Tukang Besi language

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Tukang Besi, or known in Indonesia by the terms Pulo or Wakatobi, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Tukangbesi Islands in southeast Sulawesi in Indonesia by a quarter million speakers. A Tukang Besi pidgin is used in the area.[1] Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

Phonology

The northern dialect of Tukang Besi has 25 consonant phonemes and a basic 5-vowel system.[2] It features stress which is usually on the second-to-last syllable. The language has two implosive consonants, which are uncommon in the world's languages. The coronal plosives and Template:IPAslink have prenasalized counterparts which act as separate phonemes.

Tukang Besi (northern dialect) consonants[2]
Bilabial Dental/
Alveolar 		Velar Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive plain Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasalized Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Implosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative plain Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link
prenasalized Script error: No such module "IPA".
Trill Template:IPA link
Lateral Template:IPA link
File:Tukang Besi vowel chart.svg
The vowel phonemes of Tukang Besi

Notes:

  • Script error: No such module "IPA". only appears in loanwords, but it contrasts with Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are not phonemic and appear only as allophones of Script error: No such module "IPA"., which appears only in loanwords.

Orthography

Vowels

  • a – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • e – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • i – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • o – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • u – Script error: No such module "IPA".

Consonants

  • b – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • b̠ – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • c – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • d – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • d̠ – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • g – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • h – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • j – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • k – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • l – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • m – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • mb – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • mp – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • n – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • nd – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • ns – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • nt – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • ng – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • ngg – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • ngk – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • nj – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • p – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • r – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • s – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • t – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • w – Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • ' – Script error: No such module "IPA".

[3]

Grammar

Nouns

Tukang Besi does not have grammatical gender or number. It is an ergative–absolutive language.

Verbs

Tukang Besi has an inflectional future tense, which is indicated with a prefix, but no past tense.

Word order

Tukang Besi uses verb–object–subject word order, which is also used by Fijian. Like many Austronesian languages, it has prepositions, but places adjectives, genitives, and determiners after nouns. Yes–no questions are indicated by a particle at the end of the sentence.[4]

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Template:Cite thesis
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Celebic languages Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages Template:Languages of Indonesia

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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