Tzʼutujil language

Tzʼutujil Template:IPAc-en is a Mayan language spoken by the Tzʼutujil people in the region to the south of Lake Atitlán in Guatemala. Tzʼutujil is closely related to its larger neighbors, Kaqchikel and Kʼicheʼ. The 2002 census found that 60,000 people speak Tzʼutujil as their mother tongue. The two Tzʼutujil dialects are Eastern and Western.

The majority of the Tzʼutujil people speak Spanish as a second language, although many of the older people, or those who live remote areas do not speak Spanish. Many children also do not learn Spanish until they first go to school at the age of five although more importance is now being placed upon it due to the influx of tourism into the region. As of 2012, the Community Library Rijaʼtzuul Naʼooj in San Juan La Laguna features story telling for children in Tzʼutujil; bilingual children's books are also available. Spanish is used in written communication.Template:Clarify

Phonology

In the charts below each of the Tzʼutujil phonemes is represented by the character or set of characters that denote it in the standard orthography developed by the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages (ALMG) and sanctioned by the Guatemalan government. Where different, the corresponding symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet appears in brackets.

Stress is always on the final syllable of native words, except for the adjectival vowel suffix in certain environments.

Vowels

Tzʼutujil has five short and five long vowels.

Short	Long
i Template:IPAblink	ii Template:IPAblink	close front unrounded vowel
e Template:IPAblink	ee Template:IPAblink	mid front unrounded vowel
a Template:IPAblink	aa Template:IPAblink	open central unrounded vowel
o Template:IPAblink	oo Template:IPAblink	mid back rounded vowel
u Template:IPAblink	uu Template:IPAblink	close back rounded vowel

Ee and oo tend to be more open () before a glottal stop.

Many words allow either a and e, and although many allow a only, there are few which require e, suggesting that is merging into . A smaller number of words allow either a or o.

Consonants

Like other Mayan languages, Tzʼutujil does not distinguish voiced and voiceless stops and affricates but instead distinguishes pulmonic and glottalized stops and affricates.

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Post- velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
	glottalized	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Fricative			Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme		Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme		Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Trill			Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme
Approximant		Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme	Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme		Template:IPA link Template:Grapheme

The glottalized stop kʼ and affricates chʼ, tzʼ are ejective, while bʼ, tʼ are voiced implosives before vowels, and ejectives (Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink) elsewhere (before consonants and at the ends of words). Qʼ may be either ejective or implosive before vowels, ejective elsewhere.

The pulmonic stops and affricates, p, t, tz, ch, k, q, are tenuis before vowels and aspirated elsewhere.

Velar k, kʼ are palatalized before i, and also usually before a non-back vowel (i, e, a) followed by a post-velar (q, qʼ, j), though the latter dissimilation is not completely productive.

W is Template:IPAblink before front vowels (i, e) and Template:IPAblink before non-front vowels (a, o, u).

J is a post-velar Template:IPAblink in most positions, but Template:IPAblink before two consonants or a word-final consonant.

At the beginning of a morpheme, there is no distinction between glottal stop and zero: Monosyllabic forms always have a glottal stop, with the exception of a few grammatical forms which never do, and when prefixed the glottal stop is retained. With polysyllabic forms the glottal stop is optional, and when prefixed it is not retained. Usually initial glottal stops are invisible to the morphology, but in some words they are treated as consonants.

Liquids and approximants, r, l, w, y, are devoiced word-finally and before consonants, even before voiced consonants as in . The nasals, m, n, are partially devoiced word-finally: they start off voiced, and end up voiceless.

Sample words and phrases

• or – 'thank-you'
• – 'you're welcome' (also said after finishing every meal)
• – 'good morning'
• – 'good afternoon'
• – 'good night'
• – 'good-bye'
• – 'let's go!'
• – 'how are you?'
• – 'yes'
• or – 'no'

References

• Grimes, Larry. "Tzʼutujil Phonetics". Mayan Languages Collection of Larry Grimes. The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: www.ailla.utexas.org. Media: audio. Access: public. Resource: TZJ003R001.

External links

• Introductory Tzʼutujil document (PDF)