Wedd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and U. konaensis H.St.JohnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
References
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- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Steinmann, V. W. (2005). Four new neotropical species and a new combination of Urera (Urticaceae). Acta Botánica Mexicana (71), 19-43.
- ↑ a b c d Urera. Flora Zambesiaca.
- ↑ Gaudichaud-Beaupré, C. (1826): [Description of Urera]. Botanique du voyage etc. de L'Uranie et La Physicienne: 496-97.
- ↑ Weddell, H. A. (1856): Urera. In: Baudry, G. & Baudry, J. (eds.): Monographie de la famille des Urticacées: 143-62. [in French]. G. and J. Baudry, Paris, France.
- ↑ Friis, I. (1989): The Urticaceae: a systematic review. In: Crane, P. E. & Blackmore, S. (eds.): Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae (Vol. 2): 285–308. Systematics Association Special Volume 40B. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK.
- ↑ <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (2005): Urera.
- ↑ Monro, A. K. (2006). The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of Pilea (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology. American Journal of Botany 93(3): 426-41.
- ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
- Burger, W. (1977). Urera. Fieldiana Botany 40: 276-80. PDF fulltext
- Pool, A. (2001). Urera. In: Stevens, W. D., et al. (eds.): Flora de Nicaragua (Vol. 3): 2492–95. Monographs in Botany 85. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
- Standley, P. C. & Steyermark, J. A. (1952). Urera. Fieldiana Botany 24(3), 424-28. PDF fulltext
- Sytsma, K. J., et al. (2002). Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".Template:Cbignore American Journal of Botany 89(9), 1531–46.
- Weddell, H. A. (1869). Myriocarpa. In: de Candolle, A. P. (ed.): Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (Vol. 16): 23533–36. Paris, France.