USS R-12

Template:Infobox ship/subboxTemplate:Infobox ship/subboxTemplate:Infobox ship/subboxTemplate:Infobox ship/subbox

USS R-12 (SS-89), also known as "Submarine No. 89", was an R-1-class coastal and harbor defense submarines of the United States Navy commissioned after the end of World War I.

Due to space constraints, the boats built at the Fore River Shipbuilding Company yard, were laid down much later than the boats built at the Union Iron Works and the Lake Torpedo Boat Company yards. Because of this, none were commissioned before the end of WWI.

Design

The R-boats built by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company, through , and the Union Iron Works, through , are sometimes considered a separate class, R-1-class, from those built by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company, through , R-21-class.

The submarines had a length of overall, a beam of Template:Cvt, and a mean draft of Template:Cvt. They displaced on the surface and Template:Cvt submerged. The R-1-class submarines had a crew of 2 officers and 27 enlisted men. They had a diving depth of Template:Cvt.

For surface running, the boats were powered by two NELSECO 6-EB-14 diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a Electro-Dynamic Company electric motor. They could reach on the surface and Template:Cvt underwater. On the surface, the R-1-class had a range of at Template:Cvt, or Template:Cvt if fuel was loaded into their main ballast tanks.

The boats were armed with four torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried four reloads, for a total of eight torpedoes. The R-1-class submarines were also armed with a single [[3"/50 caliber gun|Template:Cvt/50 caliber]] deck gun.

Construction

R-12Template:'s keel was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company, of Quincy, Massachusetts, on 28 March 1918. She was launched on 15 August 1919, sponsored by Miss Helen Mack, and commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard, on 23 September 1919.

Service history

1919–1932

R-12 remained at Boston, Massachusetts, until she headed down the coast on 11 March, to New London, Connecticut, whence she operated until the end of May. She then continued south to Panama, and transited the Panama Canal, at the end of June. R-12 arrived at San Pedro, California, in July 1920.

When the US Navy adopted its hull classification system on 17 July 1920, she received the hull number SS-89.

She departed the California coast for Pearl Harbor, at the end of August. Arriving on 6 September 1920, she remained in Hawaiian waters, with occasional exercises on the West Coast, and off Johnston Island, until 12 December 1930.

On 12 December 1930, R-12, and 18 of her sisters, got underway to begin the voyage to the East Coast in company with the submarine tender , and the submarine rescue vessel . R-12 returned to New London, on 9 February 1931. She conducted exercises with Destroyer Squadrons (DesRons) of the Scouting Force, into the spring, then following overhaul, trained sailors assigned to the Submarine School. On 27 September 1932, she departed New London, for the Philadelphia Navy Yard, where after decommissioning on 7 December 1932, she joined other R-class boats berthed there in the Reserve Fleet.

1940–1943

Building a two-ocean navy required trained people, and the R-class boats returned to service to provide training boats. Accordingly, R-12 was recommissioned, in ordinary, on 1 July 1940, and shifted to New London, to complete activation. Recommissioned in full on 16 October 1940, she sailed for Panama on 10 December.

R-12 reached Coco Solo, on the day after Christmas, of 1940, and operated thence "a period punctuated by an annual military inspection (20 May 1941) and a yard availability and docking (27 June-21 July)" through the summer of 1941. She transited the Panama Canal, southbound, on 2 September, operated in the vicinity of the Perlas Islands, then transited the isthmian waterway again, northbound, on 20 September. Clearing the Canal Zone, on 14 October, R-12 proceeded, via the Florida Straits, to New London, her home port, arriving there on 23 October. Subsequently operating in Area George, from 23–29 November, R-12 departed her home port on 7 December 1941, and proceeded via the Cape Cod Canal, to Provincetown, Massachusetts, reaching her destination on December 9. Proceeding thence to Casco Bay, Maine, she conducted operations in those waters, from 11 December 1941–3 January 1942, until returning to New London, via the Cape Cod Canal, on 4 January 1942. She received an interim docking at New London, later that month.

Proceeding from New London, to Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands, R-12 operated thence, a period punctuated by her annual military inspection on 20 June 1942, until 1 July, when she sailed for Guantanamo Bay. Reaching her destination on 9 July, she trained in Cuban waters until 20 November, when she sailed for Key West, in convoy GK-714, sister boat R-15 serving as her relief at Guantanamo. After a time at Key West, from 23 November–12 December 1942, during which time she received an interim docking period, R-12 departed on the latter date to return to Guantanamo Bay, sailing in company with the submarine chasers and , reaching her destination on 15 December. She operated in Cuban waters through mid-February 1943. Sailing on 17 February 1943, R-12 paused briefly at Bermuda, from 22–24 February, before continuing on to her home port, standing in to New London, on 21 February 1943. During her time at New London, the boat received a yard availability and docking, from March–April 1943. R-12 passed Point Judith, on 1 May, bound for Key West, arriving soon thereafter to resume her training work in those waters.

Accident and loss

At 07:16, on 12 June 1943, R-12, considered a "well-organized and well-trained submarine," put to sea from Key West, with 47 hands on board, all of her assigned officers, six, two-thirds of her regularly assigned crew, twenty-six men, enlisted trainees, thirteen, and two Brazilian Navy observers, on board. She submerged at about 08:15, and conducted scheduled sound exercises, in concert with the coastal yacht , upon completion of which R-12 surfaced, and Coral headed back to her base. R-12 then prepared to conduct a torpedo firing, and altered course accordingly, shifting from electric motors to diesel engines. She proceeded on both engines toward her assigned area, moving at on course 275° (T), rigged for dive. At about 12:23, R-12Template:'s navigator and second officer, reported from the control room: "Forward battery flooding." The collision alarm sounded from below. The commander, on the bridge, immediately ordered number one and number two ballast tanks blown. R-12, however, tipped "forward rapidly at a large angle." R-12 sank quickly, taking with her 42 officers and men.

The commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Edward E. Shelby, one other officer, and three enlisted men, were swept from the bridge as the boat sank and were rescued from the sea at 18:00, by the submarine chaser . The subsequent 14-day search involved as many as 14 ships. R-12, located on 23 June 1943, southeast of Key West, in Template:Cvt of water, was stricken from the Navy Register on 6 July 1943.

Discovery

Sometime before 25 May 2011, an exploration team led by Tim Taylor, aboard the expedition vessel RV Tiburon located and documented the wreck of R-12. The reason for her loss remains unknown. In making the discovery, the team deployed a state-of-the-art autonomous underwater robot which collected first ever imagery of the remains of R-12. They are collaborating and sharing their findings with the US Navy. Tiburon intends to launch a future expedition to further investigate the possible causes of the sinking, and collect detailed archeological baseline data.

Wreck location:

Memorials

• There is a granite marker in honor of R-12, at the National Submarine Memorial, in Groton, Connecticut.
• There is a small monument in honor of R-12, and her crew, at the Rhode Island Veterans Cemetery, in Exeter, Rhode Island.
• There is a granite marker in honor of "R-12", and her crew, at the Pacific Fleet Submarine Memorial Museum, in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Awards

• American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
• American Campaign Medal
• World War II Victory Medal

Bibliography

• Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

External links

• On Eternal Patrol: USS R-12 (SS-89)
• r12sub.com R-12 (SS-89) Submarine: Official website of the exploration of the sunken US WWII submarine USS R-12 (SS-89)
• Ocean explorer discovers 5 sunken WWII subs, giving closure to hundreds of families. Anna Schecter and Rich Schapiro. NBC News.
• Loss of R-12, CDR John Alden USN Ret., The Submarine Review, July 2008, Pages 107–119.