Ulmus alata

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Ulmus alata, the winged elm or wahoo, is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree endemic to the woodlands of the southeastern and south-central United States. The species is tolerant of a wide range of soils, and of ponding, but is the least shade-tolerant of the North American elms. Its growth rate is often very slow, the trunk increasing in diameter by less than Script error: No such module "convert". per year. The tree is occasionally considered a nuisance as it readily invades old fields, forest clearings, and rangelands, proving particularly difficult to eradicate with herbicides.[1]

Description

As its common and scientific[2] names imply, winged elm is most easily recognized by the very broad, thin pair of corky wings that form along the branchlets after a couple of years. The tree generally grows to a maximum height and breadth of about Script error: No such module "convert"., although on fertile alluvial soils such as those of the Mississippi River Delta, some specimens have reached double this height (see 'Notable trees' below). The crown can be either rounded or pyramidal; the branches are pendulous.[3] The leaves are comparatively small for the genus, less than Script error: No such module "convert". long and less than Script error: No such module "convert". broad, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, thin in texture, and smooth above with serrate or doubly serrate margins. The leaves turn bright yellow in Autumn. The wind-pollinated perfect apetalous flowers are borne on long pedicels in March and April before the leaves appear. The reddish samaras are also relatively small, less than Script error: No such module "convert". long, narrowly elliptic with two long incurving stigmas at the tip,[4] and usually disperse before the end of April.[5][6]

Pests and diseases

Like the other North American species of elm, U. alata is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease and Elm Yellows (Elm phloem necrosis).[7]

Cultivation

Ulmus alata is rarely cultivated beyond its natural range. It remains in commercial production in the US, and is occasionally available in Europe. At the beginning of the 19th century, the tree was one of the three American elm species cultivated in ornamental plantations in Britain,[8] but is now rare there. Several specimens are grown in New Zealand.[9]

Notable trees

On the silty uplands of the Mississippi Delta, Ulmus alata can attain 27 m (89 ft) in height, although the trunk diameter rarely exceeds 60 cm (24 in) d.b.h. In the old growth Fernbank Forest in Atlanta, Georgia, the species attains heights up to Script error: No such module "convert".. A tree measuring Script error: No such module "convert". high has been reported from the Congaree National Park in South Carolina.[10] However, the USA National Champion, measuring Script error: No such module "convert". high in 2009, grows in Hopewell, Virginia.[11][3]

Cultivars

Other uses

Ulmus alata is of minimal commercial significance, its hard timber considered no more remarkable than that of other American elms, and of limited use because of the commonly small size of the trees. However, owing to its resistance to splitting, it is used to make high-quality hockey sticks.[12]

Accessions

North America
Europe
Australasia
  • Manukau Cemetery & Crematorium, Auckland, New Zealand. No details available.

Nurseries

North America

Widely available.

Europe

Seed suppliers

References

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  1. ↑ University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department (1994). Fact Sheet ST-648. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
  2. ↑ Alata is Latin for "winged".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Photo of U. alata samarae, jimbotany.com/16-Catalog_Ra_through_Z-Ackn-LitCitd.htm, [1]
  5. ↑ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland Template:Webarchive. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press, Template:ISBN
  6. ↑ Schnelle, M. (1999). Field Notes: Ulmus alata. American Nurseryman, page 1998, 1 March 1999. p. 98. Chicago
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Event listnativetreesociety.org Template:Webarchive
  11. ↑ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Photographs of Morton Arboretum U. alata, Acc. no. 116-96; cirrusimage.com
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, Template:ISBN.
  18. ↑ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. (2017). List of Living Accessions: Ulmus [2]

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External links

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