Uranium hydride bomb
Template:Short description The uranium hydride bomb was a variant design of the atomic bomb first suggested by Robert Oppenheimer in 1939 and advocated and tested by Edward Teller.[1] It used deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, as a neutron moderator in a uranium-deuterium ceramic compact. Unlike all other fission-bomb types, the concept relies on a chain reaction of slow nuclear fission (see neutron temperature). Bomb efficiency was harmed by the slowing of neutrons since the latter delays the reaction, as delineated by Rob Serber in his 1992 extension of the original Los Alamos Primer.[2]
The term hydride for this type of weapon has been subject to misunderstandings in the open literature. While "hydride" might imply that natural hydrogen (which is mostly 1H), is used; only deuterium (2H) has been used for the bomb pits. Likewise, a "hydrogen bomb" uses deuterium and occasionally tritium.[3]
Two uranium deuteride bombs are known to have been tested, the Ruth and Ray test shots during Operation Upshot–Knothole. Both tests produced a yield comparable to 200 tons of TNT each, and were considered to be fizzles.[1][4] All other nuclear weapons programs have relied on fast neutrons in their weapons designs.
Theory
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In early phases of Manhattan Project, in 1943, uranium deuterideTemplate:Refn was investigated as a promising bomb material; it was abandoned by early 1944 as it turned out such design would be inefficient.[5] The "autocatalytic" design that emerged from this early research was "Elmer", the discontinued radial-implosion Mark 2 weapon. It made use of uranium deuteride particles coated with paraffin (to reduce the pyrophoricity of UD3 aka U2H3) and boron-10 carbide (B4C) wax distributed uniformly throughout the solid core.Template:Refn A composite lead and B4C tamper was envisioned, with about 10.5 kg of active material (i.e. UD3) in one version, and a BeO tamper with 8.45 kg of active material in another.[3]Template:Refpage
The deuterium in uranium deuteride (UD3) or plutonium deuteride (PuD3) moderates (slows down) the neutrons, thereby increasing the nuclear cross section for neutron absorption. The result should have been a lower required critical mass; reducing the amount of 235U or 239Pu needed.[6] At the same time, due to the moderating effect of deuterium,[2] the compression requirements are (at least in principle) relaxed somewhat, which would permit assembly of additional fissile material in the core, as well as a radial-implosion assembly, which was much simpler and compact than the one destined for the MK 3.[3]Template:Refpage In reality the result was that the slower neutrons delayed the reaction time too much by reducing the number of fission generations accomplished; especially as the core expanded to reach its snowplow region (where all nuclear reactions cease), more neutrons could escape from the turbulent surface of the core, and before enough energy (for military applications) could be produced. In all, neutron moderation sharply reduced the efficiency of the weapon before the inertial confinement failed.[6][2] It was realized that the result would be a fizzle instead of full-scale detonation. The predicted yield was around Script error: No such module "convert".,[7] if the core operated as originally expected; the first rough estimate for the behavior of the "hydride" bomb appeared in 1944, when James Conant forecast that 1 kt of energy would be obtained from about 9 kg of UD3.[8]
Post-war, LANL physicists continued research on the subject at low priority; while a Monte-Carlo simulation in December 1949[3]Template:Refpage showed that the core could in principle work and result in a weapon considerably smaller than the MK 5, strong skepticism arose as the inherently low efficiency of the fuel would not improve even remotely as theoretically envisioned when a hollow core and boosting were incorporated, and a proposed test of such a core in an MK 4 high-explosive assembly was ultimately stricken from the preliminary shot schedule of operation Greenhouse.[3]Template:Refpage
UCRL tests
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Skepticism from Los Alamos notwithstanding, Edward Teller remained interested in the concept, and he and Ernest Lawrence experimented with such devices in the early 1950s at the UCRL, (University of California Radiation Laboratory, later Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). Optimism in the new lab prompted UCRL to even propose a class of such "small weapons" making use of the material, dubbing it as the "Geode". The "Geode"-type devices would be compact, linear (two-point) implosion, gas-boosted fission weapons using hollow spheroidal metallic uranium, or partially ("slightly") moderated cores, where a metallic uranium or plutonium shell was lined internally with UD3Template:Refn producing yields of the order of 10 kt. Applications for this class of devices would be tactical nuclear weapons, as well as primaries for compact thermonuclear systems.[1] The "Geodes" were essentially forerunners of the "Swan" and its derivatives (like the "Swift" and "Swallow" devices).Template:Refn[9]Template:Refpage
Two test devices were fielded in 1953 as part of operation Upshot–Knothole. The principal aim of the University of California Radiation Laboratory designs was a preliminary[10]Template:Refpage nucleonics investigation for a spherical deuterated polyethylene charge containing uranium deuteride[11]Template:Refpage as a candidate thermonuclear fuel for the "Radiator", an early incarnation of the "Morgenstern".[10]Template:Refpage It was hoped that deuterium would fuse (become an active medium) in the secondary's core if compressed appropriately through radiation implosion. The fuel was selected so that UCRL's thermonuclear program would not compete with LASL's on scarce materials at the time, specifically lithium.Template:Refn[10]Template:Refpage If successful, the devices could also lead to a compact primary containing minimal amount of fissile material, and powerful enough to ignite Ramrod[10]Template:Refpage the other Mark 22 nuclear bomb prototype designed by UCRL at the time. For a hydride-type primary, the degree of compression would not make deuterium to fuse, thus the design would be essentially a pure fission weapon, not a boosted one.[3]Template:Refpage The devices themselves as tested in Upshot-Knothole were experimental systems, not weapon prototypes, and were not designed to be used as weapons, or thermonuclear primaries.[10]Template:Refpage The cores consisted of a mix of uranium deuteride (UD3),[10]Template:Refpage powder-compacted with deuterated polyethylene. No boron was used. The cores tested in Upshot-Knothole used different "mix" (or enrichment) of uranium moderated by deuterium.[3]Template:Refpage The predicted yield was 1.5 to 3 kt for Ruth (with a maximum potential yield of 20 kt[12]Template:Refpage) and 0.5-1 kt for Ray. The tests produced yields of about 200 tons of TNT each; both tests were considered to be fizzles.[13]
Ruth, which used deuterium and enriched uranium in a solid spherical pit with a natural uranium tamper, was the first device almost-entirely designed at Livermore; it was fired on March 31, 1953, at 05:00 local time (13:00 GMT) at Mercury, Nevada. The explosive device, "Hydride I",Template:Refn used a MK-6 HE assembly made of Composition B and Baratol explosive lenses,[12]Template:Refpage and an XMC-305 betatron was provided for initiation through photofission,[12]Template:Refpage weighed Script error: No such module "convert". and was Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter and Script error: No such module "convert". long. The nuclear system weighed Script error: No such module "convert".. Defying the 1.5–3 kt predictions, its actual yield was only 200 tons. Wally Decker, a young Laboratory engineer, characterized the sound the shot made as "pop." The device failed to "automatically declassify" its test site, where the lower Script error: No such module "convert". of the Script error: No such module "convert". testing tower remained intact, the middle third scattered across the test area and only the upper third vaporized.[13]
The second device, tested in the Ray event, used deuterium and a different concentration of enriched uranium in its solid spherical pit.[12]Template:Refpage The device was called "Hydride II",Template:Refn and it also used a MK-6 HE assembly[12]Template:Refpage; it was likewise initiated by an XMC-305 betatron fired at known time.[12]Template:Refpage Being a sister device to "Hydride I", the "Hydride II" device only had a different pit "fuel" mix, and shared the same dimensions and weight with the Ruth test device.[12]Template:Refpage It was fired in a cab, atop a Script error: No such module "convert". tower on April 11, 1953. Although shot Ray leveled its tower, the yield was a meager 220 tons;[14]Template:Refpage while it did better than Ruth, the yield was still about a tenth of the predicted 0.5–1 kt value.
References
- Notes
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- Citations
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- ↑ a b c Operation Upshot-Knothole
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ W48 - globalsecurity.org
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- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Operation Upshot-Knothole (Nuclear Weapon Archive)
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- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Carey Sublette. "Operation Upshot-Knothole 1953 - Nevada Proving Ground." Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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