Truncated octahedron

Template:Short description Template:CS1 config In geometry, the truncated octahedron is the Archimedean solid that arises from a regular octahedron by removing six pyramids, one at each of the octahedron's vertices. The truncated octahedron has 14 faces (8 regular hexagons and 6 squares), 36 edges, and 24 vertices. Since each of its faces has point symmetry the truncated octahedron is a 6-zonohedron. It is also the Goldberg polyhedron G_IV(1,1), containing square and hexagonal faces. Like the cube, it can tessellate (or "pack") 3-dimensional space, as a permutohedron.

The truncated octahedron was called the "mecon" by Buckminster Fuller.

Its dual polyhedron is the tetrakis hexahedron. If the original truncated octahedron has unit edge length, its dual tetrakis hexahedron has edge lengths Template:Sfrac√2 and Template:Sfrac√2.

Classifications

As an Archimedean solid

A truncated octahedron is constructed from a regular octahedron by cutting off all vertices. This resulting polyhedron has six squares and eight hexagons, leaving out six square pyramids. Setting the edge length of the regular octahedron equal to $3a$, it follows that the length of each edge of a square pyramid (to be removed) is $a$ (the square pyramid has four equilateral triangles as faces, the first Johnson solid). From the equilateral square pyramid's property, its volume is $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{6}{a}^3$. Because six equilateral square pyramids are removed by truncation, the volume of a truncated octahedron $V$ is obtained by subtracting the volume of those six from that of a regular octahedron:Template:R/superscript $$V=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}(3a{)}^3-6\cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{6}{a}^3=8\sqrt{2}{a}^3\approx 11.3137a^3.$$ The surface area of a truncated octahedron $A$ can be obtained by summing all polygonals' area, six squares and eight hexagons. Considering the edge length $a$, this is:Template:R/superscript $$A=(6+12\sqrt{3})a^2\approx 26.7846a^2.$$

File:Truncated octahedron.stl

3D model of a truncated octahedron

The truncated octahedron is one of the thirteen Archimedean solids. In other words, it has a highly symmetric and semi-regular polyhedron with two or more different regular polygonal faces that meet in a vertex.Template:R/superscript The dual polyhedron of a truncated octahedron is the tetrakis hexahedron. They both have the same three-dimensional symmetry group as the regular octahedron does, the octahedral symmetry ${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{h}}$.Template:R/superscript A square and two hexagons surround each of its vertex, denoting its vertex figure as $4\cdot 6^2$.Template:R/superscript

The dihedral angle of a truncated octahedron between square-to-hexagon is $\arccos (-1/\sqrt{3})\approx 125.26^{\circ }$, and that between adjacent hexagonal faces is $\arccos (-1/3)\approx 109.47^{\circ }$.Template:R/superscript

The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated octahedron with edge length 1 are all permutations of $$(\pm \sqrt{2},\pm \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},0).$$

As a space-filling polyhedron

The truncated octahedron can be described as a permutohedron of order 4 or 4-permutohedron, meaning it can be represented with even more symmetric coordinates in four dimensions: all permutations of $(1,2,3,4)$ form the vertices of a truncated octahedron in the three-dimensional subspace $x+y+z+w=10$.Template:R/superscript Therefore, each vertex corresponds to a permutation of $(1,2,3,4)$ and each edge represents a single pairwise swap of two elements.Template:R/superscript With this labeling, the swaps are of elements whose values differ by one. If, instead, the truncated octahedron is labeled by the inverse permutations, the edges correspond to swaps of elements whose positions differ by one. With this alternative labeling, the edges and vertices of the truncated octahedron form the Cayley graph of the symmetric group $S_4$, the group of four-element permutations, as generated by swaps of consecutive positions.Template:R/superscript

The truncated octahedron can tile space. It is classified as plesiohedron, meaning it can be defined as the Voronoi cell of a symmetric Delone set.Template:R/superscript Plesiohedra, translated without rotating, can be repeated to fill space. There are five three-dimensional primary parallelohedrons, one of which is the truncated octahedron. This polyhedron is generated from six line segments with four triples of coplanar segments, with the most symmetric form being generated from six line segments parallel to the face diagonals of a cube;Template:R/superscript an example of the honeycomb is the bitruncated cubic honeycomb.Template:R/superscript More generally, every permutohedron and parallelohedron is a zonohedron, a polyhedron that is centrally symmetric and can be defined by a Minkowski sum.Template:R/superscript

Applications

In chemistry, the truncated octahedron is the sodalite cage structure in the framework of a faujasite-type of zeolite crystals.Template:R/superscript

In solid-state physics, the first Brillouin zone of the face-centered cubic lattice is a truncated octahedron.Template:R/superscript

The truncated octahedron (in fact, the generalized truncated octahedron) appears in the error analysis of quantization index modulation (QIM) in conjunction with repetition coding.

Dissection

The truncated octahedron can be dissected into a central octahedron, surrounded by 8 triangular cupolae on each face, and 6 square pyramids above the vertices.

Removing the central octahedron and 2 or 4 triangular cupolae creates two Stewart toroids, with dihedral and tetrahedral symmetry:

It is possible to slice a tesseract by a hyperplane so that its sliced cross-section is a truncated octahedron.

The cell-transitive bitruncated cubic honeycomb can also be seen as the Voronoi tessellation of the body-centered cubic lattice. The truncated octahedron is one of five three-dimensional primary parallelohedra.

Objects

• ancient Chinese die
  ancient Chinese die
• sculpture in Bonn
  sculpture in Bonn
• Rubik's Cube variant
  Rubik's Cube variant
• model made with Polydron construction set
  model made with Polydron construction set
• Pyrite crystal
  Pyrite crystal
• Boleite crystal
  Boleite crystal

Truncated octahedral graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated octahedral graph is the graph of vertices and edges of the truncated octahedron. It has 24 vertices and 36 edges, and is a cubic Archimedean graph. It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2.

As a Hamiltonian cubic graph, it can be represented by LCF notation in multiple ways: [3, −7, 7, −3]⁶, [5, −11, 11, 7, 5, −5, −7, −11, 11, −5, −7, 7]², and [−11, 5, −3, −7, −9, 3, −5, 5, −3, 9, 7, 3, −5, 11, −3, 7, 5, −7, −9, 9, 7, −5, −7, 3].

File:Truncated octahedral Hamiltonicity.svg

Three different Hamiltonian cycles described by the three different LCF notations for the truncated octahedral graph

LCF [3, −7, 7, −3]6	LCF [5, −7, 7, −5]6	Configuration
File:Truncated octahedral graph-circulant.svg	File:Truncated octahedral graph-circulant2.svg	\ v1 v2 e1 e2 e3 v1 12 * 1 0 2 v2 * 12 1 2 0 e1 1 1 12 * * e2 0 2 * 12 * e3 2 0 * * 12

External links

• Template:KlitzingPolytopes
• Editable printable net of a truncated octahedron with interactive 3D view