Uganda People's Defence Force

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox national military

Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), previously known as the National Resistance Army (NRA), is the armed forces of Uganda. From 2007 to 2011, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated the UPDF had a total strength of 40,000–45,000, consisting of land forces and an air wing.[1] Recruitment to the forces is done annually.[2]

After Uganda achieved independence in October 1962, British officers retained most high-level military commands.[3] Ugandans in the rank and file claimed this policy blocked promotions and kept their salaries disproportionately low. These complaints eventually destabilized the armed forces, already weakened by ethnic divisions.[3] Each post-independence regime expanded the size of the army, usually by recruiting from among people of one region or ethnic group, and each government employed military force to subdue political unrest.[3]

History

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The origins of the Ugandan armed forces can be traced to 1902, when the Uganda Battalion of the King's African Rifles was formed. Ugandan soldiers fought as part of the King's African Rifles during the First World War and Second World War.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". As Uganda moved toward independence, the army stepped up recruitment, and the government increased the use of the army to quell domestic unrest.[3] The army became more closely involved in politics, setting a pattern that continued after independence.[3] In January 1960, for example, troops were deployed to Bugisu and Bukedi districts in the east to quell political violence.[3] In the process, the soldiers killed 12 people, injured several hundred, and arrested more than 1,000.[3] A series of similar clashes occurred between troops and demonstrators, and in March 1962 the government recognized the army's growing domestic importance by transferring control of the military to the Ministry of Home Affairs.[3]

First post-independence military, 1962–1971

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On 9 October 1962, Uganda became independent from the United Kingdom, with the 4th Battalion, King's African Rifles, based at Jinja, becoming the Uganda Rifles.[4] The traditional leader of the Baganda, Edward Mutesa, became president of Uganda.[3] Milton Obote, a northerner and longtime opponent of autonomy for the southern kingdoms including Buganda, was prime minister.[3] Mutesa recognized the seriousness of the rank-and-file demands for Africanising the officer corps, but was more concerned about the potential northern domination of the military, a concern that reflected the power struggle between Mutesa and Obote.[3] Mutesa used his political power to protect the interests of his Baganda constituency and refused to support demands for Africanisation of the officer ranks.[3]

On 1 August 1962, the Uganda Rifles was renamed the "Uganda Army".[5] The armed forces more than doubled, from 700 personnel to 1,500, and the government created the 2nd Battalion stationed at the northeastern town of Moroto[3] on 14 November 1963.[6] Omara-Otunnu wrote in 1987 that "a large number of men had been recruited into the Army to form this new battalion, and ... the new recruits were not given proper training" because the Army was already heavily committed to its various operations.[7]

In January 1964, following a mutiny by Tanganyikan soldiers in protest over their own Africanisation crisis, unrest spread throughout the Uganda Army.[3] On 22 January 1964, soldiers of the 1st Battalion in Jinja mutinied to press their demands for a pay raise and a Ugandan officer corps.[3] They also detained their British officers, several non-commissioned officers, and Minister of Interior Felix Onama, who had arrived in Jinja to represent the government's views to the rank and file.[3] Obote appealed for British military support, hoping to prevent the mutiny from spreading to other parts of the country.[3] About 450 British soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, The Scots Guards and Staffordshire Regiment (elements of the 24th Infantry Brigade) responded.[3] They surrounded the First Battalion barracks at Jinja, seized the armory, and quelled the mutiny.[3] The government responded two days later by dismissing several hundred soldiers from the army, several of whom were subsequently detained.[3]

Although the authorities later released many of the detained soldiers and reinstated some in the army, the mutiny marked a turning point in civil–military relations.[3] The mutiny reinforced the army's political strength.[3] Within weeks of the mutiny, the president's cabinet also approved a military pay raise retroactive to 1 January 1964, more than doubling the salaries of those in private to staff-sergeant ranks.[3] Additionally, the government raised defense allocations by 400 percent.[3] The number of Ugandan officers increased from 18 to 55.[3] Two northerners, Shaban Opolot and Idi Amin, assumed command positions in the Uganda Army and later received promotions to Brigadier and commander in chief, and army chief of staff, respectively.[3]

Following the 1964 mutiny, the government remained fearful of internal opposition.[3] Obote moved the army headquarters approximately Template:Convert from Jinja to Kampala.[3] He also created a secret police force, the General Service Unit (GSU) to bolster security.[3] Most GSU employees guarded government offices in and around Kampala, but some also served in overseas embassies and other locations throughout Uganda.[3] When British training programs ended, Israel started training Uganda's army, air force, and GSU personnel.[3] Several other countries also provided military assistance to Uganda.[3]

Decalo writes:[8]

using classic 'divide and rule' tactics, he [Obote] appointed different foreign military missions to each battalion, scrambled operational chains of command, played the police off against the army, encouraged personal infighting between his main military 'proteges' and removed from operational command of troops officers who appeared unreliable or too authoritative.

When Congolese aircraft bombed the West Nile villages of Paidha and Goli on 13 February 1965, Obote again increased military recruitment and doubled the army's size to more than 4,500.[3] Units established included a third battalion at Mubende, a signals squadron at Jinja, and an antiaircraft detachment.[3] On 1 July 1965, six units were formed: a brigade reconnaissance, an army ordnance depot (seemingly located at Magamaga),[9] a brigade signals squadron training wing, a records office, a pay and pensions office, and a Uganda army workshop.[10][3]

File:Uganda Army OT-64 APC.jpg
A Uganda Army OT-64 SKOT armoured personnel carrier during a military parade in Kampala in the late 1960s

Tensions rose in the power struggle over control of the government and the army and over the relationship between the army and the Baganda people.[3] During Obote's absence on 4 February 1966, a motion opposing him was introduced to parliament by Grace Ibingira, which called to suspend Amin and investigate Obote and three others (including Amin) for supposedly accepting gold and ivory from Congolese rebels.[11] On 22 February, Obote arrested Ibingira and four other ministers, essentially dismantling opposition to himself in the Ugandan People's Congress.[12] Later, Amin was appointed Chief of the Army and Air Force Staff, while Brigadier Opolot was demoted to the Ministry of Defence as Chief of the Defence Staff.[13][14] On 24 May 1966, Obote ousted Mutesa, assumed his office as president and commander in chief, suspended the 1962 constitution, and consolidated his control over the military by eliminating several rivals.[3] In October 1966 Opolot was dismissed from the army and detained under the emergency regulations then in force.

At about the same time, Obote abrogated the constitution, revoked Buganda's autonomous status, and instructed the Army to attack the Kabaka's palace, forcing the Kabaka to flee. Elections were cancelled. Political loyalty rather than military skill became critical amongst both officers and men.[15] Many educated southern officers were court-martialled or dismissed in 1966 and 1967, and ethnicity became the key factor in recruitment and promotions.

In 1970, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) assessed the Ugandan armed forces to consist of 6,700 personnel, constituting an army of 6,250 with two brigade groups, each of two battalions, plus an independent infantry battalion, with some Ferret armoured cars, and BTR-40 and BTR-152 armoured personnel carriers, plus an air arm of 450 with 12 Fouga Magister armed jet trainers, and seven MiG-15s and MiG-17s.[16]

Uganda Army of Idi Amin, 1971–1979

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File:Idi Amin and Mobutu.jpeg
Idi Amin (left), dressed in military fatigues, visits the Zairian dictator Mobutu in 1977.

In January 1971, Amin and his followers within the army seized power in a coup d'état.[17]

Shortly after the expulsion of Asians in 1972, Idi Amin launched a small invasion across the Tanzanian border into south-western Uganda.[3] His small army contingent in 27 trucks set out to capture the southern Ugandan military post at Masaka but instead settled down to await a general uprising against Amin, which did not occur.[3] A planned seizure of the airport at Entebbe by soldiers in an allegedly hijacked East African Airways passenger aircraft was aborted when Obote's pilot blew out the aircraft's tires, causing it to remain in Tanzania.[3] Amin was able to mobilize his more reliable Malire Mechanised Regiment and expel the invaders.[3]

In 1976, during Operation Entebbe, the Israeli military destroyed 12 MiG-21s and three MiG-17s based at Entebbe Airport to prevent pursuit.[18]

In 1977, before the Uganda–Tanzania War, the Ugandan armed forces were reported by IISS as consisting of 20,000 land forces personnel, with two four-battalion brigades and five other battalions of various types, plus a training regiment.[19] There were a total of 35 T-34, T-55, and M-4 Sherman medium tanks. SIPRI assessed decades later that ten T-34s had been supplied from Libya in 1975–76.Template:Sfn An air arm was 1,000 strong with 21 MiG-21 and 10 MiG-17 combat aircraft. The IISS noted that the Uganda Army collapsed in the face of the Tanzanian onslaught and the serviceable aircraft were removed to Tanzania. Its remnants fled into exile in Zaire and Sudan, from where they launched an insurgency. Meanwhile, pro-Tanzanian rebel groups were reorganized to become Uganda's new regular military.

UNLA, 1979–1986

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After the Uganda–Tanzania War, fighters available to the new government included only the fewer than 1,000 troops who had fought alongside the Tanzanian People's Defence Force (TPDF) to expel Amin.[3] The army was back to the size of the original army at independence in 1962.[3] Titularly, Colonel Tito Okello served as army commander and Colonel David Oyite Ojok as chief of staff,[20] leading the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA).

But in 1979, in an attempt to consolidate support for the future, leaders such as Yoweri Museveni and Major General (later Chief of Staff) Ojok began to enroll thousands of recruits into what were rapidly becoming their private armies.[3] Museveni's 80 original soldiers grew to 8,000; Ojok's original 600 became 24,000.[3] When then-President Godfrey Binaisa sought to curb the use of these militias, which were harassing and detaining political opponents, he was overthrown in a military coup on 10 May 1980.[3] The coup was engineered by Ojok, Museveni, and others acting under the general direction of Paulo Muwanga, Obote's right-hand man and chair of the Military Commission.[3] The TPDF was still providing necessary security while Uganda's police force—which had been decimated by Amin—was rebuilt, but President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania refused to help Binaisa retain power.[3] Many Ugandans claimed that although Nyerere did not impose his own choice on Uganda, he indirectly facilitated the return to power of his old friend and ally, Obote.[3] In any case, the Military Commission headed by Muwanga effectively governed Uganda during the six months leading up to the national elections of December 1980.[3]

A Commonwealth Military Training Team - Uganda assisted the UNLA in the early 1980s.[21]

After the Museveni government was formed in 1986, an NRA code of conduct, originally formulated in the bush in 1982, was made public. This was later formalized as Legal Notice No. 1 of 1986 (Amendment), and served as a basis for relations among soldiers and between the NRA and the public.Template:Sfn After the MRM victory steps were taken to institutionalize the NRA, including the setting-up of a bureaucracy; uniforms; regimental colours; training programmes; ranks; and pay and privileges.Template:Sfn A number of key Rwanda Patriotic Front personnel became part of the National Resistance Army that became Uganda's new national armed forces. Fred Rwigyema was appointed deputy minister of defense and deputy army commander-in-chief, second only to Museveni in the military chain of command for the nation. Paul Kagame was appointed acting chief of military intelligence. Other Tutsi refugees were highly placed: Peter Baingana was head of NRA medical services and Chris Bunyenyezi was the commander of the 306th Brigade.[22] Tutsi refugees formed a disproportionate number of NRA officers for the simple reason that they had joined the rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience.[22]

Uganda Peoples' Defence Force, 1995 to present

The NRA had been successful in its war, and its senior military officers held key political positions in the NRM. It was reduced in size under pressure from donors, unwilling to fund either an outsize army or civil service. Between 1990 and 1996 the army was reduced from 100,000 to 40,000, and the civil service from 320,000 to 156,000.[23] Yet the defence budget rose from $44 million in 1991 as far as $200 million in 2004. Somerville ascribes the budget rise to the rebellion in the north, Uganda's military intervention in the Congo, and "massive corruption" - 'ghost soldiers' who did not exist, whose (real) salaries were claimed by senior officers.[24]

The National Resistance Army was renamed the Uganda People's Defence Force following the enactment of the 1995 Constitution of Uganda.[25]

UPDF's primary focus was the conflict with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group operating in the country's northern region. Since March 2002, UPDF has been granted permission to carry out operations against LRA bases across the border in South Sudan. These raids, collectively known as Operation Iron Fist, have resulted in the repatriation of many abducted children being held by the rebels as child soldiers or sex slaves. The LRA has fled Uganda and been pushed deep into the jungles of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (principally Orientale Province).

The UPDF has also been the subject of controversy for having a minimum age for service of 13.[26] Many international organizations have condemned this as being military use of children. This has created an image problem for the UPDF and may have impacted the international aid Uganda receives. Western nations have sent a limited level of military aid to Uganda.[27] "Between 1990 and 2002, the army payroll had at least 18,000 ghost soldiers, according to a report by General David Tinyefuza."[28]

The problem continued in 2003, when there was a severe problem of "ghost" soldiers within the UPDF.[29] As of 2008, these personnel problems has been exacerbated by the surge of UPDF troops resigning to work with the Coalition Forces in Iraq.[30] They mostly work as an additional guard force at control points and dining facilities, for example.

Prior to 2000, the United States armed forces trained together with the UPDF as part of the African Crisis Response Initiative. This cooperation was terminated in 2000 because of Uganda's incursion into the DRC. Following the June 2003 UPDF withdrawal of troops from the DRC, limited nonlethal military assistance has restarted. The UPDF participates in the African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance programme with the United States.

After several interventions in the Congo, the UPDF was involved in a further incursion there, from December 2008 stretching into February 2009, against the LRA in the Garamba area. UPDF special forces and artillery, supported by aircraft, were joined by the DRC's armed forces and elements of the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Called "Operation Lightning Thunder" by the UPDF, it was commanded by Brigadier Patrick Kankiriho, commander of the 3rd Division.[31][32]

In February 2023, President Museveni warned the UPDF against brutality towards civilians, and corruption.[33]

Recent operations

African Union Mission in Somalia

File:2017 04 Uganda CDF AMISOM FC Visit Barawe-6 (32103511035).jpg
Ugandan Chief of Defence Forces General Katumba Wamala with Ugandan soldiers as part of AMISOM in 2017

The UPDF has more than 6,200 soldiers serving with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM).[34] The AMISOM force commander is Kenyan Lieutenant General Jonathan Rono.[35] The force commander in 2009, Ugandan Major General Nathan Mugisha, was wounded in a car bomb attack on 17 September 2009 that left nine soldiers dead,[36] including Burundian Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza, the second in command.[37]

The USA has provided extensive training for UPDF contingents headed for Somalia. During 2010, United States Army Reserve Civil Affairs operators from the 411th Civil Affairs Battalion (United States) taught Civil-military operations to UPDF personnel at Camp Kesenyi on the shores of Lake Victoria. In the first half of 2012, Force Recon Marines from Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) trained soldiers from the UPDF.[38]

In addition, a significant amount of support to AMISOM has been provided by private companies. "Bancroft Global Development, headquartered on Washington's Embassy Row, employs about 40 South African and European trainers who work with [AMISOM's] Ugandan and Burundian troops."[39] Bancroft director Michael Stock told The EastAfrican that these mentors are embedded with AMISOM units in Mogadishu and southern and central Somalia. They coach commanders on how to predict and defeat the tactics which foreign fighters bring from outside East Africa and teach to al-Shabaab.[6]

On 12 August 2012, two Ugandan Mil Mi-24s flying from Entebbe across Kenya to Somalia crashed in rugged terrain in Kenya. They were found two days later, burned out, with no likely survivors from the ten Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters. Another aircraft from the same flight crashed on Mount Kenya, and all seven Ugandan servicemen on board were rescued a day later. The aircraft were supporting AMISOM in the ongoing Somali Civil War. An accompanying Mil Mi-17 transport helicopter landed without problems in the eastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop.[40]

In August 2014, AMISOM launched Operation Indian Ocean against al-Shabaab in Lower Shabelle and other coastal areas of southcentral Somalia.[41] On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader Moktar Ali Zubeyr.[42] According to Pentagon spokesperson Admiral John Kirby, the Ugandan AMISOM forces had informed U.S. intelligence about where Godane and other Al-Shabaab leaders were meeting and provided information on a convoy of vehicles in which he was traveling.[43]

Al-Shabaab subsequently threatened an attack in Uganda for the UPDF contingent's role within AMISOM and the strike on Godane.[44][45] The Ugandan security services, with the assistance of the U.S. military and intelligence, then identified and foiled a major Al-Shabaab terrorist attack in the Ugandan capital Kampala. They recovered suicide vests, other explosives, and small arms and detained Al-Shabaab operatives.[46][47][48]

On 10 August 2021 Ugandan AMISOM soldiers were ambushed by Al-Shabab near Golweyn in Lower Shabelle. A gunfight ensued in which one UPDF soldier died. But after the gunfight with the insurgents the Ugandan troops allegedly killed 7 Somali civilians. AMISOM immediately launched an investigation that will report its findings on 6 September 2021.[49][50][51][52][53][54]Template:Update inline

African Union Regional Task Force

In November 2011, the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU) authorized a Regional Co-operation Initiative (RCI) for eliminating the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA had been forced out of Uganda and was roaming remote areas of (what is now) South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the Central African Republic (CAR). The RCI was planned to consist of three elements: a Joint Co-ordination Mechanism chaired by the AU Commissioner for Peace and Security and made up of the Ministers of Defence of the four affected countries (Uganda, South Sudan, the DRC, and the CAR); a Regional Task Force Headquarters; and, the Regional Task Force (RTF) of up to 5,000 troops from the four countries.[55]

United States special forces were already assisting Ugandan forces in their operations against the LRA in the DRC and the CAR.[56][57] In 2014, these forces were still assisting the RTF.[58]

The RTF started to take form in September 2012. By February 2013, the RTF had 3,350 soldiers and had finished deploying to the three sectors envisioned, with bases at Dungu, Obo, and Nzara (South Sudan).[59][60]

The RTF headquarters is at Yambio in South Sudan. The first Force Commander was Ugandan Colonel Dick Olum and the Deputy Force Commander was Colonel Gabriel Ayok Akuok.[61]

RTF operations, however, were plagued with difficulties, including the fact that Ugandan forces were restricted from operating in the DRC.[62]

In October 2014, RTF Commander Brigadier Sam Kavuma was deployed to Somalia[63] and his place taken by Brigadier Lucky Kidega[64] By March 2016, the Ugandan RTF Commander was Colonel Richard Otto.[65]

During January 2016, UPDF 11 Battalion was based with the RTF in the CAR.[66] In mid-2016, it was reported that Uganda would withdraw its contribution to the RTF by the end of the year.[67]

South Sudan Civil War

December 2013: Uganda reportedly deploys troops to Juba to evacuate Ugandan nationals following outbreak of fighting.

13 January 2014: President Museveni speaks of battle 90 km south of Bor involving UPDF.

16 January 2014: Colonel Kayanja Muhanga announced as UPDF force commander in South Sudan.[68]

January 2014: Ambush and battle reported at Tabakeka, a few kilometres outside Bor, with nine UPDF fatalities and 46 wounded.

22 January 2014: Updated casualty report says nine UPDF dead and a dozen wounded, including: Captain Celistine Egau, Sergeant Santos Ochen, Private Richard Oyaka and Private Arthur Mbagira.

9 February 2014: Colonel Kayanja Muhanga, Officer Commanding "Zulu Task Force", promoted to Brigadier.

21 October 2015: First re-deployment of troops out of South Sudan, from forward base in Bor, about 190 km north of Juba.

9 December 2015: Mention of c. 3000 men from South Sudan in seven battalions registering late for upcoming Ugandan election.

14-18 July 2016: Ugandan forces under Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga undertake Operation Okoa Wanaichi in South Sudan, "successfully evacuating up to 40,000 Ugandans and 100 other nationalities who were fleeing the fighting."[69]

UN Guard Unit, Somalia

The UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) was established on 3 June 2013 by UN Security Council Resolution 2102 and works alongside AMISOM in Somalia. In 2014 it was decided the mission needed a guard unit to secure and protect UN personnel and their installations in Somalia. Uganda has provided this unit, initially of 410 personnel, since 2014. The United Nations Guard Unit, or UNGU, is based at Mogadishu Airport.[70][71][72][73][74]

  • UNGU I (Lt. Col. Wycliffe Keita) – May 2014 to mid-2015
  • UNGU II (Lt. Col. Richard Walekura) – mid-2015 to August 2016
  • UNGU III (Lt. Col. Keith Katungi) – August 2016 to July 2017
  • UNGU IV (Lt. Col. Mike Hyeroba) – July 2017 to mid-2018
  • UNGU V (Lt. Col. Stuart Agaba), 529 personnel – mid-2018 to July 2019[75][76]
  • UNGU VI (Lt. Col. Nathan Bainomugisha) - July 2019[77] to August 2020.
  • UNGU VII (Lt. Col. Francis Odikiro), 600 personnel - deployed August 2020.[78]
  • UNGU VIII (Lt. Col. Peter Magungu, or Mabunga), 625 personnel - to February 2023.[79]
  • UNGU IX (Lt. Col. Peter Okwi Omeja )- February 2023 to present.[80]

Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team, Equatorial Guinea

During February 2017 Uganda deployed a UPDF team to Equatorial Guinea to assist in the training of that country's armed forces.[81] The second contingent of 248 personnel was welcomed back in Uganda in January 2019 when a third team was dispatched.[82] The foreign mission is known as the Uganda Military Training and Mentoring Team, abbreviated as UMTMT.

  • UMTMT 1 – 100–150 personnel; deployed February 2017
  • UMTMT 2 – 248 personnel; until January 2019
  • UMTMT 3 – Deployed January 2019
  • UMTMT 4
  • UMTMT 5 (Col. James Kato Kalyebara) - completed 'post-mission ideological training course' during January 2022.[83]

Command and organisation

Training schools

The UPDF has the following training schools:[84]

  • Senior Command and Staff College, Kimaka (Maj Gen George Igumba)
  • Junior Staff College, Jinja (Brig Gen Chris Ogwal)
  • Uganda Military Academy, Kabamba (Brig Gen Wycliffe Keita)
  • Uganda Military Engineering College (University Military Science & Technology, Lugazi)
  • College of Logistics and Engineering (COLE) (Magamaga - Mayuge District. 91 km East of Kampala)
  • Oliver Tambo Leadership School, Kawaweta, (Col Justus Rukundo) Nakaseke District[85][86]
  • Armoured Warfare Training School, Karama Mubende (Brig Gen Peter Chandia)
  • Singo Peace Support Training Centre (Brig Gen John Patrick Otongo)
  • Kaweweta Recruits Training School (Brig Gen Bonny Walimbwa)
  • National Leadership Institute Kyankwanzi
  • Bihanga Military Training School, Ibanda (Brig Gen Godfrey Golooba)
  • Hima Training School, Kasese
  • Anti-terrorism Centre (Major General Fred Mugisha)
  • Uganda Rapid Deployment Capability, Jinja ()
  • Uganda Air Defence and Artillery School, Nakasongola, Nakasongola District
  • Uganda Air Force Academy, Nakasongola, Nakasongola District[87]
  • Uganda Urban Warfare Training School, Singo, Nakaseke District[88]

Land Force

File:Soldiers from the Ugandan Contingent in the front line (6242739611).jpg
A Ugandan soldier in 2011

The organisation of the land force was reported in 2015 to be as follows:[89]

  • Five division headquarters
  • One armoured brigade
  • One motorised infantry brigade
  • One tank battalion
  • Presidential Guard brigade
  • One engineer brigade
  • One commando battalion
  • 5 infantry divisions (total: 16 infantry brigades)
  • One artillery brigade
  • Two air defence battalions

Divisions

File:2014 03 06 AMISOM Tank Crew-1 (12992994985).jpg
A Ugandan T-55 on deployment as part of AMISOM in 2014

The divisions are:

  • First Division: Kakiri, Wakiso District.
  • Second Division: Makenke Barracks, Mbarara (Brigadier Peter Elewelu). It is composed of three brigades and four auxiliary battalions, according to the website of the Ministry of Defence Uganda. This division, according to afdevinfo.com, includes the divisional headquarters at Mbarara; the 13th, 17th, 69th, 73rd, and 77th battalions; the Rwenzori Mountain Alpine Brigade; possibly another Alpine brigade; and the 3rd Tank Battalion. The division has been heavily involved with border operations since the Congo Civil War began in the 1990s. Brigadier Peter Elwelu took command in a ceremony on 17 July 2013. He had been appointed in June 2013.[90]
  • Third Division: Moroto (Brigadier Dick Olum). Before 2013, the Third Division headquarters was reported to be at Mbale.[91]
  • Fourth Division: Gulu District (Brigadier Kayanja Muhanga, until December 2016 when he took command of the Ugandan contingent with AMISOM in Somalia).[92] James Kazini served with this division in 1996–99.[93][94]
  • Fifth Division: Lira (Brigadier Sam Kavuma). Created in August 2002.[95] As of 2013, the division appears to include the 401 Brigade.[96]
  • Field Artillery Division: Masindi (Brigadier Sam Okiding, who was Ugandan Contingent Commander with AMISOM, 2015–16)[94]
  • Air Defence Division: Nakasongala (Brigadier Garvas Mugyenyi since May 2013)

Brigades

  • Armoured Brigade: Kasijjagirwa Barracks, Masaka (Brigadier Joseph M. Ssemwanga)[97]
  • Motorised Infantry Brigade: Nakasongola (Brigadier Tumusiime Katsigazi). Formed in September 2002 and is composed of three motorized infantry battalions.[98]
  • 209 Brigade
  • 301 Brigade[99]
  • 302 Brigade[100]
  • 303 Brigade
  • 305 Brigade[101]
  • 307 Brigade, Mburamizi, Kihihi, Kanungu District.[102][103] Formed in June 2001 in Ntungamo District, when it included the 69 Battalion.
  • 401 Brigade, Lira/ Pader[104]
  • 403 Brigade, Kitgum,[105] later Matany, Napak District, as a component of 3 Division[106]
  • 405 Brigade, Kotido[100]
  • 407 Brigade[100]
  • 409 Brigade, West Nile
  • 503 Brigade, Gang-Dyang, Kitgum.[107]
  • 505 Brigade, Pajimu, Kitgum District, a component of 5 Division.[106]
  • 507 Alpine Brigade, Kasese.[108][109]
  • 509 Brigade, Pader.
  • 601 Brigade

Army equipment

Firearms

Small arms
Name Image Caliber Type Origin
Pistols
TT-33[110] File:TT33.JPG 7.62×25mm Semi-automatic pistol Template:Country data Soviet Union
PM[110] File:Пистолет Макарова.png 9×18mm Semi-automatic pistol Template:Country data Soviet Union
Browning Hi-Power[110] File:FN Hi Power.jpg 9×19mm Semi-automatic pistol Template:Country data Belgium
Submachine guns
Sten[110] File:STEN MK II submachinegun.png 9×19mm Submachine gun Template:Country data United Kingdom
Sterling[110] File:Sterling SMG.JPG 9×19mm Submachine gun Template:Country data United Kingdom
Škorpion[110] File:Skorpion PICT0105.jpg .32 ACP Submachine gun Template:Country data Czechoslovakia
Uzi[110] File:Uzi of the israeli armed forces noBG.png 9×19mm Submachine gun Template:Country data Israel
Rifles
SKS[110] File:Simonov-SKS-45.JPG 7.62×39mm Semi-automatic rifle Template:Country data Soviet Union
AKM[111] File:AKM automatkarbin Ryssland - 7,62x39mm - Armémuseum rightside noBG.png 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Template:Country data Soviet Union
PM md. 63[112] File:PMmd.1963.jpg 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Template:Country data Socialist Republic of Romania
Type 56[112] File:Type 56 mod02 noBG.png 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Template:Country data China
Type 81[112] File:Canadian civilian version of Type 81 automatic rifle noBG.png 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Template:Country data China
IMI Galil[113] File:Galil noBG.png 5.56×45mm Assault rifle Template:Country data Israel
IWI Galil ACE[114] File:IWI 3686.jpg 7.62×39mm Assault rifle Template:Country data Israel
M16[115] File:M16A2 rightside noBG.jpg 5.56×45 mm Assault rifle Template:Country data United States
M4[114] File:PEO M4 Carbine RAS M68 CCO.png 5.56×45mm Carbine
Assault rifle 		Template:Country data United States
IWI Tavor[110] File:IWI-Tavor-TAR-21w1 new noBG.png 5.56×45mm Bullpup
Assault rifle 		Template:Country data Israel
FN FAL[110] File:FN-FAL belgian noBG.png 7.62×51mm Battle rifle Template:Country data Belgium
Heckler & Koch G3[110] File:H&K G3FS.jpg 7.62×51mm Battle rifle Template:Country data West Germany
Lee-Enfield File:SMLE-No4-Mk1.png .303 British Bolt-action rifle Template:Country data British Empire
Sniper rifles
PSL[110] File:Psl sniper rifle.jpeg 7.62×54mmR Designated marksman rifle
Sniper rifle 		Template:Country data Socialist Republic of Romania
Machine guns
Bren[110] File:Bren1.jpg 7.62×51mm Light machine gun Template:Country data United Kingdom
DP-27[110] File:DEGTYAREV DP 28.jpg 7.62×54mmR Light machine gun Template:Country data Soviet Union
RPD[110] File:LMG-RPD-44 noBG.png 7.62×39mm Squad automatic weapon Template:Country data Soviet Union
RPK[110] File:7.62mm light machine gun RPK.png 7.62×39mm Squad automatic weapon Template:Country data Soviet Union
PKM[110] File:7,62 KK PKM Helsinki 2012 no background.JPG 7.62×54mmR General-purpose machine gun Template:Country data Soviet Union
M60[110] File:M60 Medium Machine Gun (7414626098).jpg 7.62×51mm General-purpose machine gun Template:Country data United States
DShK[110] File:12,7-мм станковый пулемёт ДШК образца 1938 года.jpg 12.7×108mm Heavy machine gun Template:Country data Soviet Union
Rocket propelled grenade launchers
RPG-7[110] File:Rpg-7.jpg 40mm Rocket-propelled grenade Template:Country data Soviet Union
RPG-2 RPG2 and PG2 TBiU 37 40mm Rocket-propelled grenade Template:Country data Soviet Union
Grenade launchers
QLZ-87 File:Type 87 Grenade Launcher.jpg 35×32mm Automatic grenade launcher Template:Country data China

Antitank weapons

Anti-tank weapons
Name Image Caliber Type Origin
9M14 Malyutka[116] File:Malyutka.JPG Anti-tank weapon Template:Country data Soviet Union
9M133 Kornet[117] File:Корнет - Контрольная проверка курсантов Учебного центра боевого применения ракетных войск и артиллерии 03.jpg 1,000 Kornet-E in service. Anti-tank weapon Template:Country data Russia

Vehicles

Tanks

Tanks
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
T-90S File:Indian Army T-90.jpg Main battle tank Template:Country data Russia 44[118][119][120]
T-72A/B1 File:OpenWater2017qualifying-27.jpg Main battle tank Template:Country data Soviet Union 50Template:SfnTemplate:Efn
T-55 File:6765 - Moscow - Poklonnaya Hill - Tank.JPG Medium tank Template:Country data Soviet Union 140[121]
T-54 File:Front view of a T-54 tank.JPEG Medium tank Template:Country data Soviet Union
PT-76 File:ParkPatriot2015part2-40.jpg Amphibious Light tank Template:Country data Soviet Union 20[122]
Type 85-II-M File:Chinese Type 85-ІІІ Tank.jpg Main battle tank Template:Country data China 5[123][119][124]

Armoured cars

Reconnaissance
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
Eland-90 File:Eland Armoured Vehicle.jpg Armoured car Template:Country data South Africa 40[125]
Alvis Saladin File:Alvis Saladin spotted at O'Sheas Pub & Grill (310 Grapevine Hwy Hurst, TX 76054) spotted on April 7, 2013.JPG Armored car Template:Country data United Kingdom 36[126]

Infantry fighting vehicles

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
BVP-2 File:BVP-2 military parade Prague.jpg Infantry fighting vehicle Template:Country data CzechoslovakiaTemplate:Efn 41[118]
BMP-2 File:BMP-2 01.jpg Infantry fighting vehicle Template:Country data Soviet UnionTemplate:Efn 31[118]

Armoured reconnaisance

Scout cars
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
BRDM-2 File:BRDM-2 (1964) owned by James Stewart pic7.JPG Amphibious armored scout car Template:Country data Soviet Union 100Template:Sfn
Daimler Ferret File:Daimler Ferret Mk1 Liaison (1959) owned by Clive Garton pic1.JPG Armored car Scout car Template:Country data United Kingdom 15Template:Sfn

Armoured personnel carriers

Armored personnel carriers
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
BTR-60 File:BTR-60 pic-004.JPG Amphibious Armored personnel carrier Template:Country data Soviet Union 12[127]
OT-64 SKOT File:OT-64 SKOT.jpg Amphibious Armored personnel carrier Template:Country data Polish People's Republic 4[122]
Mamba File:SANDF Armed Forces Day 2017 - South African Army Mamba MkIII APC (32203158584).jpg Armored personnel carrier Template:Country data South Africa 15[118]
RG-31 Nyala File:RG-31.JPG Infantry mobility vehicle Template:Country data South Africa 15Template:Sfn
Buffel File:Bulldog armored personnel carrier.jpg Infantry mobility vehicle Template:Country data South Africa 20[127]

MRAPs

Mine-resistant ambush protected
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
Casspir File:Mechem Casspir Mk II (9686200019).jpg MRAP Template:Country data South Africa 42[118] INSTemplate:Efn

Engineering vehicles

Engineering vehicles
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
VT-55A File:BAHNA 2018 - 215.jpg Armored recovery vehicle Template:Country data Soviet Union
Template:Country data Czechoslovakia 		Unknown

Utility vehicles

Utility vehicles
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
Humvee File:2015 MCAS Beaufort Air Show 041215-M-CG676-161.jpg Light utility vehicle Template:Country data United States Unknown[128]
Trucks
SAMIL File:Samil 100 (9672952081).jpg Utility truck Template:Country data South Africa 450[129]
Tatra 813 File:Tatra 813 KOLOS 1.jpg Utility truck Template:Country data Czechoslovakia Unknown
Tatra 815-7 File:BAHNA 2018 - 434 crop.jpg Utility truck Template:Country data Czech Republic Unknown

Artillery

Artillery
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
Self-propelled artillery
ATMOS 2000 File:Atmos 2000.jpg Self-propelled artillery Template:Country data Israel 6Template:Sfn
Rocket artillery
BM-21 Grad File:BM-21 Grad (04).jpg Multiple rocket launcher Template:Country data Soviet Union 6
RM-70 File:BAHNA 2018 - 134 crop.jpg Multiple rocket launcher Template:Country data Czechoslovakia 6Template:Sfn
Mortars
Type 53 File:Zagan 82 mm moździerz wz 37.jpg Mortar Template:Country data Soviet Union
Template:Country data China 		Unknown[130]
Cardom File:Cardom Mortar - Right Side View at ADAS 2018.jpg Mortar Template:Country data Israel 18Template:Sfn
Field artillery
M-46 File:130 K 54 Torpin Tykit 1.JPG Field gun Template:Country data Soviet UnionTemplate:Efn 8[118]
M-30 File:Belgrade Military Museum - M-30 122 mm howitzer.JPG Howitzer Template:Country data Soviet UnionTemplate:Efn 18Template:Sfn

Air defense

Man-portable air-defense systems
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
9K32 Strela-2 File:SA-7.jpg MANPADS Template:Country data Soviet Union [131]
Towed anti-aircraft guns
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
ZPU-4 File:ZPU-4 DM-SC-91-12077.JPEG Anti-aircraft gun Template:Country data Soviet Union Unknown
ZU-23-2 File:MsSVU39.jpg Autocannon Template:Country data Soviet Union 5
61-K File:61-K anti-aircraft gun, 2007.jpg Autocannon Template:Country data Soviet Union 20Template:Sfn
Surface-to-air missile systems
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Status
S-125 Neva File:ЗРК С-125М с ЗУР 5В27Д - Парка Патриот 01.jpg Surface-to-air missile Template:Country data Soviet Union 4
9K31 Strela-1 File:SA-9 Gaskin.JPG Surface-to-air missile Template:Country data Soviet Union Unknown

Previous equipment included the M4 Sherman tank. SIPRI trade registers indicated transfer of at least 12 vehicles,Template:Sfn and in 1999, another source listed 3 Shermans in service.[132]

Air Force

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File:Roundel of Uganda - Type 1.svg
Uganda People's Defence Air Force roundel

The Uganda Army Air Force (UAAF) was established in 1964 with Israeli aid. Its first aircraft was consequently of Israeli origin, and its initial pilots trained in Israel. As Uganda's government forged closer links with the Eastern Bloc, the UAAF began to acquire more aircraft as well as support in training from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Libya. Israeli aid initially continued as well.

By late 1978, the UAAF was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Christopher GoreTemplate:Sfn and consisted of several dozen MiG-21MFs, MiG-21UMs, MiG-17s,Template:Sfn and MiG-15UTIs. Some of the available aircraft were not combat-ready, however, and were abandoned during the Uganda–Tanzania War without seeing action.Template:Sfn The lack of spare parts especially affected the MiG-15s and MiG-17s.Template:Sfn The UAAF was split into three fighter squadrons.Template:Sfn However the force was effectively wiped out during the 1978-1979 air campaign of the Uganda-Tanzania War.

There are conflicting reports on what aircraft the Ugandan Air Force has in service as of 2019–2020. Lieutenant General Charles Lwanga Lutaaya, is the commander.[133]

In 2011, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, the central bank governor, caused large volatility in the Ugandan shilling when he told the Financial Times that President Museveni had ignored technical advice against using Uganda's small foreign exchange reserves to buy new Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft.[134]

Inventory

File:Uganda People's Defence Force Air Wing Sukhoi Su-30MK2 MTI-1.jpg
A Sukhoi Su-30MK2 taxiing
File:Uganda People's Defence Force Air Wing Bell 206B JetRanger II MTI-1.jpg
A Bell 206 helicopter landing
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
MiG-21 Soviet Union fighter 5[135] .
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30MK2 5[135]
Transport
Cessna 208 United States utility / transport 2[135]
Short Skyvan United Kingdom utility / transport 1[135]
Helicopters
Bell 206 United States utility 5[135]
Bell UH-1 United States utility UH-1H 5[135] donated by the US[136]
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility 10[135]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35 5[135]
Mil Mi-28 Russia attack 3+[137]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer 8[135]
SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 Italy basic trainer 4[135]

Notes

Template:Notelist

See also

References

Template:Reflist

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Bibliography

Template:Sister project

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Abbott, P. & Ruggeri, R., Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002, Men-at-Arms Series 492, Osprey Publishing, London, 2014.
  • Amii Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda 1890-1985, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1987.
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Cooper, Tom, Africa@War Volume 14: Great Lakes Conflagration – The Second Congo War, 1998–2003, Helion & Co Ltd, England, and Thirty Degrees South Publishers Pty Ltd, Johannesburg, 2013.
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Oloya, Opiyo, Black Hawks Rising: The Story of AMISOM's Successful War Against Somali Insurgents 2007-2014, Helion & Co Ltd, Solihull, England, 2016. Template:ISBN
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Prunier, Gérard, Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford University Press, London, 2009. Template:ISBN
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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Further reading

Template:Country topics Template:Military of Africa

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2007, 297; IISS Military Balance 2011, 447.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Template:Country study
  4. ↑ J.M. Lee, 1969, 40.
  5. ↑ Omara-Otunnu 1987, 52.
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Omara-Otunnu, 1987, 54.
  8. ↑ Herbert Howe, Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States, 2005, 50, citing Samuel Decalo. Coups and Army Rule in Africa, Yale University Press (1990). Template:ISBN, p.205
  9. ↑ Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey, War in Uganda, Zed Press, London, UK, 1982, 31.
  10. ↑ Amii Omara-Otunnu, Politics and the Military in Uganda 1890–1985, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1987, 72
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  15. ↑ E.A. Brett, "Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda", Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Mar., 1995), 136.
  16. ↑ IISS Military Balance 1970–71, p. 53
  17. ↑ Omara-Otunnu, 1987, 98.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ IISS Military Balance 1979–80, p.55
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Tom Frame (ed.), 'The Long Road: Australia's Train, Advise and Assist Missions,' University of New South Wales Press, 2017 Template:Webarchive; https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/peacekeeping/operation-summaries/uganda-1982-1984.
  22. ↑ a b Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, 2001, Template:ISBN, pp. 172–173
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  24. ↑ Keith Somerville, "Africa's Long Road Since Independence," Penguin, 207, 305.
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  26. ↑ CIA World Factbook, [1], March 2012
  27. ↑ Uganda: Child soldiers at centre of mounting humanitarian crisis Template:Webarchive
  28. ↑ Joshua Kato, "Assessing the cost of an army", Sunday Vision, 30 June 2006 Template:Webarchive
  29. ↑ The Weekly Observer, Committee wants death penalty for ghost creators Template:Webarchive, 2005
  30. ↑ Iraq Ugandan Guards Face Abuse, accessed December 2008 Template:Webarchive
  31. ↑ Monitor (Kampala), UPDF commanders behind Operation Lightning Thunder, 20 December 2008 Template:Webarchive
  32. ↑ Bantariza moved in new UPDF reshuffle, February 2009 Template:Webarchive
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  38. ↑ Nick Turse, The Election Year Outsourcing No One's Talking About: The U.S. Fighting Proxy Wars Around the Globe Template:Webarchive TomDespatch.com/Alternet.org, 13 August 2012
  39. ↑ Kevin J. Kelley, Somalia: How 'Quiet Americans' Helped Defeat Al Shabaab, Garoweonline.com, 22 Aug 2011.
  40. ↑ Burnt wreckage of two Ugandan army helicopters found Template:Webarchive, Agence France-Presse via SpaceWar.com, 14 October 2012, accessed 15 August 2012
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  49. ↑ AMISOM launches investigation into Golweyn incident in the Lower Shabelle Region, AMISOM Press release PR/20/2021, 11 August 2021. Only a few days later, this Press Release was deleted from the AMISOM website.
  50. ↑ AMISOM commits to swift and transparent inquiry into golweyn incident, AMISOM Press release PR/21/2021, 21 August 2021.
  51. ↑ Somali Governor Says AU Soldiers Killed Civilians After Al-Shabab Ambush, VOA -News (Voice of America), 16 August 2021.
  52. ↑ Somali Governor Accuses AU Soldiers of Killing Civilians After Al-Shabaab Ambush Template:Webarchive, NewsCentral TV, 17 August 2021.
  53. ↑ AMISOM Probing Alleged Death Of Civilians At Hands Of Uganda People's Defense Forces In Somalia, Shahidi News, Kenya, 12 August 2021.
  54. ↑ AMISOM: "Toddobadii qof ee aan ku dilnay deegaanka Golweyn ma ahayn Al-Shabaab" (AMISOM: "The seven people we killed in Golweyn were not Al-Shabaab"), BBC, 22 August 2021.
  55. ↑ African Union, 2015, The African Union-Led Regional Task Force for the elimination of the LRA, African Union Peace and Security, last updated 23 November 2015, accessed 2 January 2017, http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/100-au-led-rci-lra-1 Template:Webarchive
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  65. ↑ Tumwesigye, Capt. Stephen, 2016, Dominic Ongwen's Accomplice Escapes Death, Tarehe Sita (The Uganda Peoples' Defence Forces Magazine) vol. 29, no. 3, March 2016, pp. 26–27.
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  69. ↑ 'Sum up of the South Sudan Evacuation Mission,' MOD Uganda website, 5 August 2016, accessed 12 August 2016, MOD Latest News Template:Dead link>
  70. ↑ 'UN Guard Unit begins work in Mogadishu', Relief Web, 18 May 2014 https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/un-guard-unit-begins-work-mogadishu Template:Webarchive
  71. ↑ 'UN-UPDF Guard Units Sets Off For Somalia', Red Pepper, 17 April 2014, http://www.redpepper.co.ug/un-updf-guard-units-sets-off-for-somalia/ Template:Webarchive
  72. ↑ 'AMISOM commends Ugandan UN battalion after a tour of duty in Somalia', AMISOM News, 27 June 2016.
  73. ↑ 'Forces welcomed from Somalia', Ministry of Defence and Veteran's Affairs Uganda, 5 August 2016, MOD Latest NewsTemplate:Webarchive
  74. ↑ 'UN Guard Unit members complete one-year tour of duty in Somalia', UNSOM News (UN Assistance Mission in Somalia), 18 July 2017, https://unsom.unmissions.org/un-guard-unit-members-complete-one-year-tour-duty-somalia
  75. ↑ 'New UN Guard Takes Over Duties', UPDF website, 26 July 2019, https://www.updf.go.ug/NEW_UNITED_NATIONS_GUARD_UNIT_TAKES_OVER_DUTIES.php Template:Webarchive, accessed 18 August 2019.
  76. ↑ 'UPDF Troops Welcomed From Somalia', UPDF website, August 2019, https://www.updf.go.ug/UPDF_TROOPS_WELCOMED_FROM_SOMALIA.php Template:Webarchive, accessed 18 August 2019.
  77. ↑ 'D/ CDF Flags off UGABAG XXVIII & UNGU VI', UPDF website, 18 July 2019, https://www.updf.go.ug/Deputy_Chief_of_Defence_Forces_Flagsoff_UGABAG_XXVIII_and_UNGU_VI.php Template:Webarchive, accessed 18 August 2019.
  78. ↑ 'Uganda's 7th UN Guard Unit Flagged off to Somalia', UPDF website, August 2020, <https://www.updf.go.ug/Uganda_7th_UN_Guard_Unit_Flagged_off_to_Somalia.php Template:Webarchive> accessed 17 September 2020.
  79. ↑ 'UPDF Changes Command of the United Nations Guard Unit in Somalia', UPDF website, 27 February 2023, <https://www.updf.go.ug/missions/updf-changes-command-of-the-united-nations-guard-unit-in-somalia/>
  80. ↑ 'UPDF Sends 2450 Strong UPDF Troops to Serve In Somalia Under UN And AU', UPDF website, 17 March 2023, <https://www.updf.go.ug/missions/updf-sends-2450-strong-updf-troops-to-serve-in-somalia-under-un-and-au/>
  81. ↑ Binnie, J. (2019) Uganda reveals size of training mission in Equatorial Guinea, Jane's Defence Weekly, 23 January 2019.
  82. ↑ 'UPDF Troops Welcomed from Equatorial Guinea and Somalia', Ministry of Defence and Veterans' Affairs Uganda, 22 January 2019, MOD Latest NewsTemplate:Webarchive
  83. ↑ 'Battle Group XXXI and Military Training Team Complete Post Mission Ideological Training', UPDF website, 15 January 2022, <http://www.defence.go.ug/home/newsandevents/71.0 Template:Webarchive>
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Oliver Tambo Leadership School Located at Kaweweta, Nakaseke District Template:Webarchive
  86. ↑ South Africa Donates Equipment to Oliver Tambo School Template:Webarchive
  87. ↑ About Uganda Airforce Academy
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  98. ↑ Ministry of Defence Uganda, UPDF Motorised Infantry, accessed 14 June 2016, Land Forces Template:Webarchive>. Note this website's pages now (7 January 2017) appears to have restricted access.
  99. ↑ Allio, Emmy (2005) 'New Tricks for LRA—Kulaigye', New Vision (Kampala), 17 December 2005.
  100. ↑ a b c Kasasira, R. & Kasozi, E. (2016) Tracing Karuhanga's 30-Year Service, The Monitor (Kampala), 23 April 2016.
  101. ↑ Cooper, Tom (2013) Africa@War Volume 14: Great Lakes Conflagration – The Second Congo War, 1998–2003, Helion & Co Ltd, England, and Thirty Degrees South Publishers Pty Ltd, Johannesburg.
  102. ↑ Nabaasa, C. & Kinene, E. (2016) UPDF Officer in Army Court for Killing Eight People in Kanungu, The Monitor (Kampala), 6 June 2016.
  103. ↑ Ssekweyama, M.E. (2016) 'Two Soldiers Killed Inside Masaka Army Barracks', The Monitor (Kampala), 7 July 2016.
  104. ↑ 'UPDF Commander Brig. Kankiriho Passes On', New Vision (Kampala), 8 April 2013.
  105. ↑ Apunyo, H. (2011) 'Mystery Surrounds Soldier's Death', The Monitor (Kampala), 9 May 2011.
  106. ↑ a b 'CDF Commissions Homes for 505 & 403 Infantry Brigades', UPDF website, 20 June 2021, accessed 21 July 2021 <https://www.updf.go.ug/CDF_Commissions_Homes_for_505_and_403_Infantry_Brigades.php Template:Webarchive>
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  108. ↑ 'New Guard Takes Charge of UPDF in New Changes', The Observer (Kampala), 29 May 2013.
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